Suchergebnisse

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Preface -- 1. Canada at the Crossroads: Canada's International Policy Relations in an Era of Political and Economic Uncertainty -- Part One: Overarching Issues -- 2. The Great Unravelling? The Construction and Deconstruction of North America's Governance Architecture -- 3. Days of Future Past: Evaluating Canadian Foreign Trade Policies -- 4. International Regulatory Cooperation and Multilevel Governance: Motives, Methods, and Outcomes -- 5. Who Is Us? The Shifting Sands of Foreign Direct Investment Policies -- Part Two: Market Movements, Human Flows, and Canada's Multidimensional Borders -- 6. Cross-Border Movements and Governance: A Multidimensional Shifting Landscape -- 7. Reforming High-Skilled Temporary Worker Programs in Canada and the United States: Sticks and Carrots -- 8. Managing Cross-Cutting Interdependencies: Canada's Cross-Border Transportation and Infrastructure Regimes in a North American and International Context -- 9. Dividing and Uniting Transportation Border Markets: The Role of Cabotage -- 10. National Security and Economic Security: Distributed vs. Hierarchical Management of Domestic and Critical Infrastructure Security in Canada and North America -- 11. Environmental vs. Territorial Borders: Canada-U.S. Cooperation on Environmental Issues and the Resilience of Transboundary Governance -- Part Three: Trans-Border and Cross-Border Regions -- 12. The Pacific NorthWest Economic Region: An Institutional Analysis of Effective Regional Governance -- 13. Cross-Border Constraints and Dynamics in the Northeast -- 14. Attributes of Cross-Border Economic Policymaking in the Great Lakes Economic Region: Insights into Complex Bordering Processes at the Subnational Scale -- 15. Canada's Arctic Boundaries and the United States: Binational vs. Bilateral Policymaking in North America -- Part Four: Sectoral and Subsectoral Issues -- 16. Whither Canada's Automotive Industry? Policy, Trade, and Regional Competitiveness -- 17. Canadian Energy in North America and Beyond: Between an Economic Rock and a Progressive Hard Place -- 18. Is NAFTA's Northern Border Thickening for Agri-Food Products? -- 19 International Traffic in Arms Regulations and Quebec's Aerospace Industry -- 20. Capacity for Choice? Managing International Policy Relations in a World of Shifting Borders -- Bibliography -- Contributors -- Index

Chapter 1. 'Caught in Between Policies': The Intertwined Challenges of Access to Land and Housing in Gaborone, Botswana -- Chapter 2. Understanding minority land rights in Africa: The complexities of Mbororo land rights and its implementation contradictions in the northwest region of Cameroon -- Chapter 3. -State actors and land governance in the DR Congo: The trap of the human rights-led approach towards land tenure -- Chapter 4. Land Governance in Ethiopia: Challenges Facing Small Landholders -- Chapter 5. Developing hybrid institutions for land governance: explaining divergent trajectories in Ghana -- Chapter 6. Land reform legacies and contemporary struggles for land in Morocco -- Chapter 7. High levels of tenure security in Namibia's informal settlements, yet residents challenged to upgrade living conditions -- Chapter 8. Land Governance in Zambia: Confronting the Challenges of an Unsettled Dynamic Equilibrium in Land Administration -- Chapter 9. State-Based Tenure in Zimbabwe: Is it Retrogressive or a Panacea for Agrarian Underdevelopment -- Chapter 10. Challenges of Land Tenure Reform in the Land Grabs Era: The case of Zimbabwe -- Chapter 11. Land reform in Zimbabwe: implications for land restitution -- Chapter 12. The complexity of Litigating Ancestral Land Rights in Namibia -- Chapter 13. South African Land Expropriation without Compensation; A Threat to Botswana Food Security -- Chapter 14. tenure and airports building in Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal -- Chapter 15. Security of land tenure informing land reforms in Africa from a historical to current trajectory of land reform: Comparative analysis of Ethiopia and Zambia -- Chapter 16. Land Governance as a Restitutive Mechanism for Asserting Ownership and Tenure Rights in a Postcolonial Context: Insights from Namibia and Ghana -- Chapter 17. Land Governance and Tenure Reform in Southern Africa -- Chapter 18. Access to land to foreigners in West Africa: analysis in the context of land acquisition and new land policy era -- Chapter 19. Comparative Discussion of Land Tenure: South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya and Ghana -- Chapter 20. Evaluating the legitimisation of land wars as a form of organised crime: a review through secondary document analysis.

