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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to map the relationships of various moral arguments for action on climate change to each other in a particular case rather than to explore any single argument in depth or to make any abstract claims about the priorities among the arguments themselves. Specifically, it tries to show that "historical responsibility", that is, responsibility (moral or legal) for past emissions, is very important, although not quite in the way usually argued, but that it is not by itself determinative. Other, independent considerations also greatly matter, although it happens that as a matter of fact all considerations strongly tend to converge towards the same conclusions about which states are responsible to act in order to slow climate change. "Historical responsibility" is shown to involve both contribution to, or causation of, climate change and benefit from climate change. Other factors that play roles in this case are ability to pay, the no-harm principle, and the duty to preserve the physical pre-conditions of human life.

Abstract:Laying the foundations of property rights economics stands out among Ronald Coase's many seminal contributions. This approach had an impact on a number of fields in economics in, particularly, the 1960s and 1970s. The modern body of property rights economics mainly originates in the work Oliver Hart and is quite different in style, scope, and implications from the original property rights economics of Coase, Demsetz, Alchian, Cheung, Umbeck, Barzel, etc. Based on our earlier work on the subject (Foss and Foss, 2001), we argue that the change from Mark I to Mark II property rights economics led to a substantial narrowing of the scope of property rights economics, somewhat akin to a Kuhnian loss of content. In particular, Mark II property rights economics make strong assumptions concerning the definition and enforcement of ownership rights made which lead to many real life institutions and governance arrangements being excluded from consideration, and a much more narrow focus than that of the rich institutional research program initiated by Coase and his followers.

Purpose: To study the determinants of current parenting styles in Japan.
Methods: Fathers (n = 312) and mothers (n = 333) of children aged between 0 and 10 attending a paediatric clinic were
evaluated with regards to the following: parental attitudes rated by spouses using the Parental Bonding Instrument, current
dysphoric mood assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, life time history of Major Depressive Episode
(MDE), and perceived parenting styles when the parents themselves were children.
Results: Path models showed that current parenting styles were predicted by parents perception of maternal rearing during
childhood. Moreover, in mothers only, they were predicted by the manner in which the women were raised by their
fathers. This prediction was indirect, occurring via lifetime history of MDE and current dysphoric mood.
Conclusion: This study suggests that the way in which parents themselves were raised was no less important than how
they currently felt in determining how they were raising their child. Current dysphoric mood or lifetime history of MDE
mediated such effects only among mothers.

Research about the nature of emerging adult college student problem situations identifies parents as a means of decision–making and/or social support. One salient type of social support is parental advice messages. This qualitative study investigates why emerging adult college students receive advice from their parents, their perceptions of that advice, and why they implement it. To explore these phenomena, electronic survey data were collected and analyzed using inductive emergent thematic analysis. Findings conclude that emerging adult college students receive solicited and unsolicited advice from their parents about academic and career concerns but receive more advice about work–life balance, social/relationship concerns, and finances. Further, participants implemented their parents' advice because of the utility or practicality of the advice, the legitimate authority or experiential wisdom of the parent, and perceived autonomy support. Practical and scholarly implications for advice-giving communication between parents and their emerging adult college student children are discussed.

Classically, gratitude is a tri-polar construal, logically ordering a benefactor, a benefice, and a beneficiary in a favour-giving-receiving situation. Grammatically, the poles are distinguished and bound together by the prepositions 'to' and 'for'; so I call this classic concept 'to-for' gratitude. Classic religious gratitude follows this schema, with God as the benefactor. Such gratitude, when felt, is a religious experience, and a reliable readiness or 'habit' of such construal is a religious virtue. However, atheists have sometimes felt an urge or need for an analogous experience and virtue of gratitude, and theists sometimes feel intellectual discomfort with classical theistic gratitude on consideration of the misfortunes that characterize our life along with its blessings. In response, another conception of religious gratitude has been attempted, a construal that lacks the to-for structure. This paper probes the significance of the benefactor for gratitude, both secular and religious, and, with Søren Kierkegaard's help, some features of the theology of classical religious gratitude that dissolve the problem of misfortunes.

