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International relations is considered an important aspect in the development of an economy and of a region by providing them opportunities to work together to address economic, social, political issues, environmental, and security issues. It allows economies to share information, technology, and best practices that can help them progress together. Such cooperation is realized through the participation and commitments in regional blocs, such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), where cooperation comes in many forms. Exploring the patterns of such cooperation provides an understanding of how APEC has evolved. It may highlight the achievements and learn from shortcomings. Also, exploring patterns of such cooperation provides direction APEC may take in the next decades. The quality of cooperation may also reveal how member economies have fared so far in their participation, as well as their economic or political stance on certain issues. To do such analysis, however, it must be noted that there are pieces of information that cannot be easily discerned by quantitatively analyzing available structured data. Analyzing cooperation may require a different type of methodology. This paper, therefore, explores the concepts and potential uses of content analysis in understanding international cooperation.

"Die USA sind die traditionelle Führungsmacht der Nichtverbreitungspolitik. Präsident Clinton trat 1993 mit dem Anspruch an, angesichts neuer Risiken und Herausforderungen eine breit angelegte, konzeptionelle Nichtverbreitungspolitik einzuleiten. Heute, nach sechs Jahren, läßt die Bilanz dieser Politik erkennen, daß im Bereich der Abrüstungshilfe sowie der technischen Hilfestellung für Rußland bei der Sicherung waffenfähiger Spaltstoffe große Fortschritte gemacht worden sind, daß in anderen Bereichen die Bilanz jedoch weniger erfolgreich ist. In der multilateralen Rüstungskontrolldiplomatie hat Washington oft eine bremsende Rolle gespielt; die Bemühungen um regionale Nichtverbreitungsdiplomatie waren nur teilweise erfolgreich und die Versuche der Effektivierung der Exportkontrollen bei Raketentechnologien sogar ein Fehlschlag. Im großen und ganzen stellt die amerikanische Nichtverbreitungspolitik, die entsprechenden europäischen Anstrengungen aber weit in den Schatten. Es ist nicht ganz abwegig zu vermuten, daß die weitgehende Passivität der Europäer angesichts der neuen Risiken und Herausforderungen zum Unilateralismus der USA beigetragen hat." (Autorenreferat)

This study showed that the armed conflict between the regular army and the rebel movements was a non-international armed conflict since all the belligerents were Burundians and the conflict met the criteria of organization and intensity of violence established by the case law for the definition of armed conflict. The human damage caused by the Burundian conflict reflects the degree of animosity between the belligerents and the intensity of the atrocities that turn the internal violence situation into an armed conflict. Moreover, the rebels had a political wing to develop their ideology. These armed groups conducted coordinated military operations and responded militarily to government army assaults. They were able to evacuate the wounded abroad and recover the bodies of their fallen on the battlefield. These directional, disciplinary and organizational powers reinforce the obligation to respect the rules of IHL for which these armed movements are obligated. But as the war progressed, the inhumanity of the belligerents increased as a result of the heavy losses they imposed on each other, and the spirit of revenge relegated the obligations of IHL to the "Greek calendar". Moreover, the analysis postulates that knowledge of IHL is a condition for its respect and hence for its application, even if the will of the protagonists remains decisive. However, in the pre-war situation, there was no mechanism for enforcing IHL. The warring parties were little or no acquaintance with the rules of IHL. It is in the light of this organic deficit and ignorance that the study proposes to train defense and security forces, qualified personnel, and legal advisers in peacetime to be operational in wartime. Cette étude démontre que l'affrontement entre l'armée burundaise et les mouvements rebelles était un conflit armé non international, car tous les belligérants étaient burundais. De plus, le conflit répondait aux critères d'organisation et d'intensité de violence retenus par la jurisprudence pour la qualification de conflit armé. ...

"The question of how to properly enforce against RPM has been a contentious debate for decades on both sides of the Atlantic. The catalyst is the acceptance that RPM can generate both anti-competitive effects and pro-competitive efficiencies that need to be properly balanced to ensure against Type I/Type II errors and to create viable legislation. Part I focuses on 100 years of US origins and the current legal approach to VR enforcement, which reveals the precedent responsible for the transition between per se illegality and the rule of reason thresholds at the federal level. Nine anti-competitive and 19 pro-competitive theoretical models are also introduced to clearly demonstrate the true nonconsensus existent between economists as to whether RPM is deleterious enough to justify a stringent approach to RPM regulation. Part II closely examines the EU origins and current legal structure, where RPM has maintained its hardcore by-object designation pursuant to Art. 101(1) TFEU with the consequence of having no safe harbours, no applicability of the De Minimus Doctrine, an onerous negative rebuttable presumption, non-severability of the agreement and almost no chance of obtaining an exemption under Art. 101(3). This is exacerbated by the EC's lack of guidance on how to prove all conditions necessary for an Art. 101(3) exemption and when a vertical arrangement actually escapes Art. 101(1) applicability. The aim of this book is to examine the economic models, historical origins and legal structures of the US/EU regimes to develop proposals on how to modify the EU's current legal structure to ensure proper enforcement of RPM behaviour that actually enhances legal certainty through a more aligned approach at the national level. Part III proposes five solutions which scrutinise the concepts of appreciability, hardcore and by-object restraints, to implement modifications to EU's current legal framework to ensure RPM receives reasonable and equitable treatment in line with economic theory."

Human population growth is a serious biospheric problem, yet is largely overlooked. This book fills this gap with a concise review of world population growth, including the impact of over-population on the biosphere and government interventions addressing the frequency of childbearing and immigration.

What makes freedom valuable to us? Through an interdisciplinary lens, this book gives an original account of the relationship between freedom and knowledge and offers new perspectives on debates surrounding privacy, corporate culture, consumer protection, freedom of speech and more.

When duelling became widespread in early twentieth-century Uruguay, legislators facing this dilemma chose the unique and radical path of legalization. This book vividly explores how the only country in the world to decriminalize duelling managed the tension between these informal but widely accepted "gentlemanly laws" and its own criminal code.