Suchergebnisse

ANSES and EFSA are hosting an International Scientific Conference Day devoted to bee health and to the contribution of risk assessment research to the field. This is the 8th scientific event of this kind to be held on the topic of bee health and it will be co-hosted for the first time with the European Food Safety Authority. Approximately 300 people will attend the event and it will be an opportunity to highlight the synergy that we have fostered over time and the common vision that we share regarding the preservation of bee health and that of other pollinating insects. The purpose of this conference, which is open to a broad audience including bee keepers, research scientists, public decision-makers, private enterprises, and professional and media representatives, is to review the constructive proposals of both of our entities on the assessment of plant protection products and their impact on the health of bees and other pollinating insects. This event will also be devoted to presenting the research results of our Sophia Antipolis laboratory, with is also the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for bee health, and the recent development at EFSA on holistic risk assessments of bee health including modelling and stakeholders' engagement. A large part of the day will be given over to debate and discussion with the scientists from both ANSES and EFSA as well as with French and European stakeholders. The round-table at day's end will be on the following topic: "Towards sustainable bee-keeping and agriculture: the need for alternative treatment methods and closer collaboration between bee-keepers and farmers". It will be an opportunity for a wide range of players to present the worthy initiatives they have implemented at the regional level to improve the quality of the environment and preserve bee health. The event will be held at the Maison de la RATP (12th arrondissement of Paris). As the number of attendees is limited, we advise you to sign up as soon as possible to be sure you will be able to share this day of information and discussion with us. Registration is closed but remains possible on the day of the event with our hostesses depending on the number of places available.

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The age of digitization is marked by a huge quantity and variety ofelectronic content distributed on the Internet. Building national collectionsof deposited electronic publications is a challenge related to thepreservation of the global cultural heritage. The purpose of the article isto examine the ongoing transformation of the digital legal deposit witha focus on the legislative and public access regulation. The geographicalscope of the research covers the countries from the European Unionin the time span of the last two decades. Three stages of digital legaldeposit implementation are identified: legislative regulation, technologicalinfrastructure and practical procedures. The article presents theadaptation of deposit laws to the new media environment marked by fastgrowing online publishing. The study identifies the features of controlled e-reading as the main access tool in the deposit institutions and classifiesthem into two types: restriction related and usability related. The majorchallenges to a further digital legal deposit development are specified aslegislative, technological, financial, and social. Examples of public access regulation in several European national libraries are observed withemphasis on the most advanced practices. Based on the main findings,the article formulates the forecast for less restrictions and better cooperationwithin the European Union concerning the regulation of publicaccess to digital deposit collections. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba, santrauka lietuvių kalba] Skaitmenizacijos amžių apibūdina milžiniški įvairios internete platinamoselektroninės medžiagos srautai. Skaitmeninių talpyklų nacionalinių kolekcijųkūrimas yra iššūkis, susijęs su pasaulio kultūros paveldo išsaugojimu. Šiame straipsnyjesiekiama išnagrinėti vykstantį teisinių skaitmeninių leidinių talpyklų (teisinioskaitmeninio deponavimo) kismą, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant teisėkūros ir viešosiosprieigos reguliavimui. Tyrimo geografinė aprėptis apima Europos Sąjungos valstybesnares per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius. Nustatyti trys teisinio skaitmeninio deponavimoįgyvendinimo etapai: teisinis reguliavimas, technologinė infrastruktūra ir praktinėsprocedūros. Straipsnyje pristatomas deponavimą reglamentuojančių įstatymųpritaikymas prie naujos žiniasklaidos aplinkos, kuri pasižymi sparčiai augančia internetineleidyba. Tyrime nustatyti kontroliuojamo elektroninio skaitymo ypatumai kaippagrindinė prieigos priemonė privalomuosius egzempliorius kaupiančiose įstaigose,suskirstant juos į dvi kategorijas: susijusius su apribojimais ir su (pa)naudojimu. Pagrindiniaiiššūkiai, susiję su tolesne teisinio skaitmeninio deponavimo plėtra, yra įstatyminiai, technologiniai,finansiniai ir socialiniai. Straipsnyje pateikiami kai kurių Europos nacionalinių bibliotekųatvirosios prieigos reguliavimo pavyzdžiai, akcentuojant pažangiausią praktiką. Remiantispagrindinėmis išvadomis, straipsnyje pateikiama mažesnių apribojimų ir geresnio bendradarbiavimotarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių dėl atvirosios prieigos prie suskaitmenintų talpyklųkolekcijų prognozė.