ObjectiveWe investigate whether the Iraq War might be a catalyzing event for this generation, like Vietnam was for baby boomers or World War II for the "greatest generation," through testing how opinions about the war influence patterns of political participation.MethodsUsing data from an Internet‐based survey of randomly sampled college students at a midwestern state university and the 2008 National Election Studies, we investigate the relationship between disapproval of Bush's handling of the Iraq War and a variety of forms of political participation, including two that are new in this generation: "friending" or joining an online political group or expressing one's political views online.ResultsWe discover that young voters who expressed opposition to Bush's handling of the war in Iraq are more likely to be civically engaged.ConclusionWhile it is too early to determine how long the effect will last or how it will change over the course of young voters' life cycles, at least in the short term, it appears opposition to the Iraq War has catalyzed greater levels of political participation.

Against the background of an ageing society with an increasing demand for informal caregivers, this study examines (1) to what extent informal caregiving is negatively related to well-being, (2) to what extent the relationship between informal caregiving and well-being varies over countries and (3) to what extent national policies and countries' normative climates reduce the well-being gap between caregivers and non-caregivers. Analyses on the European Quality of Life Survey 2007 ( N = 20,396 in 18 countries), applying multilevel regression techniques, confirmed previous findings that caregivers have lower levels of well-being than non-caregivers. This relationship varied between countries. Generous availability of formal long-term resources reduces the well-being gap between caregivers and non-caregivers. Surprisingly, services that are designed to support informal caregivers do not alleviate the negative well-being consequences. A strong country-level family norm does not affect the well-being gap between caregivers and non-caregivers, but reduces the negative well-being consequences of intensive caregiving.

'Spiel Appeal' offers a cultural reading of one important element of the youth consciousness which underpinned events in West Germany between 1967 and 1969 and which shaped the legacy of those years: drug consumption. Drugs were part and parcel of a new vision of leftism, primarily among the nation's young adults, that helped enable West Germany's 1968. Sixty-eighters did not use recreational drugs as a simple form of juvenile protest or as a pure escape, nor was drug use a regrettable excess, as some rueful sixty-eighters later argued. In the individual life stories of sixty-eighters, as reflected in both autobiographies and novels, the drugs' primary roles were as facilitators of community and 'awakening'. They were essential elements of the playful leftist counterculture which youth and leftists invented concretely throughout Germany at the onset of the 1970s in the form of urban sub-cultures and alternative 'scenes', the invention of which constitutes one of the most important social legacies of 1968.

Observations of daily life are the bread and butter of ethnography but rarely feature as data in other kinds of work. Could non-ethnographic studies also benefit from such observations? If so, how? This article proposes 'accidental ethnography' as a method that field researchers can use to gain better understanding of the research context and their own social positioning within that context. Accidental ethnography involves paying systematic attention to the unplanned moments that take place outside an interview, survey, or other structured methods. In these moments the researcher might hear a surprising story or notice an everyday scene she had previously overlooked. The importance of these observations lies not in what they tell us about the particular, but rather what they suggest about the larger political and social world in which they (and the researcher) are embedded. The paper illustrates the argument by presenting five stories from the author's experiences conducting research on local violence in Rwanda, Bosnia, the US, and elsewhere.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how asset-based community development (ABCD) can be used to build inclusive, connected communities that intentionally value the contribution of older citizens.


Design/methodology/approach
– ABCD was used as an approach to enable older people to transform their neighbourhood and make them a better place to live for all ages. The paper describes this approach and goes on to illustrate how it has been applied in three neighbourhoods using case studies.


Findings
– The case studies show that by using ABCD, connections can be made between people, associations/clubs, businesses and services, to achieve the aspirations the citizens have for their neighbourhood. The contribution of older citizens to community life is valued and the risk of isolation and loneliness reduced.


Originality/value
– The three case studies presented in this paper are unique in that they have applied ABCD with older people taking on the role of community builders and connectors.

