Suchergebnisse

<p>Os recursos minerais são indispensáveis ao desenvolvimento da quase totalidade das atividades econômicas, razão pela qual foram alçados à categoria de bens públicos cuja pesquisa e lavra só poderão ocorrer mediante anuência da União ou da autarquia (o DNPM) responsável pela execução do Código de Mineração. Tramita no Congresso Nacional Projeto de Lei que pretende alterar referido diploma legal, que possui como principal proposta a transformação do DNPM em agência reguladora. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo analisa se esse aspecto do Projeto irá facilitar processos de harmonização entre o direito humano ao desenvolvimento e o direito econômico do desenvolvimento. Verificou-se que, no vigente modelo regulatório, o DNPM já exerce função de agente regulador, pois deve fomentar a produção mineral, formular diretrizes da política mineral e editar normas em caráter complementar. Contudo, a transformação em agência reguladora pode acarretar avanços na estrutura administrativa, com a diminuição de ingerências de órgãos do Poder Executivo, além da possibilidade de realizar licitações e chamadas públicas para a obtenção de títulos minerários.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The mineral resources are indispensable to the development of almost all economic activities, which were raised to the category of public goods whose research and exploitation may occur by agreement of the Union or of the municipality (DNPM) responsible for the implementation of the Mining Code. Currently in the National Congress Bill that seeks to change referred to legislation, that has as main proposed the transformation of the DNPM regulatory agency. In this sense, the present article analyzes whether this aspect of the project will facilitate harmonisation processes between the human right to development and economic development law. It was found that, in the prevailing regulatory model, the DNPM already exerts regulatory agent function, it must promote the mineral production, formulate political guidelines and edit rules in complementary character. However, the transformation into a regulatory agency may lead to advances in administrative structure, with reduced interference of organs of executive power, in addition to the possibility of making bids and public calls for the acquisition of mining titles.<strong></strong></p>

