Suchergebnisse

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Courts — Jurisdiction of French courts to interpret treaties except when they raise issues of international ordre public — Evian Agreements of 1962 — Declaration of Principles regarding Economic and Financial Cooperation (Article 18) — Whether French Courts competent to interpret Declaration — The law of France.39States as international persons — State succession — Independence of Algeria — Requisitioning of French private property effected by French authorities prior to independence — Payment of compensation — Franco-Algerian Declaration of Principles concerning Economic and Financial Co-operation, 1962 (Article 18) — Whether French or Algerian State liable to pay compensation — The law of France.

Community and public health : yesterday, today, and tomorrow -- Organizations that help shape community and public health -- Epidemiology : the study of disease, injury, and death in the community -- Communicable and noncommunicable diseases : prevention and control of diseases and health conditions -- Community organizing/building and health promotion programming -- The school health program : a component of community and public health -- Maternal, infant, and child health -- Adolescents, young adults, and adults -- Older adults -- Disparate populations and community and public health -- Community mental health -- Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs : a community concern -- Health care delivery in the United States -- Community and public health and the environment -- Injuries as a community and public health problem -- Safety and health in the workplace.

Public Administration as a field of study is relatively new in the People's Republic of China. Nonetheless, it is quickly gaining popularity on China's university campuses, due largely to China's urgent need for managerial capacity building and reform guidance. Properly defining the mission of the discipline of public administration will have a profound impact on the future viability of the field, as well as on the process of social transformation in China. This paper looks into some of the basic questions related to public administration field development in China. Hopefully, it can contribute to discussions among interested scholars, and serve as a reference for public administration curriculum design and research agenda setting.

Anthony Ocampo interviews public intellectual Viet Thanh Nguyen.

The formal recognition of gender, as a category of public law, has swept the world. In a time of rapid legal change, in both new constitutions and old, the public law of gender – and the contested norm of gender equality – is being constituted, legislated and regulated. Of 194 written constitutions around the world, almost all guarantee equality in express terms; almost two thirds entrench equality or non-discrimination guarantees on the basis of sex, and almost one third make express reference to gender. Measures to ensure the equal participation of women and men in political and public decision-making have been introduced in 100 states, and constitutionally entrenched in 15. 189 of 197 member states of the UN are states parties to CEDAW. This volume includes the perspectives of constitutional, administrative and international lawyers, as well as historians, ethnographers, and political scientists, to critically analyze these apparent accomplishments. We ask – has this widespread legal reform led to real change? Women, in particular, continue to experience an array of gender-based disadvantage and harms: persistent and well-documented vulnerability to violence, including sexual violence, insecurity, and poverty; circumscribed access to education, property and credit; workplace disadvantage and harassment; greater involvement in reproductive, household and care work, without material recognition; and a continued inability to access the political forums and public laws in which these problems have often been sidelined or misunderstood. While these problems may seem intractable for different reasons: culture, ideology, power, political economy – it is clear that law continues to constitute, or insulate, these various effects. Thus it is critical to understand and critique the operation of formal law as one aspect of the continuing gap between the advocacy of gender equality and its substantive achievement. This introduction brings international and constitutional law together to analyze the features of this gap in terms of enforcement, sincerity, and coverage. First, just as international law exists famously without a centralized enforcement mechanism, so too does domestic constitutional law lack the guarantee of enforcement, even in systems with judicial review. Secondly, treaties, especially the foundational human rights covenants of which CEDAW is part, have always attracted the criticism of 'window-dressing', as states are free to ratify treaties without making any reforms in domestic law. A similar criticism has been made about the phenomenon of 'sham constitutions'. Thirdly, both international law and constitutional law carve out a number of exceptions of application, which have a significant impact on gender. Most prominent in the gap in coverage is the public/private distinction, in which both international and public law are, in the main, concerned only with the regulation of the public sphere. Through reserving particular areas of law from constitutional reach, such as religious personal laws or customary law or private law more generally, the application of public law has limited effect to challenge gendered disadvantage in the very spheres in which it is most heavily experienced and perpetuated. This volume extends enforcement, sincerity and coverage rationales in public and international law to give greater attention to their application to gender.