The use of a listing and certification process has been a critical part of coercive strategies used by the United States (U.S.) to further its drug control policies internationally. Through this process, the U.S. has conscripted drug-producing and drug-transiting states into the War on Drugs. Non-cooperative states have been threatened with a combination of aid and trade sanctions. Recently, changes were made to the certification process in response to both domestic pressures and widespread criticisms that the process was ineffective, hypocritical and unfair, fostered conflict, was applied inconsistently and arbitrarily, and emphasised military solutions to the drug problem at the expense of human rights. This paper explores those changes and questions whether they have answered these criticisms. The author concludes that the reforms are for the most part cosmetic, designed to ensure that the process is more palatable because it is more nuanced. The linkage now being made between the War on Drugs and the War on Terror ensures that decision-makers in the U.S. will continue to think of the drug problem as a national security issue and of U.S. drug policy as a weapon. Coercion remains fundamental to U.S. strategy for international illicit drug control. It is this that will ensure continued subscription by the majority of states to the tenets of the U.S.'s War on Drugs with ongoing implications for human rights and poverty in targeted countries.

The use of a listing and certification process has been a critical part of coercive strategies used by the United States (U.S.) to further its drug control policies internationally. Through this process, the U.S. has conscripted drug-producing and drug-transiting states into the War on Drugs. Non-cooperative states have been threatened with a combination of aid and trade sanctions. Recently, changes were made to the certification process in response to both domestic pressures and widespread criticisms that the process was ineffective, hypocritical and unfair, fostered conflict, was applied inconsistently and arbitrarily, and emphasised military solutions to the drug problem at the expense of human rights. This paper explores those changes and questions whether they have answered these criticisms. The author concludes that the reforms are for the most part cosmetic, designed to ensure that the process is more palatable because it is more nuanced. The linkage now being made between the War on Drugs and the War on Terror ensures that decision-makers in the U.S. will continue to think of the drug problem as a national security issue and of U.S. drug policy as a weapon. Coercion remains fundamental to U.S. strategy for international illicit drug control. It is this that will ensure continued subscription by the majority of states to the tenets of the U.S.'s War on Drugs with ongoing implications for human rights and poverty in targeted countries.

This paper presents a critical analysis of counter-terrorism strategies in Kenya, with a specific focus on the multifaceted examination of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). The study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods research design integrates both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a thorough understanding of Kenya's efforts to combat terrorism. The target population of this study encompassed participants involved in counter-terrorism activities in Kenya. This included officers in security agencies such as the National Intelligence Service and the Kenya Defense Forces which formed our target population. A total of 93 officers participated. The respondents were drawn through purposive sampling. By addressing multiple levels of involvement, the paper provides a holistic view of counter-terrorism strategies and their impact. Quantitative data was collected through surveys administered to a representative sample of security personnel in the NIS and KDF. Qualitative data on the other hand was collected through interviews. Semi-structured interviews were done with key informants, such as heads of the National Intelligence Service and Kenya Defense Forces helped capture the nuanced perspectives on HUMINT and SIGINT. STATA and Statistical Package for Social Scences (SPSS) Software were used to analyze quantitative data from the survey. The statistical significance between the average expectations and average perceptions in both security agencies was analyzed using two-sample t-tests. Additionally, the significance of the gaps between the agencies was assessed with Hotelling's T-squared test at a 5% significance level. Pearson's correlation coefficients were also used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variable (s) and the dependent variable. The study generally found that the indicators of the HUMINT strategy were effective in countering terrorism except for source penetration. Further, the study determined that all indicators of SIGINT strategy were ineffective in countering terrorism except for interception of communication and timely warnings.

The article examines the prospects for the integration of the Ukrainian economy into the European economic space. It has been established that Ukraine's accession to the EU would be beneficial not only for Ukraine, but also for the European Union itself. One obvious advantage is security: if Ukraine were not currently at war, Russian tanks would probably already be in Warsaw or Tallinn. In peacetime, there are many opportunities for cooperation. Obvious areas are food security and energy production; in addition, Ukraine has a lot of human capital and entrepreneurial talent, and it is quite developed in IT, mechanical engineering and other industries that require a high level of technical skills. Ukrainian culture is rich and original. However, not only Ukraine will change during the accession. The European Union itself will be reformed in response to new challenges.Existing agreements between Ukraine and the European Union have already contributed to significant trade flows. Accession will have greater implications for the free movement of capital and workers – investment inflows and migration outflows. These areas are likely to be the focus of negotiations.A certain accession agreement usually has transition periods, especially for full free movement of labor, and opt-out clauses. The essential difference will be that Ukraine will be granted the status of "member of the EU" and not associated or annexed status.The consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its request for membership in the European Union changed the role of international diplomacy. The European Union realized the need to strengthen its own security and solve internal problems - from the consequences of Brexit to solving the alleged violations of the rule of law by Hungary.The military incursions into Ukraine have become a catalyst for change across Europe, and this may be reflected in how the member states of the European Union and the European Commission deal with Ukraine's accession.

