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This comparative study deals with the important social phenomenon of sectarianism in four medium-sized cotton towns of northwest England between 1832 and 1870. Professor Phillips examines the social role of sectarian animosity in a period of rapid economic expansion and population growth

Spanning a number of academic areas, "Knights of the Front: Medieval History's Influence on Great War Propaganda" focuses on the emergence of medieval imagery in the First World War propaganda. Examining several specific uses of medieval symbolism in propaganda posters from both Central and Allied powers, the article provides insight into the narrative of war, both politically and culturally constructed. The paper begins with an overview of the psychology behind visual persuasion and the history behind Europe's cultural affinity for "chivalry," then continues into specific case studies of period propaganda posters that hold not only themes of military glory and prowess, but also themes of race, gender, and religion as well. Finally, the article makes the argument that the realities of the First World War shattered the chivalrous and romantic ideals of war so completely that the concepts and images were no longer appropriate for use as propaganda.

Spanning a number of academic areas, "Knights of the Front: Medieval History's Influence on Great War Propaganda" focuses on the emergence of medieval imagery in the First World War propaganda. Examining several specific uses of medieval symbolism in propaganda posters from both Central and Allied powers, the article provides insight into the narrative of war, both politically and culturally constructed. The paper begins with an overview of the psychology behind visual persuasion and the history behind Europe's cultural affinity for "chivalry," then continues into specific case studies of period propaganda posters that hold not only themes of military glory and prowess, but also themes of race, gender, and religion as well. Finally, the article makes the argument that the realities of the First World War shattered the chivalrous and romantic ideals of war so completely that the concepts and images were no longer appropriate for use as propaganda.

PL. SYMBOLIKA CHRZEŚCIJAŃSKO-MUZUŁMAŃSKA NA MONETACH WCZESNEGO IMPERIUM ARABSKIEGO (VII-VIII WIEK). NOWE SPOJRZENIE Przedmiotem artykułu jest interpretacja symboliki przedstawianej na monetach chrześcijańsko-muzułmańskich bitych we wczesnym okresie kształtowania się imperium arabskiego w VII wieku i na początku VIII wieku n.e. Na nowe jej ujęcie pozwala opracowana kilka lat temu przez niemieckich orientalistów nowatorska aczkolwiek niszowa teoria rewidująca dotychczasowy stan wiedzy dotyczącej tego okresu. Teoria ta wpisuje się w szeroko pojęty nurt sceptycyzmu islamistycznego, rozwijającego się na Zachodzie ze szczególnym nasileniem na przestrzeni ostatnich kilkunastu lat. I choć pozostaje jeszcze w dużej mierze na etapie badań i jest przedmiotem sporów i kontrowersji, to można już wstępnie pokusić się o przeniesienie jej w dziedzinę numizmatyki. Analiza procesu historycznych przemian symboli i znaków widniejących na monetach z VII i VIII wieku pozwala śledzić sposób, w jaki stopniowo kształtowała się doktryna polityczno-religijna rodzącego się arabskiego imperium oraz teologia dogmatyczna i tożsamość wyznawców nowej wielkiej monoteistycznej religii. ; This paper attempts to apply to the field of early Arab-Muslim numismatics chosen elements of a sceptical approach concerning the genesis of Islam developed recently in the field of Islamic studies in. First, the theory itself is being presented in a general sense (giving its proper place within the field of Islamic studies). Then, its theses are contrasted with the commonly accepted scholarly views on Muslim numismatics of the 7th  8th centuries CE. A special attention is paid to the issue of intertwining of Christian and Muslim symbols on coins of the early Arab-Muslim Empire. The article presents an interpretation of the symbols depicted on Christian-Muslim coins minted at an early stage in the development of the Arab empire in the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century CE. Sketching out of a new perspective is possible as a result of an innovative, albeit niche theory developed several years ago by German Orientalists revising the current state of scholarly knowledge concerning this historical epoch. The theory fits into the broadly understood mainstream of Islamicist skepticism, evolving in the West with particular intensity in the last several years. And though the theory still remains largely in the research phase and is subject to disputes and controversies, one can already pre-attempt to apply it in the field of numismatics. Analysing the historical process of changes of symbolism and characters appearing on coins from the seventh and eighth centuries CE allows us to keep track of the way in which the political and religious doctrine of the nascent Arab empire was gradually shaped, alongside its dogmatic theology and the religious identity of the followers of the great new monotheistic religion.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la metáfora de la monstruosidad en la delimitación de la comunidad en la Nueva Granada entre 1780 y 1830. Parte de una definición de la monstruosidad como la negación de los atributos del ciudadano y una manera de construir los límites de lo político, al igual que los lazos y valores de la comunidad. Esta investigación se basa en el estudio de la función de la monstruosidad para significar la diferencia desde la asimilación o desde la eliminación por medio de su relación con el concepto de ley natural en tres momentos específicos: la lectura como monstruos de los ociosos a finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX por parte de la Corona española y los ilustrados neogranadinos, de los españoles en la época de la Independencia por parte de los patriotas americanos y de los masones entre 1820 y 1830 por parte de algunos miembros de la Iglesia Católica. ; Abstract. The objective of this work is analyze the metaphor of monstrosity in the delimitation of political community in New Granada between 1780 and 1830. It starts with a definition of monstrosity as a negation of citizen attributes and a mode to set up political boundaries and community ties and values. The research studies monstrosity function to signify difference from assimilation or elimination in its relation with natural law concept in three specific moments: the comprehension as monsters of idle people at the end of XVIIIth Century and beginnings of XIXth Century by Spanish Crown and neo-granadian enlightened; spaniards as monsters in Independence Wars by american patriots and masons as monsters in 1820-1830 by some members of Catholic Church. ; Maestría

