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This study explores the spread of disinformation relating to the Covid-19 pandemic on the internet, dubbed by some as the pandemic's accompanying "infodemic," and the societal reactions to this development across different countries and platforms. The study's focus is on the role of states and platforms in combatting online disinformation. Through synthesizing answers to questions submitted by more than 40 researchers from 20 countries within the GDHR Network, this exploratory study provides a first overview of how states and platforms have dealt with Corona-related disinformation. This can also provide incentives for further rigorous studies of disinformation governance standards and their impact across different socio-cultural environments.

Media communication at all levels is influenced by both socio-political, economic and technological factors. Local press is subject to them in the same way as other media, but due to their specificity (incl. being limited to small target group and at the same time more direct impact on recipients), it often must deal with additional factors that determine its existence. By analyzing selected examples of local publishing houses (case studies), and data from Polish Reading Research and organizations associating local publishers (desk research), the author tries to identify the most important changes taking place in media communication at the local level. Research confirms that the changes mainly affect channels of media communication. Printed press attracts less and less attention of recipients. Its past functions are taken over by the Internet. Until recently, the Internet was an addition to the traditional methods of communication on the local media market. Now it takes the audience from the press, radio and television and forces local broadcasters to look for a place for themselves in it.

This article presents a text-analytic approach to analysing media content for evidence of gender bias. Irish newspaper content is examined using machine learning and natural language processing techniques. Systematic differences in the coverage of male and female politicians are uncovered, and these differences are analysed for evidence of gender bias. A corpus of newspaper coverage of politicians over a 15-year period was created. Features of the text were extracted and patterns differentiating coverage of male and female politicians were identified using machine learning. Discriminative features were then analysed for evidence of gender bias. Findings showed evidence of gender bias in how female politicians were portrayed, the policies they were associated with, and how they were evaluated. This research also sets out a methodology whereby natural language processing and machine learning can be used to identify gender bias in media coverage of politicians. 24 month embargo -AC Update citation details during checkdate report - AC

Abstract
Through a thematic meta-analysis, the current study examined theoretical, topical, and methodological trends of agenda-setting research over time from 1972 through 2015. Research trends, topics, media, methods, and utilization of other theories in agendasetting studies were discussed along with the evolution of the theoretical map of agenda-setting studies. Findings indicated that the number of agenda-setting research studies has been increasing over time, along with the expansion of research topics, media, methods, and use of other theories. This study provided a general overview of agenda-setting studies as well as new insights for future research trends and directions.

Richard Dyer's Stars and general studies analyze the unusual phenomena surrounding influential film stars and their unmitigated power to compel and amaze those outside of the spotlight. His studies separate the theory into three intermingling parts: stars as a social phenomenon, stars as images, and stars as signs. There are many components in Dyer's studies that can be extracted and used in analyses of particular actors and actresses. However, this does not solely revolve around film stars. In this analysis, I will be examining the famous pop music icon and recent actress, Lady Gaga. Through an analysis of her style, consumption, social interaction, and many personas, I will be expanding on Dyer's theory of celebrity/stardom and Horton's and Wohl's theory of parasocial interaction and relationships. My goal is to show, through her experiences and transformations, the inner-workings of stardom, and the pressure it places not only on the stars themselves, but also on the public, who look for advice and attention from those they place on pedestals.

Private security companies (PSCs) currently receive a great deal of attention in the news media, in sensationalist reporting, and increasingly in scholarly books and articles. While the scholarly books and articles make significant contributions to our understanding of this global phenomenon, there are several impediments to analysis that must be recognized and overcome if analysis is to be improved. Three of these impediments are reviewed in this article. The author suggests that US government material is currently available to minimize impediments and offers a framework to make analytical sense of it. Since contracting out is based on contracts, and unless the complexities of awarding and managing contracts are understood, recommendations made to reform the process of contracting out security are unrealistic. Adapted from the source document.