Effective, efficient and transparent management of public resources is particularly important in a poor country like Niger. This study shows how difficult it is for Niger to significantly change its expenditure composition in a short time span. A narrow and volatile domestic resource base, heavy dependence on aid, and a large share of pre-determined expenditures such as external debt payments are important factors behind this lack of flexibility. There are ways, though, to create space in the budget for increasing public spending on priority sectors. The study identifies a number of measures in this regard, such as increasing domestic revenues, more realistic and conservative budgeting, strengthening cash management, controlling the wage bill, prudent borrowing and attracting higher external financing for recurrent costs in priority sectors. The study also shows that enhancing the efficiency and transparency of public spending is as important as increasing spending for PRS priority sectors. It thoroughly assesses public management systems in Niger and presents an action plan, jointly elaborated by the Government and its main external partners, to address the main challenges in this area. This action plan contains a priority set of measures to improve budget preparation, execution as well as internal and external oversight.

This document presents an edited transcript of the one-day event, 'Research Perspectives on the Public Domain', held at the University of Glasgow on 11thOctober, 2013. The public domain is a subject of vital interest to legal scholars, but its implications are far reaching – indeed, the public domain concept is germane to subjects as diverse as film and media studies, economics, political science and organisational theory. It was a central purpose of the workshop to arrive at a workable definition of the public domain suitable for empirical investigation. The traditional definition (1) takes the copyright term as the starting point, and defines the public domain as "out of copyright", i.e. all uses of a copyright work are possible. A second, more fine-grained definition (2) still relies on the statutory provisions of copyright law, and asks what activities are possible with respect to a copyright work without asking for permission (e.g. because use is related to "underlying ideas" not appropriating substantial expressions, or because use is covered by specific copyright exceptions). A third definition (3) includes as part of the public domain all uses that are possible under permissive private ordering schemes (such as creative commons licences). A forth definition (4) moves into a space that includes use that would formally be copyright infringement but is endorsed, or at least tolerated by certain communities of practice (e.g. machinima or fan fiction). The conference was designed to test these definitional approaches, and national and international speakers from relevant disciplinary fields were invited to share their research projects, with a particular focus on the underlying concept of the public domain. This document is a citable documentation of those presentations, along with a panel discussion that followed. This event was funded through a Knowledge Exchange grant, 'Valuing the Public Domain', from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC ES/K008137/1) and the UK Intellectual Property Office ...

We test the separate and joint effects of centralization and organizational strategy on the performance of 53 UK public service organizations. Centralization is measured as both the hierarchy of authority and the degree of participation in decision making, whereas strategy is measured as the extent to which service providers are prospectors, defenders, and reactors. We find that centralization has no independent effect on service performance, even when controlling for prior performance, service expenditure, and external constraints. However, the impact of centralization is contingent on the strategic orientation of organizations. Centralized decision making works best in conjunction with defending, and decentralized decision making works best in organizations that emphasize prospecting. Adapted from the source document.

Were evidence to be drawn only from very recent American experience, a strong case could be made for the notion that the status of business enterprise owned and operated by the government tends to be rather anomalous in a "free enterprise" country. Whatever may be said about the existence of a "mixed economy" in the United States, the philosophy of the Eisenhower Administration is plainly one which casts doubt on the legitimacy of public enterprise.With American experience in mind, this article attempts to characterize the status of public enterprise in Canada, a country whose economic system is also based on private enterprise. In the Canadian "free enterprise" garden, how should the public enterprise plant be described—as a creeper vine, a hothouse flower, or a hardy but unspectacular perennial? To what extent has it affected its surroundings and in turn been affected by them? The study proceeds on the assumption that specific examples of public enterprise furnish the best basis for generalization about its character. The examples are confined to the national government in order to keep the study within manageable limits and to facilitate reference to American experience (although no extensive comparison is intended).