'Dieser Beitrag tritt dafür ein, den Kontingenzfaktor von Geschichte stärker ins Bewusstsein der Historiker zu rücken. Kontrafaktisches Fragen, so die These, kann helfen, Kontingenz und Kausalität ins Verhältnis zu setzen und kausale und nichtkausale Zusammenhänge besser zu beleuchten, sofern die kontrafaktische Geschichtsschreibung aus ihren Zustand der (Selbst-)Isolation befreit und an andere Ansätze der modernen Geschichtsforschung angeschlossen wird. Die Autorin schlägt vor, kontrafaktisches Fragen in das kulturwissenschaftliche Konzept der 'Verflechtungsgeschichten' von Shalini Randeria zu integrieren und es damit zu einem wertvollen Instrument der Gegenprobe zu machen. Am Beispiel der komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Reich der Mongolen und dem Lateinischen Westen, bzw. genauer: zwischen den Mongolenkhanen und den Dominikanern, untersucht sie in drei kontrafaktischen Szenarien den Grad und die Qualität der jeweiligen Verflechtungen.' (Autorenreferat) ; 'This paper claims that historians need to address the contingency factor in history, and that counterfactual thinking can be a useful method of cross-checks allowing for a deeper understanding of causal and non-causal connections. However, counterfactual thinking needs to become incorporated into existing methodological approaches of modern historiography in order to be of any use. The paper therefore suggests integrating counterfactual thinking into the concept of 'entangled histories' by Shalini Randeria, which is illustrated in a case study on the late Middle Ages. The complex interactions and interdependencies between the Mongolian Empire and the Latin West, and more specifically between the Mongolian leaders and the Dominican monks in the thirteenth century are described as a history of entanglement. But to what extent and in which ways are the historical phenomena, we are looking at, entangled? Here, three counterfactual scenarios may help to cross-check the potential and the limits of the entanglement.' (author's abstract)

During the day of study on 16 October 2009, 'Specialised education in Algeria and Ma roc before and after independence 1950-1965' organised by CNAHES and CIRCEFT1 Paris 8, I moderated in a very flexible way, that is to say, by leaving the role of the speakers to circulate without too much leadership on my part, the witness plateau 'Educators from metropolis of the 1950s: managers, experts, activists, for which missions? made up of Paule Gauneau, Jacques Ladsous and André Heinrich2• My research work on the educational issues of Algerian colonial and post-colonial memories 3 was confronted, among other things, with the problem posed by the concept of memory and its connection to history, through the drafting of the memorial and historical narrative on subjects. It is in the advance and in the aftermath that I place the writing of this text. The front to question what constitutes the storytelling and historical ncrage, which he has been crossed and founded. Post-onset as a construction of the event of years of what he produces socially and subjectively, it has been a ration for individuals. How do they build and then return their own remembrance from a socially produced and shared history and from what the state puts in place in specific socio-historical contexts. [.] ; International audience ; During the day of study on 16 October 2009, 'Specialised education in Algeria and Ma roc before and after independence 1950-1965' organised by CNAHES and CIRCEFT1 Paris 8, I moderated in a very flexible way, that is to say, by leaving the role of the speakers to circulate without too much leadership on my part, the witness plateau 'Educators from metropolis of the 1950s: managers, experts, activists, for which missions? made up of Paule Gauneau, Jacques Ladsous and André Heinrich2• My research work on the educational issues of Algerian colonial and post-colonial memories 3 was confronted, among other things, with the problem posed by the concept of memory and its connection to history, through the drafting of the memorial ...

Der Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit die Einstellungen zu einigen zentralen sozialen und politischen Fragen fortgeschrittener Gesellschaften auf kulturelle Einflüsse zurückgeführt werden können. Im Anschluss an einige allgemeine Überlegungen zu Kultur und Kulturabhängigkeit wird auf Orientierungen zurückgegriffen, die Jagodzinski et al. (2006) in einem deutsch-türkischen Vergleich untersucht haben: die Einstellung zur Homosexualität, die berufliche Gleichbehandlung von Mann und Frau, die Einstellung zu Demokratie und Autokratie, sowie die soziale Distanz zu Minderheiten. Jagodzinski et al. (2006) haben in bivariaten Aggregatanalysen gezeigt, dass die durchschnittlichen Einstellungen der Türken und der Bürger der ökonomisch fortgeschrittenen westeuropäischen Gesellschaften recht stark differieren, dass sich aber die Türkei von anderen europäischen Ländern auf vergleichbarem ökonomischen Entwicklungsniveau vielfach gar nicht sonderlich unterscheidet. Zwei deskriptive, multivariate OLS-Regressionen für Deutschland und die Türkei stehen im Einklang mit der These, demzufolge Bildung in der Türkei einen starken Effekt auf eine Reihe von sozialen und politischen Einstellungen hat. Die Autoren gehen der Frage nach, in welchen Fällen es sich um kulturabhängige und kulturunabhängige Einflüsse handelt. Dazu werden einige Hypothesen formuliert, die in einer Mehrebenenanalyse mit Daten aus der europäischen Wertestudie 1999 empirisch getestet werden. (ICA2)

"Ausgangspunkt des Artikels ist die Beobachtung, dass sich Eltern bewusst einem konfessionellen Kindergarten zuwenden, obwohl sie keine deklarierte religiöse Bindung haben. In einen theoretischen Rahmen gestellt, präsentiert die Autorin anhand zahlreicher qualitativ erhobener Daten die Ergebnisse zum Thema der konfessionellen Fremdsozialisation und den rekonstruierten Intentionen der Eltern. Die Kernfrage ist, welche Rolle religiöse Motive für Eltern spielen und wie dieser Sinngehalt in die Beziehung von Eltern und Kindern eingeht." (Autorenreferat)