Pangan dan gizi merupakan kebutuhan dasar manusia yang harus dipenuhi setiap saat. Upaya pemenuhan pangan merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah dan masyarakat. Ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu kunci membangun keluarga yang tangguh, sehingga perlu diupayakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan tersebut. Di Pekanbaru pada tahun 2020 masih ada 15 kelurahan yang masih bermasalah terhadap ketahanan pangan keluarga yang mengakibatkan masalah kekurangan gizi pada anak, diantaranya Kelurahan Bambu Kuning. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang mengenai ketahanan pangan rumah tangga berdasarkan proporsi pengeluaran pangan rumah tangga dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap proporsi pengeluaran pangan rumah tangga di Kelurahan Bambu Kuning Kecamatan Tenayan Raya Kota Pekanbaru. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa di rumah tangga di Kelurahan Bambu Kuning berada dalam posisi tahan pangan. Pendapatan, jumlah anggota keluarga dan tingkat pendidikan ibu rumah tangga secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap proporsi pengeluaran pangan, sementara dengan uji parsial (uji-t) hanya pendapatan rumah tangga yang berpengaruh terhadap proporsi pengeluaran panganKata kunci: Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga; Proporsi Pengeluaran; Pendapatan ABSTRACTFood and nutrition are basic human needs that must be met at all times. Efforts to fulfill food are the responsibility of the government and the community. Food security is one of the keys to building a strong family, so efforts need to be made to meet these food needs. In Pekanbaru in 2020 there are still 15 urban villages that are still having problems with family food security which results in malnutrition problems in children, including the Bambu Kuning Village. This study aims to provide an overview of household food security based on the proportion of household food expenditure and to determine the factors that influence the proportion of household food expenditure in Bambu Kuning Village, Tenayan Raya District, ...

Objective To examine the relationship between insecurity and quality of care provided for abortion complications in high-volume hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods Using the WHO Multi-Country Survey on Abortion complications, we analyzed data for 1007 women who received care in 24 facilities in DRC. For inputs of care, we calculated the percentage of facilities in secure and insecure areas meeting 12 readiness criteria for infrastructure and capability. For process and outcomes of care, we estimated the association between security and eight indicators using generalized estimating equation models. Results acilities in secure areas were more likely to report functioning electricity (93.3% vs 66.7%), availability of an obstetrician 24/7 (42.9% vs 28.6%), and the ability to offer several short-acting contraceptives (83.3% vs 57.1%). However, a higher percentage of facilities in insecure areas reported the availability of a telephone or radio (100% vs 80.0%). Women in insecure areas appeared more likely to experience poor quality clinical care overall than women in secure areas (aOR 2.56; 95% CI, 1.13-5.82, P = 0.03). However, there was no association between security and incomplete medical records (P = 0.20), use of dilatation and curettage (D&C) (P = 0.84), women reporting poor experience of care (P = 0.22), satisfaction with care (P = 0.25), and severe maternal outcomes (P = 0.56). There was weak evidence of an association between security and nonreceipt of contraceptives (P = 0.07), with women in insecure areas 70% less likely to report no contraception (aOR 0.31, 95% CI, 0.09-1.09). Use of D&C was high in secure (43.7%) and insecure (60.4%) areas. Conclusion Quality of care did not seem to be very different in secure and insecure areas in DRC, except for some key infrastructure, supply, and human resources elements. The frequent use of D&C for uterine evacuation, the lack of good record keeping, and the lack of contraceptives should be urgently addressed.

The article is dedicated to the research of the relevance of the formation of future border guard officers professional readiness for project management as a scientific problem. The necessity of the modern European standards mplementation into the system of the professional training of the personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine as a component of the security and defense sector of Ukraine on the basis of the effective methods of personnel training, including the development of managerial qualities using the methods, principles and standards of NATO member states is reasoned. It is determined that in order to realize its functions effectively, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine has to implement modern innovations in the field of professional culture transformation based on the doctrinal approaches and principles of management and control, training and education, because the security of the state, the development of its economy and its human potential depend on effective border management security efficiency generally, and therefore the training of personnel, especially officers at the higher military educational establishment, needs to be constantly improved and its level of training brought according to the current NATO requirements and standards. The peculiarities of making changes to the existing system of professional training of border guards, aimed at forming the appropriate level of professional readiness of future border guard officers for project management as an organization planning and resource management activities aimed at successfully achieving goals in the context of operational tasks have been revealed, which in its turn, provides the development of managerial abilities of future border guard officers, the essential level of which will ensure the effective implementation of the certain tasks and achieve the desired result during the professional activities. Taking into our consideration that the fulfilment of these tasks can be combined with activities in the special and ...