Cisplatin and derivatives are commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents. Although the cytotoxic action of cisplatin on cancer cells is very efficient, clinical oncologists need to deal with two major difficulties, namely the onset of resistance to the drug and the cytotoxic effect in patients. Here, we used Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate factors influencing the response to cisplatin in multicellular organisms. In this hermaphroditic model organism, we observed that sperm failure is a major cause of cisplatin-induced infertility. RNA sequencing data indicate that cisplatin triggers a systemic stress response, in which DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/NRF2, two conserved transcription factors, are key regulators. We determined that inhibition of the DNA damage-induced apoptotic pathway does not confer cisplatin protection to the animal. However, mutants for the pro-apoptotic BH3-only gene ced-13 are sensitive to cisplatin, suggesting a protective role of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that our system can also be used to identify mutations providing resistance to cisplatin and therefore potential biomarkers of innate cisplatin-refractory patients. We show that mutants for the redox regulator trxr-1, ortholog of the mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1 TRXR1, display cisplatin resistance. By CRISPR/Cas9, we determined that such resistance relies on the presence of the single selenocysteine residue in TRXR-1. ; This study was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII; PI15/00895 to J.C., PI16/01898 to A.V.), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund/FEDER. The A.V. laboratory was also supported by funding from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2007-67123). M.B. was supported by a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) chemical sciences ECHO grant (711.014.005). E.N. was supported a Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM) grant for emerging research groups. F.J.G.-R. was the recipient of a PFIS predoctoral fellowship from ISCIII. A.M.-V. was supported by a grant from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2015-64408-P, co-financed by the European Social Fund) and is a member of the EU-ROS Cost Action of the European Union. J.C., M.B., S.H. and A.M.-V are members of the GENIE EU Cost action. D.B. was recipient of a Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología 'al extranjero' fellowship (523048). ; Peer reviewed

Cellular senescence is a damage response aimed to orchestrate tissue repair. We have recently reported that cellular senescence, through the paracrine release of interleukin-6 (IL6) and other soluble factors, strongly favors cellular reprogramming by Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) in nonsenescent cells. Indeed, activation of OSKM in mouse tissues triggers senescence in some cells and reprogramming in other cells, both processes occurring concomitantly and in close proximity. In this system, Ink4a/Arf-null tissues cannot undergo senescence, fail to produce IL6, and cannot reprogram efficiently; whereas p53-null tissues undergo extensive damage and senescence, produce high levels of IL6, and reprogram efficiently. Here, we have further explored the genetic determinants of in vivo reprogramming. We report that Ink4a, but not Arf, is necessary for OSKM-induced senescence and, thereby, for the paracrine stimulation of reprogramming. However, in the absence of p53, IL6 production and reprogramming become independent of Ink4a, as revealed by the analysis of Ink4a/Arf/p53 deficient mice. In the case of the cell cycle inhibitor p21, its protein levels are highly elevated upon OSKM activation in a p53-independent manner, and we show that p21-null tissues present increased levels of senescence, IL6, and reprogramming. We also report that Il6-mutant tissues are impaired in undergoing reprogramming, thus reinforcing the critical role of IL6 in reprogramming. Finally, young female mice present lower efficiency of in vivo reprogramming compared to male mice, and this gender difference disappears with aging, both observations being consistent with the known anti-inflammatory effect of estrogens. The current findings regarding the interplay between senescence and reprogramming may conceivably apply to other contexts of tissue damage. ; L.M. was recipient of an FPU contract from the Spanish Ministry of Education (MECD). Work in the laboratory of M.S. was funded by the CNIO and by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (RETOS project), the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant), the European Union (RISK-IR project), and the Botin Foundation and Banco Santander (Santander Universities Global Division). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Sí