Do users tend to consume only like-minded political information online? We point to two problems with the existing knowledge about this debate. First, the measurement of media preferences by the typical means of surveys is less reliable than behavioral data. Second, most studies have analyzed only the extent of online exposure to like-minded content, not the users' complete web-browsing repertoire. This study used both survey data and real-life browsing behavior (661,483 URLs from 15,976 websites visited by 402 participants) for the period 7 weeks prior to the 2013 Israeli national elections. The results indicate that (1) self-report measurements of ideological exposure are inflated, (2) exposure to online ideological content accounted for only 3% of total online browsing, (3) the participants' media repertoires are very diverse with no evidence of echo chambers, and (4) in accordance with the selective exposure hypothesis, individuals on both sides are more exposed to like-minded content. The results are discussed in light of the selective exposure literature.

In this article, the relationship between racial/ethnic composition and violence is revisited. This includes efforts to conduct a deeper exploration of the ethnic composition effects of discrete Latino-origin populations. This is an important extension for a number of reasons. First, recent research has demonstrated the dangers of pan-ethnic classifications in the study of race, ethnicity, and crime. Different histories of migration, settlement, opportunity, and intergenerational advancement have produced different levels of successful integration for some groups relative to others, with different implications for crime. One of the distinguishing features of the contemporary Latino population is a disproportionately young average age. Specifically, Latinos in the United States include a higher percentage of adolescent and young adults than the national average—a period of the life course where criminal behavior tends to peak. Thus, I also examine how racial and ethnic composition and change in these areas is associated with variation in violence perpetrated by youth and emerging adults specifically.

AbstractMostafa Malekian has yet to receive much attention in Western academic literature pertaining to Iranian intellectual life, but inside Iran, he has emerged as a popular public intellectual; seen as both a culmination of and rupture with the project of "religious intellectualism." Rather than offer a revolutionary and politically engaged vision of Islam, or a "reformist" or "democratic" interpretation of Shi῾ism, his project seeks to integrate what he calls "rationality" (῾aqlaniyat) and "spirituality" (ma᾽naviyat). As Malekian's project has developed, it has broken, in a number of important respects, with mainstream Islam as practiced in Iran, the religious reformist project, and even organized religion as a whole. This article seeks not only to offer one of the first comprehensive analysis of his existential and social thought in English, but also to analyze his project's deep affinities with a pervasive fatigue vis‐à‐vis collective projects of political emancipation and even "politics" tout court, in the latter phases of the "reformist" President Hojjat al‐Islam Seyyed Mohammad Khatami's tenure.

While there is little question that learning plays a major role in Jewish American experience, the ongoing fascination with Jewish achievement has taken critical focus away from the full complexity of their encounters with education. The work of Jewish Daily Forward editor Abraham Cahan (1860–1951) offers one generative starting point from which to build a more rounded perspective of Jewish Americans' engagement with learning. In Two of Cahan's most well-known works, "The Imported Bridegroom" (1898) and The Rise of David Levinsky (1917), the protagonists are less interested in actually studying texts or earning degrees than they are in pursuing an ethereal notion of higher learning. Education is imagined as a way to transcend the emptiness of life driven by ambition and the accumulation of wealth. While underscoring Jewish American veneration of higher education, these texts portray the difficulty of finding spiritual sanctuary within an American culture of competition and self-fashioning. Moreover, Cahan's writing challenges simplified perceptions of education as a springboard to Jewish success.

It is widely recognized that the key practice of Theravada Buddhism is the 'Noble Eightfold Path' (ariya atthangika magga). While this is sometimes loosely seen as encompassing all Theravada Buddhist practices, the developed tradition, as expressed in the Pali commentaries, sees it as a momentary state, the culmination of prior practice, that glimpses the transcendent Nibbana and is immediately followed by the attainment of 'fruit' consciousnesses that signifies becoming a stream-enterer, once-returner, non-returner or Arahat. In the Pali Suttas, however, the noble path can be seen to be a specific kind of calm and open mind state that is a skilful, eight-factored method. Once it arises it is certain to bring stream-entry, and its seeing of Nibbana, later in the present life, but for this it needs to be developed to full strength, which usually takes some period of time, as a person intently works to directly see the unconditioned.