Welche Rolle spielen Algorithmen für den Bildbau und die Darstellung von Welt und Wetter in Computerspielen? Wie beeinflusst die Gestaltung der Räume, Level und Topografien die Entscheidungen und das Verhalten der Spieler_innen? Ist der Brutalismus der erste genuine Architekturstil der Computerspiele? Welche Bedeutung haben Landschaftsgärten und Nationalparks im Strukturieren von Spielwelten? Wie wird Natur in Zeiten des Klimawandels dargestellt? Insbesondere in den letzten 20 Jahren adaptieren digitale Spielwelten akribischer denn je Merkmale der physisch-realen Welt. Durch aufwändige Produktionsverfahren und komplexe Visualisierungsstrategien wird die Angleichung an unsere übrige Alltagswelt stets in Abhängigkeit von Spielmechanik und Weltlichkeit erzeugt. Wie sich spätestens am Beispiel der Open-World-Spiele zeigt, führt die Übernahme bestimmter Weltbilder und Bildtraditionen zu ideologischen Implikationen, die weit über die bisher im Fokus der Forschung stehenden, aus anderen Medienformaten transferierten Erzählkonventionen hinausgehen. Mit seiner Theorie der Architektur als medialem Scharnier legt der Autor offen, dass digitale Spielwelten medienspezifische Eigenschaften aufweisen, die bisher nicht zu greifen waren und der Erforschung harrten. Durch Verschränken von Konzepten aus u.a. Medienwissenschaft, Game Studies, Philosophie, Architekturtheorie, Humangeografie, Landschaftstheorie und Kunstgeschichte erarbeitet Bonner ein transdisziplinäres Theoriemodell und ermöglicht anhand der daraus entwickelten analytischen Methoden erstmals, die komplexe Struktur heutiger Computerspiele - vom Indie Game bis zur AAA Open World - zu verstehen und zu benennen. Mit "Offene-Welt-Strukturen" wird die Architektonik digitaler Spielwelten umfassend zugänglich.

The relation between commodities and consumers is directly related to the transactional relationship between kids and their interaction with the toys. The paper aims to critique how female representation through Barbie Dolls in popular culture shapes female identity. Production and consumption of Barbie dolls in India became a way of socializing mechanism to educate young Indian girls on the concept of beauty. A notion of beauty is attached to blue eyes, skinny waist, and fair skin giving rise to "American Exceptionalism" (Madsen, 2009, p. 14), where the model nation conceptualizes itself though national identity where perceiver compels to transform themselves to "fit in." I want to study the relationship between body, embodiment, and technology through the representation of Barbie dolls in media and the political orientation of its stereotypical and ethnocentric identity formation giving rise to cultural production. I want to find out how gendered representations produces itself on television and the internet, which continue to make "coding of the body" (Barker et al., 2005, p. 5) through evidence of Barbie's aesthetic appeal. Barbie allows Indian girls to play with their senses of self in a way that plays a crucial role in identity formation. Young Indian girls can see and also read themselves as fixed objects within a closed system of commodification. Through the theoretical concept of "American Exceptionalism", the paper will analyze how social identification conceived through the media industry. Central to the mass production and mass consumption of Barbie Dolls is also the notion of developing the culture of promotion and advertising that supports the selling process. Centralized financial capital and the cost of Barbie Dolls divides the consumption market as possessing a Barbie Doll becomes a symbol of elitism in Indian households.

Introduction -- Definitions and Background -- Theoretical Perspectives -- Female Terrorism in Left-Wing American Organizations -- Female Puerto Rican Terrorism in America -- Female Terrorism in Right-Wing American Organizations -- Roles in Female Terrorism: From Leadership to More Passive Positions -- Radicalization to Terrorism -- Depictions in the Media -- Motivations for Joining Terrorist Organizations -- Muslim Female Terrorists in America -- The Influence of Social Media -- The Inflammatory Rhetoric of Female Terrorists -- Conclusions, Implications, and Solutions.

Introduction. Asians loving Asians : sticky rice homoeroticism and queer politics -- Queerness of sticky rice : in and across Yellow fever and Front cover -- Queering gender borders of sticky rice : on Koreatown -- Living in paradox : seeing "alternative cartographies" through sticky rice -- Pedagogy of unfreedom : building queer relationalities through sticky rice -- Monstrous onē performance : sticking with Hikawa Kiyoshi -- Coda. Turning points : queer desire in progress.