18 Pags.- 14 Figs. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under a CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ; Rainfall erosivity as a dynamic factor of soil loss by water erosion is modelled intra-annually for the first time at European scale. The development of Rainfall Erosivity Database at European Scale (REDES) and its 2015 update with the extension to monthly component allowed to develop monthly and seasonal R-factor maps and assess rainfall erosivity both spatially and temporally. During winter months, significant rainfall erosivity is present only in part of the Mediterranean countries. A sudden increase of erosivity occurs in major part of European Union (except Mediterranean basin, western part of Britain and Ireland) in May and the highest values are registered during summer months. Starting from September, R-factor has a decreasing trend. The mean rainfall erosivity in summer is almost 4 times higher (315 MJ mm ha− 1 h− 1) compared to winter (87 MJ mm ha− 1 h− 1). The Cubist model has been selected among various statistical models to perform the spatial interpolation due to its excellent performance, ability to model non-linearity and interpretability. The monthly prediction is an order more difficult than the annual one as it is limited by the number of covariates and, for consistency, the sum of all months has to be close to annual erosivity. The performance of the Cubist models proved to be generally high, resulting in R2 values between 0.40 and 0.64 in cross-validation. The obtained months show an increasing trend of erosivity occurring from winter to summer starting from western to Eastern Europe. The maps also show a clear delineation of areas with different erosivity seasonal patterns, whose spatial outline was evidenced by cluster analysis. The monthly erosivity maps can be used to develop composite indicators that map both intra-annual variability and concentration of erosive events. Consequently, spatio-temporal mapping of rainfall erosivity permits to identify the months and the areas with highest risk of soil loss where conservation measures should be applied in different seasons of the year. ; Peer reviewed

[Background] Continuous time movement models resolve many of the problems with scaling, sampling, and interpretation that affect discrete movement models. They can, however, be challenging to estimate, have been presented in inconsistent ways, and are not widely used. ; [Methods] We review the literature on integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck velocity models and propose four fundamental correlated velocity movement models (CVM's): random, advective, rotational, and rotational-advective. The models are defined in terms of biologically meaningful speeds and time scales of autocorrelation. We summarize several approaches to estimating the models, and apply these tools for the higher order task of behavioral partitioning via change point analysis. ; [Results] An array of simulation illustrate the precision and accuracy of the estimation tools. An analysis of a swimming track of a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) illustrates their robustness to irregular and sparse sampling and identifies switches between slower and faster, and directed vs. random movements. An analysis of a short flight of a lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) identifies exact moments when switches occur between loopy, thermal soaring and directed flapping or gliding flights. ; [Conclusions] We provide tools to estimate parameters and perform change point analyses in continuous time movement models as an R package (smoove). These resources, together with the synthesis, should facilitate the wider application and development of correlated velocity models among movement ecologists. ; EG, CF, and WF were supported by the US National Science Foundation under grants ABI-1062411 and ABI-1458748; OO and EG were funded in part by Academy of Finland (grants 129636 and 250444) and European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 205905). EG was additionally funded by the 'Animals on the Move' NASA Grant Number NNX15AV92. OO was additionally funded by the Research Council of Norway (Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 223257). The bowhead whale data collection was supported by an Office of Naval Research grant to KL. The lesser kestrel study was financed by the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa of the Junta de Andalucía and FEDER funds from the European Union (project ref: P09-RNM-04588). JHP was supported by a JAE-predoc fellowship co-funded by the Spanish National Research Council and the European Social Fund. ; Peer reviewed