The role of the civil defence system of the Republic of Serbia comes to full expression in the modern world full of various sources, forms and holders of threats. Endangerment is manifested through increasing challenges, risks and threats to security, which, without any doubt, cannot be countered only by the human and material resources of the Serbian Armed Forces. The Republic of Serbia has to develop its civil defence in accordance with the characteristics of the global, regional and local environment and its internal circumstances, opportunities and needs. The civil defence system of the Republic of Serbia is a strategic component of the national security system and is intended to protect the civilian population and material resources in peace, war and state of emergency. In recent years, the need for its comprehensive reform within the unified national security system has been recognized in order to ensure the efficient implementation of the function of meeting the needs of the military, state authorities and citizens and the function of protecting and rescuing the civilian population and material resources. The civil defence of the Republic of Serbia, in addition to the Serbian Armed Forces, represents one of the foundations of the defence system and should be the most organized social force that provides all the necessary assistance to the endangered population and protects material and cultural goods. Since the civil defence of the Republic of Serbia faces many difficulties in its functioning in practice, there is a need to bring it to a level where it can effectively fulfill all its goals and tasks and provide the necessary protection. In order to achieve this, first of all, the problem of managing the civil defence system has to be solved in a clear and unambiguous way in relation to the current normative solutions.

Proponents of large-scale land investments (LSLI) still promote them as a development opportunity, which can lead, among other benefits, to job creation and enhanced food security for local communities. However, there is increasing evidence that these investments often deprive affected communities of their access to land, with multiple negative impacts on livelihoods, food security and on the environment. This paper relies on empirical data to present an analysis of LSLI and food (in)security – crucially at the level of individuals in two villages in the Ruvuma region, Tanzania, over 10 years after the acquisition of village land within the Southern African Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). We introduce an innovative framework that permits an integration of a rights-based approach with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to explore smallholders' livelihoods and experiences of food insecurity. Our paper demonstrates how this integration, along with attention we have given to the FAO's PANTHER principles, adds the missing yet crucial dimension of accountability on the part of national governments as duty bearers. Our findings show that in the case of these two villages, the human rights principles of participation, accountability, transparency and empowerment are severely undermined, with women bearing the brunt in all these domains. This overall state of affairs is, we argue, due to inadequate monitoring and evaluation of LSLI processes themselves and low levels of commitment on the part of institutions in Tanzania to monitor the promises made by investors. This in turn demonstrates an accountability deficit on the part of duty-bearers within LSLIs, and limited capacity of affected community members to claim their rights. Individual food insecurity experience in the two communities correlates, among other characteristics, with lack of land ownership, employment and income-generating activities. The rights-based livelihoods framework applied in this study points to serious deficiencies in the LSLI model as ...

Over the past several years, many healthcare applications have been developed to enhancethe healthcare industry. Recent advancements in information technology and blockchain technologyhave revolutionized electronic healthcare research and industry. The innovation of miniaturizedhealthcare sensors for monitoring patient vital signs has improved and secured the human healthcaresystem. The increase in portable health devices has enhanced the quality of health-monitoringstatus both at an activity/fitness level for self-health tracking and at a medical level, providing moredata to clinicians with potential for earlier diagnosis and guidance of treatment. When sharingpersonal medical information, data security and comfort are essential requirements for interactionwith and collection of electronic medical records. However, it is hard for current systems to meetthese requirements because they have inconsistent security policies and access control structures.The new solutions should be directed towards improving data access, and should be managed bythe government in terms of privacy and security requirements to ensure the reliability of data formedical purposes. Blockchain paves the way for a revolution in the traditional pharmaceuticalindustry and benefits from unique features such as privacy and transparency of data. In this paper,we propose a novel platform for monitoring patient vital signs using smart contracts based onblockchain. The proposed system is designed and developed using hyperledger fabric, which isan enterprise-distributed ledger framework for developing blockchain-based applications. Thisapproach provides several benefits to the patients, such as an extensive, immutable history log, andglobal access to medical information from anywhere at any time. The Libelium e-Health toolkitis used to acquire physiological data. The performance of the designed and developed system isevaluated in terms of transaction per second, transaction latency, and resource utilization usinga standard benchmark tool known as Hyperledger Caliper. It is found that the proposed systemoutperforms the traditional health care system for monitoring patient data.