This article considers the practical methodological challenges and variances related to doing research in the cultural industries. More specifically, it seeks to illuminate how considering the specific proclivities of prescribed, historically inflected, fields of study and concomitant sites therein (e.g., in our case study, the infrastructural/cultural dynamics of media organizations in a small, central-European media market) force methodological (re)considerations which can enhance doing practical research in this realm.

The article aims to examine the specific reflection of the problem of Holodomor of 1932-1933 by the local media through the prism of the Malyn newspaper of "By the Bolshevik Rates". The research methodology includes a combination of a number of historical methods: comparative, source studies, contextual analyses, structural and functional analyses. The scientific novelty. The article is a pioneer research of the above-mentioned newspaper as a source of data of the Holodomor period as well as of the informational potential of the local media as a source of facts for the Holodomor studies. It is a first attempt to analyze the specific features of the formation of the local media's content with regard to Holodomor. Conclusions. The Malyn newspaper "By Bolshevik Rates" indicates the broad opportunities of the local media related to the following major research problems of Holodomor: the authorities' strategies (especially of the regional level); the role of the media in the ideological, political and economic campaign on the territory of Holodomor; the processing of the forced grain extraction and confiscation of the nutrition in the villages; inhabitants' notions about the situation and their perspective; active (including the criminal practices) and passive resistance of the different groups of the population for the activity of local officials as main providers of the power plan; prosopography of Holodomor's implementers and victims. The information potential of media makes it possible to expand scholarly knowledge on the character and course of Holodomor and on the social, psychological, and economic processes that determined its key trends. As a result, it presents the possibilities to examine how the model of Holodomor functioned. In addition, it will stimulate the improvement of the research practices in the field. ; Celem ninejszego atrykułu jest zbadanie szczegółow informacji powiatowych mediów o Wielkiem Głodzie 1932–1933 na podsdtawie analizy dziennika "Za bolszewickie tempo". Metogologia badawcza przewiduje wykorzystanie specialistycznych metod, a mianowicie: żródłoznawczej, analizy kotekstualnej, komparawistyki, strukturalnie-funkcionalnej. Originalność naukowa artykułu polega na aktyalizacji informacji dzienika jako żródła do tego czasu niemał calkowicie nieznanego. Oraz dziennik po raz piewrszy stał się podmiotem analizy przez przyzmat wyjasnienia wartości powiatowych mediów pod kątem badania dziejów Wielkiego Głodu. Wnioski. Omówiony dziennik synnalizuje o znaczących możliwościach informacjynych powiatowych mediów w wielu dziedzinach, co pozwala istotnie pogłębić wiedzę o mechanizmie Wielkiego Głodu, strategiach władz, reakcji ludności na wsi, wyborzę życiowym różnych warstw społecznych etc. ; Мета дослідження полягає у з'ясуванні закономірностей відображення в районних газетах Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. на прикладі малинської «За більшовицькі темпи». Методологія дослідження передбачає поєднання спеціально-історичних методів пізнання: джерелознавчого, контекстуального аналізу, проблемно-хронологічного, порівняльного, структурно-функціонального аналізу. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає насамперед у тому, що матеріали цієї газети вперше вводяться до наукового обігу. Так само вперше вони cтали об'єктом системного аналізу під кутом дослідження інформаційних можливостей районної преси стосовно перебігу Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. Висновки. Газета «За більшовицькі темпи» сигналізує про значний інформаційний потенціал районної преси для дослідження Голодомору. Вона містить пласт цінної інформації, яка поглиблює уявлення про стратегії влад, роль преси у їх реалізації, буксирні бригади, перебіг хлібозаготівлі, уповноважених, робсількорів, сільську верхівку, масштаби й форми спротиву селян, просопографічні дані виконавців і жертв Голодомору.