Досліджується місце конституційних законів у системі конституційного законодавства об'єднання чотирьох центральноєвропейських країн: Республіки Польща, Угорщини, Республіки Словаччина та Республіки Чехії. З'ясовуються характерні ознаки конституційних законів, у тому числі їх особливої процедури прийняття, зміни і доповнення. ; Исследуется место конституционных законов в системе конституционного законодательства объединения четырёх центральноевропейских стран: Республики Польша, Венгрии, Республики Словакия и Чешской Республики. Определяются характерные признаки конституционных законов, в том числе их особой процедуры принятия, изменения и дополнения. ; The article is devoted to investigation of the place of constitutional laws in the system of constitutional legislation of association of four Central European countries: Poland, Hungary, the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic; to study the nature and functional use of constitutional laws, their specific characteristics and varieties, clarifying features, including special procedures for adoption and amendment of constitutional law and place in the legislation.The current system of sources of law in Visegrad Group was formed under the influence of Roman, Austrian (Germanic), Socialist (Soviet) Law in the course of historical development, now it is identified as a system of civil law, which is changing and evolving under the influence of European international legal standards and values (laws of the European Union), formed primarily within the civil law. In the countries of the Visegrad Four constitutional laws are the integral part of the constitutional system. Thus, in countries of Visegrad Group functional use of constitutional laws is different (amending; implementation of international agreements; regulation of certain matters provided by the constitution, etc.). It is also mentioned in the article that in Poland, the term «constitutional law» after adoption of the Constitution of 1997 is not applied officially in terms of legislation, though, at the same time some lawyers and politicians use the term in their publications and speeches, collectively interpreting the notion of constitutional law as the law that is first and utmost connected with the content of the Constitution, with amendments to the Constitution, and the adoption of the new Constitution. It is noted that «constitutional laws» can be understood not only as the laws that amend or supplement the Constitution but also as the laws the Constitution refers to or necessity of which is directly provided by the current Constitution. These laws specify certain provisions of the Constitution, are adopted by the legislature or a referendum in a specific order.

It is currently emphasised at European level that an essential way to deliver the resource efficiency agenda established under the Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth is through moving towards a more circular economy (CE). European Union (EU) documents indicate that greater and sustained improvements of resource efficiency performance can bring large economic benefits. One of the most important advantages of CE systems is to keep the added value in products for as long as possible and eliminate waste. This also applies to the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations. The WEEE regulations are intended to reduce the amount of e-waste being disposed of and require EEE producers to pay for its reuse, recycling and recovery. According to Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (GIOS) data, every Pole generates approx. 14 kg of electronic waste annually (in EU - 17 kg/capita annually) and only 4 kg of these waste is selective selected. This indicates that the recovery of raw materials from WEEE, i.e. cell phones, computers, screens, monitors, household goods is one of the largest potential sources of raw materials, but it is wasted. Currently, the management and recovery of materials from WEEE is on the agenda of the EU and many individual countries as its disposal in an improper manner could have a significant impact on the environment. Efficient WEEE management has become a key goal, due to the pollution that could potentially result from the hazardous substances its components contain, but also because reusing its materials can be an important potential supply of resources. It should be mentioned that action on the circular economy is closely linked with key EU priorities, including jobs and growth, the investment agenda, climate and energy, the social agenda and industrial innovation, and with global efforts on sustainable development. The paper presents the importance of economic actors in Poland, such as business and consumers, which play a fundamental role in moving to a more CE model. Their eco-innovative actions support the CE at each step of the value chain - from production to consumption, repair and remanufacturing, waste management, and secondary raw materials that are fed back into the economy. The proposed actions should be consistent with the local, regional, national and European level regulations, which are also presented.