The study is based on a mining legal and tax framework, economic studies, to evaluate the economic impact of starting the exploitation of the principal metallic mineral deposits of El Domo, Fruta del Norte, Loma Larga and Mirador in Ecuador. Moreover, it estimates the potential of the mining industry in Ecuador based on the certified information of the technical reports NI 43-101. In Ecuadorian territory, the Andes possess geologic conditions favorable for the formation of world class metallic mineral deposits. These physiological and geological characteristics are similar to the ones on all the South American Andean belt where neighboring countries such as Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile have successfully developed their mining industry. The methodology applied to evaluate the mineral deposits uses qualitative and quantitative variables globally accepted and it also offers recommendations for changes on the legal regime. Under the current legal regime there are three categories for the exploitation of mineral deposits: Small Operations Mining, with up to 300 tones/day on underground operations; Medium Operations Mining, with up to 1000 tones/day on underground operations and up to 2000 tones/day on open pit operations, and Large Operations Mining, with production larger than the limits set on the previously mentioned. As a result of the analysis, it is recommended that the limits of the production volumes should be increased for the three categories so that mining development and production becomes more attractive for investors and mining companies of all sizes. Based on the cash flow from the projects under analysis, the tax burden varies from 38% to 45%. Nevertheless, the Ministerio de Mineria (Mining Regulatory Agency) and industry consultant Wood Mackenzie (January, 2016) concludes that the tax burden is close to 27%. According to available NI 43-101 international documentation, Ecuador has 8.5 M oz. of gold and 19.2 M oz. of silver in Reserves and 23.8 M oz. of gold and 168.3 M oz. of silver in Resources. Reserves of 47 million pounds of copper; 41.334 million pounds of copper as a Resource and 865 million pounds of molybdenum as a Resource. The initial investment (CAPEX) for the 4 projects will add up to USD 2,123 M, in the mine construction phase, between the years 2017 and 2021. The direct employment demand in the same period will be of 4,140 employees, from which, 30% will correspond to technical and administrative staff and 70% to operators and field workers. Preferably, the working force will be local to the project area. Indirect employment will be assigned at a regional and national level. According to the studies, the mining methods to be used are defined as follows: in El Domo a combination of open pit and underground mining, in Fruta del Norte and Loma Larga as underground, and Mirador as open pit. The estimate Net Smelter Revenue (NSR) combined for the 4 projects will be USD 11,410 million, in 17 years of production. The estimated economic benefits for the state adding the 4 projects, including Royalty + income tax + profif- sharing + VAT, in 17 years of operations of the mines will be USD 2,063 million. ; El estudio se basa en el marco legal y tributario de minería, estudios económicos, para evaluar el impacto económico que implica el iniciar la explotación de los principales yacimientos minerales metálicos de El Domo, Fruta del Norte, Loma Larga y Mirador en Ecuador. Además, estima el potencial de la industria minera en Ecuador sobre la base de la información certificada de los informes técnicos NI 43-101. En territorio ecuatoriano, los Andes poseen condiciones geológicas favorables para la formación de depósitos minerales metálicos de clase mundial. Estas características fisiológicas y geológicas son similares a las de todo el cinturón andino sudamericano donde países vecinos como Colombia, Perú, Bolivia, Argentina y Chile han desarrollado con éxito su industria minera. La metodología aplicada para evaluar los yacimientos minerales utiliza variables cualitativas y cuantitativas aceptadas globalmente y también ofrece recomendaciones para cambios en el régimen legal. Bajo el régimen jurídico vigente existen tres categorías para la explotación de yacimientos minerales: Operaciones mineras de pequeña escala, hasta 300 toneladas / día en operaciones subterráneas; Operaciones mineras de medina escala, hasta 1.000 ton / día en operaciones subterráneas y hasta 2000 ton / día en operaciones a cielo abierto, y Operaciones mineras de gran escala, con una producción superior a los límites establecidos en los ya mencionados. Como resultado del análisis, se recomienda aumentar los límites de los volúmenes de producción para las tres categorías, de manera que el desarrollo y la producción minera sean más atractivos para los inversionistas y compañías mineras de todos los tamaños. Sobre la base del flujo de caja de los proyectos analizados, la carga fiscal varía de 38% a 45%. Sin embargo, el Ministerio de Minería y la consultora Wood Mackenzie (enero de 2016) concluyen que la carga tributaria es cercana al 27%. De acuerdo con la documentación internacional disponible de la NI 43-101, Ecuador tiene 8.5 M oz. de oro y 19,2 M oz. de plata en Reservas y 23.8 M oz. de oro y 168,3 M oz. de plata en Recursos Reservas de 47 millones de libras de cobre; 41.334 millones de libras de cobre como recurso y 865 millones de libras de molibdeno como recurso. La inversión inicial (CAPEX) para los 4 proyectos sumará U $ S 2.123 M, en la fase de construcción de la mina, entre los años 2017 y 2021. La demanda de empleo directo en el mismo período será de 4.140 empleados, de los cuales el 30% corresponderá al personal técnico y administrativo y el 70% a los operadores y trabajadores de campo. Preferiblemente, la fuerza de trabajo será local al área del proyecto. El empleo indirecto se asignará a nivel regional y nacional. Según los estudios, los métodos de explotación minera que se utilizarán se definen de la siguiente manera: en El Domo una combinación de minería a cielo abierto y subterránea, en Fruta Del Norte y Loma Larga como subsuelo, y Mirador como pozo abierto. La estimación del Ingreso Neto de Fundición (NSR) combinada para los 4 proyectos será de USD 11.410 millones, en 17 años de producción. Los beneficios económicos estimados para el estado agregando los 4 proyectos, incluyendo el impuesto sobre la renta + regalías + utilidades + IVA, en 17 años de operaciones de las minas serán USD 2.063 millones.