The article aims to examine the specific reflection of the problem of Holodomor of 1932-1933 by the local media through the prism of the Malyn newspaper of "By the Bolshevik Rates". The research methodology includes a combination of a number of historical methods: comparative, source studies, contextual analyses, structural and functional analyses. The scientific novelty. The article is a pioneer research of the above-mentioned newspaper as a source of data of the Holodomor period as well as of the informational potential of the local media as a source of facts for the Holodomor studies. It is a first attempt to analyze the specific features of the formation of the local media's content with regard to Holodomor. Conclusions. The Malyn newspaper "By Bolshevik Rates" indicates the broad opportunities of the local media related to the following major research problems of Holodomor: the authorities' strategies (especially of the regional level); the role of the media in the ideological, political and economic campaign on the territory of Holodomor; the processing of the forced grain extraction and confiscation of the nutrition in the villages; inhabitants' notions about the situation and their perspective; active (including the criminal practices) and passive resistance of the different groups of the population for the activity of local officials as main providers of the power plan; prosopography of Holodomor's implementers and victims. The information potential of media makes it possible to expand scholarly knowledge on the character and course of Holodomor and on the social, psychological, and economic processes that determined its key trends. As a result, it presents the possibilities to examine how the model of Holodomor functioned. In addition, it will stimulate the improvement of the research practices in the field. ; Celem ninejszego atrykułu jest zbadanie szczegółow informacji powiatowych mediów o Wielkiem Głodzie 1932–1933 na podsdtawie analizy dziennika "Za bolszewickie tempo". Metogologia badawcza przewiduje wykorzystanie specialistycznych metod, a mianowicie: żródłoznawczej, analizy kotekstualnej, komparawistyki, strukturalnie-funkcionalnej. Originalność naukowa artykułu polega na aktyalizacji informacji dzienika jako żródła do tego czasu niemał calkowicie nieznanego. Oraz dziennik po raz piewrszy stał się podmiotem analizy przez przyzmat wyjasnienia wartości powiatowych mediów pod kątem badania dziejów Wielkiego Głodu. Wnioski. Omówiony dziennik synnalizuje o znaczących możliwościach informacjynych powiatowych mediów w wielu dziedzinach, co pozwala istotnie pogłębić wiedzę o mechanizmie Wielkiego Głodu, strategiach władz, reakcji ludności na wsi, wyborzę życiowym różnych warstw społecznych etc. ; Мета дослідження полягає у з'ясуванні закономірностей відображення в районних газетах Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. на прикладі малинської «За більшовицькі темпи». Методологія дослідження передбачає поєднання спеціально-історичних методів пізнання: джерелознавчого, контекстуального аналізу, проблемно-хронологічного, порівняльного, структурно-функціонального аналізу. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає насамперед у тому, що матеріали цієї газети вперше вводяться до наукового обігу. Так само вперше вони cтали об'єктом системного аналізу під кутом дослідження інформаційних можливостей районної преси стосовно перебігу Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. Висновки. Газета «За більшовицькі темпи» сигналізує про значний інформаційний потенціал районної преси для дослідження Голодомору. Вона містить пласт цінної інформації, яка поглиблює уявлення про стратегії влад, роль преси у їх реалізації, буксирні бригади, перебіг хлібозаготівлі, уповноважених, робсількорів, сільську верхівку, масштаби й форми спротиву селян, просопографічні дані виконавців і жертв Голодомору.

Innovative research of 'Islam at work' in geographical and social contexts. 'Modern Islamic Thinking and Activism' presents a series of scholarly papers in relation to Islamic thinking, activism, and politics in both the West and the Middle East. The reader will apprehend that Islam is not the monolithic religion so often depicted in the media or (earlier) in the academic world. The Islamic world is more than a uniform civilization with a set of petrified religious prescriptions and an outdated view on political and social organization. The contributions show the dynamics of 'Islam at work' in different geographical and social contexts. By treating the working of Islamic thinking and of Islamic activism on a practical level, 'Modern Islamic Thinking and Activism' includes innovative research and fills a significant gap in existing work.

"The Freedom House letter suggests that there is a strong correlation between democratic deficits in Georgia and President Saakashvili's ability to go to war with Russia. The letter's implication is obvious: had more robust democratic institutions been in place, the war between Russia and Georgia might not have occurred. In this paper, I argue that U.S. government assistance to Georgia since 2003 has failed to support robust democratization, focusing too much on strengthening the executive branch of the Georgian government. Once Saakashvili took office, Washington reduced funding to critical democratization programs, especially those that supported independent media and civil society organizations. This shift in U.S. assistance, which contributed to the slowdown of democratic consolidation in Georgia, demonstrates that U.S. aid is critical to Georgia's political development."--from pages 69-70