ABSTRACT: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) created a global European crisis in the 1980s and 90s, with very serious health and economic implications. Classical BSE now appears to be under control, to a great extent as a result of a global research effort that identified the sources of prions in meat and bone meal (MBM) and developed new animal-testing tools that guided policy. Priority (www.prionpriority.eu) was a European Union (EU) Framework Program 7 (FP7)-funded project through which 21 European research institutions and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) joined efforts between 2009 and 2014, to conduct coordinated basic and applied research on prions and prion diseases. At the end of the project, the Priority consortium drafted a position paper (www.prionpriority.eu/Priority position paper) with its main conclusions. In the present opinion paper, we summarize these conclusions. With respect to the issue of re-introducing ruminant protein into the feed-chain, our opinion is that sustaining an absolute ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants is essential. In particular, the spread and impact of non-classical forms of scrapie and BSE in ruminants is not fully understood and the risks cannot be estimated. Atypical prion agents will probably continue to represent the dominant form of prion diseases in the near future in Europe. Atypical L-type BSE has clear zoonotic potential, as demonstrated in experimental models. Similarly, there are now data indicating that the atypical scrapie agent can cross various species barriers. More epidemiological data from large cohorts are necessary to reach any conclusion on the impact of its transmissibility on public health. Re-evaluations of safety precautions may become necessary depending on the outcome of these studies. Intensified searching for molecular determinants of the species barrier is recommended, since this barrier is key for important policy areas and risk assessment. Understanding the structural basis for strains and the basis for adaptation of a strain to a new host will require continued fundamental research, also needed to understand mechanisms of prion transmission, replication and how they cause nervous system dysfunction and death. Early detection of prion infection, ideally at a preclinical stage, also remains crucial for development of effective treatment strategies. © 2016 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) created a global European crisis in the 1980s and 90s, with very serious health and economic implications. Classical BSE now appears to be under control, to a great extent as a result of a global research effort that identified the sources of prions in meat and bone meal (MBM) and developed new animal-testing tools that guided policy. Priority ( www.prionpriority.eu ) was a European Union (EU) Framework Program 7 (FP7)-funded project through which 21 European research institutions and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) joined efforts between 2009 and 2014, to conduct coordinated basic and applied research on prions and prion diseases. At the end of the project, the Priority consortium drafted a position paper ( www.prionpriority.eu/Priority position paper) with its main conclusions. In the present opinion paper, we summarize these conclusions. With respect to the issue of re-introducing ruminant protein into the feed-chain, our opinion is that sustaining an absolute ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants is essential. In particular, the spread and impact of non-classical forms of scrapie and BSE in ruminants is not fully understood and the risks cannot be estimated. Atypical prion agents will probably continue to represent the dominant form of prion diseases in the near future in Europe. Atypical L-type BSE has clear zoonotic potential, as demonstrated in experimental models. Similarly, there are now data indicating that the atypical scrapie agent can cross various species barriers. More epidemiological data from large cohorts are necessary to reach any conclusion on the impact of its transmissibility on public health. Re-evaluations of safety precautions may become necessary depending on the outcome of these studies. Intensified searching for molecular determinants of the species barrier is recommended, since this barrier is key for important policy areas and risk assessment. Understanding the structural basis for strains and the basis for adaptation of a strain to a new host will require continued fundamental research, also needed to understand mechanisms of prion transmission, replication and how they cause nervous system dysfunction and death. Early detection of prion infection, ideally at a preclinical stage, also remains crucial for development of effective treatment strategies. ; peerReviewed

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) created a global European crisis in the 1980s and 90s, with very serious health and economic implications. Classical BSE now appears to be under control, to a great extent as a result of a global research effort that identified the sources of prions in meat and bone meal (MBM) and developed new animal-testing tools that guided policy. Priority ( www.prionpriority.eu ) was a European Union (EU) Framework Program 7 (FP7)-funded project through which 21 European research institutions and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) joined efforts between 2009 and 2014, to conduct coordinated basic and applied research on prions and prion diseases. At the end of the project, the Priority consortium drafted a position paper ( www.prionpriority.eu/Priority position paper) with its main conclusions. In the present opinion paper, we summarize these conclusions. With respect to the issue of re-introducing ruminant protein into the feed-chain, our opinion is that sustaining an absolute ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants is essential. In particular, the spread and impact of non-classical forms of scrapie and BSE in ruminants is not fully understood and the risks cannot be estimated. Atypical prion agents will probably continue to represent the dominant form of prion diseases in the near future in Europe. Atypical L-type BSE has clear zoonotic potential, as demonstrated in experimental models. Similarly, there are now data indicating that the atypical scrapie agent can cross various species barriers. More epidemiological data from large cohorts are necessary to reach any conclusion on the impact of its transmissibility on public health. Re-evaluations of safety precautions may become necessary depending on the outcome of these studies. Intensified searching for molecular determinants of the species barrier is recommended, since this barrier is key for important policy areas and risk assessment. Understanding the structural basis for strains and the basis for adaptation of a strain to a new host will require continued fundamental research, also needed to understand mechanisms of prion transmission, replication and how they cause nervous system dysfunction and death. Early detection of prion infection, ideally at a preclinical stage, also remains crucial for development of effective treatment strategies.