Instruments in terms of the provisions of the mining law has been regulated by law No. 11 of 1967, in which the government's legal position is not comparable to the investors. granting it is the government or ruling authority in order to protect the interests of citizens in order to establish a concrete action even if it deviates from the provisions that are prohibited. Good governance or good governance is closely related to human rights. Thus, that one of the bases existence of a support or foundation of a discretion in this case the nature of the license by the government especially the mining sector is the presence of good governance or Good pemeritahan Governancne so as to create a harmonization as state officials

"This book provides an interdisciplinary approach to predictive analytics, bringing together the fields of business, statistics, and information technology for effective decision making"--

Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, project PID2020-115832GBI00, and the University of Cordoba, project UCO-FEDER 18 REF.1263116 MOD.A. Both projects were also supported by the European Fund of Regional Development. ; To provide a good study plan is key to avoid students' failure. Academic advising based on student's preferences, complexity of the semester, or even background knowledge is usually considered to reduce the dropout rate. This article aims to provide a good course index to recommend courses to students based on the sequence of courses already taken by each student. Hence, unlike existing long-term course planning methods, it is based on graduate students to model the course and not on external factors that might introduce some bias in the process. The proposal includes a novel sequential pattern mining algorithm, called (ES)2 P (Evolutionary Search of Emerging Sequential Patterns), that properly identifies paths followed by good students and not followed by not so good students, as a long-term course planning approach. A major feature of the proposed (ES)2 P algorithm is its ability to extract the best k solutions, that is, those with a best recommendation index score instead of returning the whole set of solutions above a predefined threshold. A real study case is performed including more than 13,000 students belonging to 13 faculties to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposal not only to recommend study plans but also to give advices at different stages of the students' learning process. ; CRUE-CSIC ; Springer Nature ; Spanish Government PID2020-115832GBI00 ; University of Cordoba UCO-FEDER 18 REF.1263116 MOD.A

Şirketlere ilişkin haber metinleri ile finansal değerler arasındaki ilişkilerin nesnel bir temelde analiz edilebilmesini sağlamak için, öncelikle ilişkili haberlerin ve bu haberlerde yer alan olumlu ya da olumsuz ifadelerin sayısal değerlere dönüştürülmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla literatürde "metin madenciliği" ve "Duygu (Sentiment) Analizi" yaklaşım ve yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da, Borsa İstanbul'da işlem gören BIST30 şirketlerine ilişkin 2014 yılında farklı kaynaklarda yayınlanmış 14.108 haber metin madenciliği teknikleri ile alınarak, yıllık ve çeyreklik bazda haber sayıları tespit edilmiştir. Haber içeriklerinde yer alan ifadeler de, Türkçe diline çevrilerek oluşturulmuş bir "Duygu Sözlüğü" yardımıyla, sayısal değerlere dönüştürülmüştür. Daha sonra, bu sayısal skorlar ile aynı dönemde piyasada oluşan şirket değerleri arasındaki ilişkiler analiz edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan temel sonuç, finansal piyasalarla yayınlanan haberler ve bunların duygu tonları ile finansal değerler arasında anlamlı ilişkilerin var olduğudur. Bu sonuç Türk finansal piyasalarının değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir araç olarak Türkçe haber kaynaklarının da kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Risk Assessment from Primary Mining of Precious Metal (Gold) and Possible Mitigation Route -- Assessment and Mitigation of Environmental Footprints for Energy-Critical Metals Used in Permanent Magnets -- Assessing End-of-Life Room Air Conditioner Recycling Potential for Sustainable Resource Utilization in India- A Case Study for Reducing Environmental Burden -- Environmental Impacts and Government Policies for Responsible Management of E-waste -- Hazards associated with industrial effluents and its mitigation strategies -- Accumulation of heavy metals in roadside plants and their role in phytoremediation -- Sustainable Utilization of Anthropogenic Coal Fly Ash Through Mechanical and Chemical Activation -- Environmental damages due to mismanagement of municipal solid waste -- A Detailed Review on the Environmental Problem and Remediation of Anthropogenic Biomass Waste -- Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste: Associated Challenges and Mitigation of Environmental Risks -- Collaborative Governance and Non-Monetary Compensation Mechanisms for Sustainable Forest Management and Forest Fire Mitigation.