Despite the declaration of St. Petersburg in 1868, Brussels Declaration of 1874, Hague Convention of 1899. Chemical weapons were used even in warfare which resulted in the deaths of more than one hundred thousand people and around one million people injured. The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibits the use of biological weapons and chemical weapons, but does not prohibit the development, production, stockpiling or distribution, and does not regulate the handling mechanisms and procedures in the event of a violation. Then the Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) was formed which regulates the use of chemical weapons in general, which means during times of peace or armed conflict. There are several forms of sanctions that can be imposed on parties to disputes in the internal Syrian conflict, namely non-military sanctions and military sanctions. In the context of international law, non-military sanctions are regulated in Article 41 of the UN Charter while military sanctions are regulated in Article 42 of the UN Charter which determines the authority of the UN Security Council to impose sanctions. The involvement of OPCW as an international organization in disarming chemical weapons by terrorist IS and opposition groups that are not recognized by the Syrian government has limited operations. Therefore, OPCW as an international organization based on CWC in world chemical disarmament requires greater authority and fluency in upholding its rules. According to article 13 letter b of the Rome Statute it has been stipulated that the UN Security Council based on its authority under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter has the right to submit to the Court through the Prosecutor for crimes that have not or have not ratified the Statute. Article 13 letter b of the ICC is a strong and legal juridical basis to legitimize the UN Security Council in making policies to hand over cases of gross human rights violations in the Syrian conflict to the ICC.

The article analyzes the key factors, trends and prospects for the transformation of political regimes in the context of transition to a polycentric world order. Geopolitical uncertainties are causing significant apprehension among elite and scientists at the beginning new era. This is due to some change in the hegemony of the world powers. The nature of hegemony, changing world order received special attention in the twentieth century and remains in the focus of researches to this day I Wallerstein stressed that the hegemonic states must be powerful to receive the benefits of its status. «Unipolar order» in world politics has turned out to be dysfunctional in terms of ensuring global prosperity and security, promoting democratic practices, and strengthening world order and stability across all regions. Destabilization of the entire world order is due to aggravating internal political divisions and confrontations in the USA and in the countries of the European Union.

Processes of reforming new geopolitical coalitions have provided geopolitical turbulence. Turbulent world of international relations and politics is characterized by two overarching trends: (1) the supersession of geopolitics by geoeconomics; (2) mutations of the international security which is increasingly shifting from the interstate level to security threats the growing importance and intensity of conflicts between different value systems and ideologies, in particular between integrationist (such as democracy and human rights) and particularistic ideologies (such as nationalism or religious fundamentalism). Confrontation of the processes of Westernization and Easternization means the weakening of influence of Western countries and strengthening of Eastern. According to some forecasts, economic and technological revolutions will change the economies and social structures of societies; social and democratic revolutions will exert pressure on different levels of government; the geopolitical revolution will create a multipolar world. In the conditions of geopolitical turbulence main courses of power are eroded and predict the trajectories of the transformation of political regimes in the coming decades, especially in the face of strengthening Asia and Latin America, is too complicated.

The year 2017 poses a number of existential dilemmas for Europe. On the regional front, several key domestic elections will likely determine the future direction of the European Union. The international situation also presents many equally significant challenges. As the Asia Pacific region spearheads the global recovery from the 2008 financial crisis, the European pivot to Asia stands poised to accelerate. A series of economic and security issues throughout the region present both opportunities and challenges for European member states; items on the agenda include persistent trade imbalances, climate change, maritime security and the law of the sea. With the rise in authoritarian governance worldwide and the push for regime neutrality within international institutions, how should the EU and its democratic member states respond to a potentially volatile realignment of geopolitics in Asia? China's continuing economic rise, coupled with its uneven human rights record and territorial push into the South China Sea, poses a particular challenge for the European Union. This paper will examine the advantages and disadvantages of a heightened interdependence with Asian markets, as well as the security dimension of Europe's presence in the region, including its longstanding commitment to free navigation and fair allocation of resources according to international law. ; Au cours de l'année 2017, l'Europe sera confrontée à des choix essentiels. Plusieurs élections nationales seront déterminantes pour l'avenir de l'Union européenne. La situation internationale suscite également de nombreux défis, tout aussi importants. Alors que la région de l'Asie-Pacifique mène la reprise économique mondiale depuis la crise financière de 2008, le pivot européen vers l'Asie est en passe de s'accélérer. Une série d'enjeux économiques et sécuritaires au sein de la région présentent tout à la fois des opportunités et des défis pour les États membres de l'Union européenne. Les sujets à l'ordre du jour incluent les déséquilibres commerciaux ...