The article is devoted to investigation of the place of constitutional laws in the system of constitutional legislation of association of four Central European countries: Poland, Hungary, the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic; to study the nature and functional use of constitutional laws, their specific characteristics and varieties, clarifying features, including special procedures for adoption and amendment of constitutional law and place in the legislation.The current system of sources of law in Visegrad Group was formed under the influence of Roman, Austrian (Germanic), Socialist (Soviet) Law in the course of historical development, now it is identified as a system of civil law, which is changing and evolving under the influence of European international legal standards and values (laws of the European Union), formed primarily within the civil law. In the countries of the Visegrad Four constitutional laws are the integral part of the constitutional system. Thus, in countries of Visegrad Group functional use of constitutional laws is different (amending; implementation of international agreements; regulation of certain matters provided by the constitution, etc.). It is also mentioned in the article that in Poland, the term «constitutional law» after adoption of the Constitution of 1997 is not applied officially in terms of legislation, though, at the same time some lawyers and politicians use the term in their publications and speeches, collectively interpreting the notion of constitutional law as the law that is first and utmost connected with the content of the Constitution, with amendments to the Constitution, and the adoption of the new Constitution. It is noted that «constitutional laws» can be understood not only as the laws that amend or supplement the Constitution but also as the laws the Constitution refers to or necessity of which is directly provided by the current Constitution. These laws specify certain provisions of the Constitution, are adopted by the legislature or a referendum in a specific order. ; Исследуется место конституционных законов в системе конституционного законодательства объединения четырёх центральноевропейских стран: Республики Польша, Венгрии, Республики Словакия и Чешской Республики. Определяются характерные признаки конституционных законов, в том числе их особой процедуры принятия, изменения и дополнения. ; Досліджується місце конституційних законів у системі конституційного законодавства об'єднання чотирьох центральноєвропейських країн: Республіки Польща, Угорщини, Республіки Словаччина та Республіки Чехії. З'ясовуються характерні ознаки конституційних законів, у тому числі їх особливої процедури прийняття, зміни і доповнення.

У статті представлено мовний портфель для майбутніх викладачів англійської мови, який слугує засобом діагностики рівня сформованості професійно орієнтованої компетентності майбутніх викладачів англійської мови у письмовому двосторонньому перекладі. Мовний портфель складається із мовного паспорта, біографії опанування професійно орієнтованого письмового перекладу та досьє. Кожен структурний підрозділ містить інструкцію з використання. ; Abstract. Introduction. The article deals with Translation Proficiency Language Portfolio for Student Teachers of English. Purpose. To suggest the tool intended to assess profession specific competence of student teachers of English in bilateral translation. Methods. Translation Proficiency Language Portfolio has been developed in compliance with The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching,assessment, recommendations of the European Union for Language Portfolios developers, European Language Portfolio for philologists, objectives of Curriculum for English Language Development in Universities and Institutes and is addressed to student teachers of English in the master's programme. Results. The contents of Translation Proficiency Language Portfolio for Student Teachers of English are as follows: Language Passport, Profession Specific Bilateral Translation Learning Biography, Dossier. Language Passport is a record of level of proficiency in profession specific bilateral translation, mediation qualifications and experiences in foreign languages and cultures teaching field. Its contents are as follows: a general overview of profession specific competence of student teachers of English in bilateral translation; a selfassessment grid for profession specific competence in bilateral translation; a summary of translation/mediation experiences in foreign languages and cultures teaching; a record of certificates and diplomas. Profession Specific Bilateral Translation Learning Biography involves in planning, reflecting upon and assessing learning process and progress. Its contents are as follows: profession specific bilateral translation learning experiences; selfassessment checklists for profession specific bilateral translation skills, knowledge and communicative abilities and attitudes; profession specific bilateral translation learning goals. Dossier is the statement of profession specific bilateral translation learning experience submitted by materials which document and illustrate learning achievements and experiences as well as level of proficiency in profession specific bilateral translation. It lists: content; file of materials. Conclusion. Translation Proficiency Language Portfolio for Student Teachers of English is intended to assist the progress of C2 "Masteryо level of proficiency in bilateral translation of texts on foreign languages and cultures teaching, communicative abilities and attitudes and appropriate knowledge as well as to assess the profession specific competence of student teachers of English in bilateral translation.