Cover -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Foreword to An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America -- Notes on the Contributors -- 1. Introduction The Export Age: The Latin American Economies in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries -- 2. Brazil as an Export Economy, 1880-1930 -- 3. Coffee and the Origins of Modern Economic Development in Colombia -- 4. The Economies of Central America, 1860-1940 -- 5. Export-led Growth in Mexico, c.1900-30 -- 6. Peru, 1884-1930: A Beggar Sitting on a Bench of Gold? -- 7. Bolivia, 1900-39: Mining, Railways and Education -- 8. Trying to 'Tax and Spend' Oneself out of the 'Dutch Disease': The Chilean Economy from the War of the Pacific tothe Great Depression -- 9. The Vicissitudes of an Exporting Economy: Argentina (1875-1930) -- 10. Alteration, Crisis and Adjustment in the Cuban Export Economy,1898-1939 -- Index.

Th is study focuses on the legislative eff orts by Cristóbal Vaca de Castro regarding mining. It focuses on theregulations for the gold and silver mines enacted in 1543. Th ese laws lie within the context of the prevailingregime at the time, and cannot be understood without the debate this regime created. Th ey aimed to addressthe problem of the indigenous population sent to work on the mines. In that regard, these new laws outlinethe principle, in clear harmony with the will of the Crown and the previous legislation, that Indians cannotbe sent to mines against their own will. Th ey are a clear example of the humanitarian concerns of the monarchand his Council of the Indies, at a time when the New Laws and the thesis by Las Casas were triumphant.Th e present work evaluates the degree of alignment of the author with their content.

Coal is the second main commodity for export in Colombia. Since beginning the 20th Century, the governments have created conditions increasingly favorable for the foreign companies to start or increase their mining projects in our country. As a consequence, the extraction volume has increased ever since. While the Colombian Government stated in 2012 that the mining exploitation is one of the "locomotives for development" and the macro level data go on this direction, it is quite worrying that only a part of the Colombian population benefits from this development model. This article aims to answer the following question: To what extent the coal mining on a large scale is changing the financial situation of the rural women in our country? To answer it, this article emphasizes the experiences by these women and tells the reality from their perspective. This work analyzed previous studies and conducted some qualitative interviews to women from a community that should be relocated since 2012: El Hatillo, in Cesar Province, Colombia. As a result from this research, four hypotheses were set out as related to the challenges the coal mining pose to those women facing the destruction of the sources for making a living, the alteration of their traditional roles both in the community and the family, scarce possibilities to access to jobs in the mines and the resulting high level of gender inequalities in this business. ; El carbón es el segundo producto más importante para el mercado de exportación de Colombia. Desde el inicio del siglo XX, los gobiernos han creado condiciones cada vez más favorables para que empresas transnacionales establezcan o amplíen sus proyectos mineros en el país. Como consecuencia, el volumen de extracción ha aumentado desde entonces. Pero mientras que el Gobierno colombiano afirmó, en el año 2012, que la explotación minera es una de las "locomotoras para el desarrollo", y datos a nivel macro evidencian lo mismo, es dudoso que solo parte de la población colombiana se beneficie de este modelo de desarrollo. Este artículo tiene como propósito responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿hasta qué punto la minería de carbón a gran escala cambia la situación económica de las mujeres rurales del país? Con el fin de encontrar la respuesta el artículo hace énfasis en las experiencias de ellas y cuenta la realidad desde su perspectiva. Se analizaron estudios previos y fueron realizadas entrevistas cualitativas con mujeres de una comunidad que debe ser reasentada desde el año 2012: El Hatillo - Cesar, Colombia. Como resultado de la investigación, se formularon cuatro hipótesis relacionadas con los retos que la minería genera para las mujeres rurales confrontación con la destrucción de sus medios de subsistencia; alteración con su rol tradicional dentro de la comunidad y la familia; pocas posibilidades de acceder a trabajos en las minas y se presenta un alto nivel de desigualdad de género dentro del sector.

This book provides a detailed description of the entire study process concerning gathering and analysing big data and making observations to develop a crime-prediction model that utilizes its findings. It offers an in-depth discussion of several processes, including text mining, which extracts useful information from online documents; opinion mining, which analyses the emotions contained in documents; machine learning for crime prediction; and visualization analysis. To accurately predict crimes using machine learning, it is necessary to procure high-quality training data. Machine learning combined with high-quality data can be used to develop excellent crime-prediction artificial intelligences.As such, the book will serve to be a practical guide to anyone wishing to predict rapidly-changing social phenomena and draw creative conclusions using big-data analysis.