This document presents the results for Sweden within the framework of a larger study undertaken as part of the RESPECT project – "Rules, Expectations and Security through Privacy-enhanced Convenient Technologies" (RESPECT; G.A. 285582) – which was co-financed by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013). Analyses are based on a survey regarding the perceptions, feelings, attitudes and behaviours of citizens towards surveillance for the purpose of fighting crime, carried out amongst a quota sample that is representative of the population in Sweden for age and gender. Responses were gathered, predominantly, through an online survey supplemented in some partner countries by a number of questionnaires administered in face to face interviews, in order to fulfil the quota and also reach those citizens who do not use the internet. The questionnaire consisted of 50 questions and was available online in all languages of the European Union between November 2013 and March 2014. The Swedish sample is based on the responses from 170 individuals who indicated Sweden as their country of residence. As a result, the Swedish respondents indicated a strongly felt lack of trust in the protection of, and control over, personal information gathered via surveillance. Further, the majority of respondents feel more unhappy than happy with the different types of surveillance (except CCTV), and they feel also unhappy about surveillance taking place without them knowing about it. Additionally, there is a rather strong link between feeling happy, or unhappy, about surveillance and feeling secure or insecure through the presence of surveillance. A large number of Swedish respondents appear to have two distinct, and very different, reactions to surveillance. Some people feel secure in the presence of surveillance, but in others surveillance produces feelings of insecurity. However, the majority of respondents feel more insecure than secure due to surveillance measures. Analyses also indicate that increasing the perceived effectiveness of surveillance measures as well as increasing the perceived effectiveness of laws regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance may make citizens feel more secure. More research is needed to disentangle the relationships and effects between surveillance measures, feelings of security or insecurity, and citizens' general quality of life feelings. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582. ; peer-reviewed

This document presents the results for Slovakia within the framework of a larger study undertaken as part of the RESPECT project – "Rules, Expectations and Security through Privacy-enhanced Convenient Technologies" (RESPECT; G.A. 285582) – which was co-financed by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013). Analyses are based on a survey regarding the perceptions, feelings, attitudes and behaviours of citizens towards surveillance for the purpose of fighting crime, carried out amongst a quota sample that is representative of the population in Slovakia for age and gender. Responses were gathered, predominantly, through an online survey supplemented by a number of questionnaires administered in face to face interviews, in order to fulfil the quota and also reach those citizens who do not use the internet. The questionnaire consisted of 50 questions and was available online in all languages of the European Union between November 2013 and March 2014, face to face interviews were carried out during the same period. The Slovakian quota sample is based on the responses from 200 individuals (total sample: 352 respondents) who indicated Slovakia as their country of residence in the online survey or were administered the questionnaire face to face., the Slovakian respondents indicated a strongly felt lack of trust in the protection of, and control over, personal information gathered via surveillance. Further, the majority of respondents feel more unhappy than happy with the different types of surveillance, and they feel most unhappy about surveillance taking place without them knowing about it. At the same time, the majority of Slovakian respondents feel insecure in the presence of surveillance whilst only in a small minority surveillance produces feelings of security, but there is only a weak link between feeling happy, or unhappy, about surveillance and feeling secure or insecure through the presence of surveillance. However, analyses also indicate that increasing citizens' belief in the effectiveness of laws regarding the protection of personal data gathered via surveillance may make reduce citizens' feelings of insecurity more than only increasing the effectiveness of surveillance measures. More research is needed to disentangle the relationships and effects between surveillance measures, feelings of security or insecurity, and citizens' general quality of life feelings. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582. ; peer-reviewed