Suchergebnisse

National and European legislation over the past 20 yr, and the modernisation or removal of industrial sources, have significantly reduced European ozone precursor emissions. This study quantifies observed and modelled European ozone annual and seasonal linear trends from 158 harmonised rural background monitoring stations over a constant time period of a decade (1996–2005). Mean ozone concentrations are investigated, in addition to the ozone 5th percentiles as a measure of the baseline or background conditions, and the 95th percentiles that are representative of the peak concentration levels. This study aims to characterise and quantify surface European ozone concentrations and trends and assess the impact of the changing anthropogenic emission tracers on the observed and modelled trends. Significant ( p <0.1) positive annual trends in ozone mean, 5th and 95th percentiles are observed at 54 %, 52 % and 45 % of sites respectively (85 sites, 82 sites and 71 sites). Spatially, sites in central and north-western Europe tend to display positive annual ozone trends in mean, 5th and 95th percentiles. Significant negative annual trends in ozone mean 5th and 95th percentiles are observed at 11 %, 12 % and 12 % of sites respectively (18 sites, 19 sites and 19 sites) which tend to be located in the eastern and south-western extremities of Europe. European-averaged annual trends have been calculated from the 158 sites in this study. Overall there is a net positive annual trend in observed ozone mean (0.16±0.02 ppbv yr −1 (2σ error)), 5th (0.13±0.02 ppbv yr −1 ) and 95th (0.16±0.03 ppbv yr −1 ) percentiles, representative of positive trends in mean, baseline and peak ozone. Assessing the sensitivity of the derived overall trends to the constituent years shows that the European heatwave year of 2003 has significant positive influence and 1998 the converse effect; demonstrating the masking effect of inter-annual variability on decadal based ozone trends. The European scale 3-D CTM CHIMERE was used to simulate hourly O 3 concentrations for the period 1996–2005. Comparisons between the 158 observed ozone trends to those equivalent sites extracted from regional simulations by CHIMERE better match the observed increasing annual ozone (predominantly in central and north-western Europe) for 5th percentiles, than for mean or 95th ozone percentiles. The European-averaged annual ozone trend in CHIMERE 5th percentiles (0.13±0.01 ppbv yr −1 ) matches the corresponding observed trend extremely well, but displays a negative trend for the 95th percentile (−0.03±0.02 ppbv yr −1 ) where a positive ozone trend is observed. Inspection of the EU-averaged monthly means of ozone shows that the CHIMERE model is overestimating the summer month O 3 levels. In comparison to trends in EMEP emissions inventories, with the exception of Austria-Hungary, we do not find that anthropogenic NO x and VOC reductions have a substantial effect on observed annual mean O 3 trends in the rest of Europe. On a ten year time-scale presented in this study, O 3 trends related to anthropogenic NO x and VOC reductions are being masked as a result of a number of factors including meteorological variability, changes in background ozone and shifts in source patterns.

In the context of the global refugee crisis, trans-Saharan and trans-Mediterranean (irregular) migration from Africa to Europe has recently received huge public and political attention, particularly within Europe. Calls for reducing and containing irregular migrant flows and addressing the "root causes" of forced migration dominate the European policy discourse. However, migration within the African continent is much more prevalent than migration from Africa to Europe or other parts of the world. About two-thirds of African international migrants are living in another African country. The types of mobility thereby range from seasonal labour migration to forced displacement with varying geographic extensions.Against this background, the African Union has defined norms and strategic guidelines regulating migration and forced displacement and regional organisations such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in the Horn of Africa and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are involved in migration governance. Regional organisations and migration platforms are gradually becoming acknowledged political players, also reflecting a general trend of regionalisation and pluralisation in international and migration policies. Their actual involvement in global policy processes, such as the currently negotiated Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees, as well as in EU-Africa migration initiatives remains nonetheless limited.While increasingly recognised, up to present, regional migration regimes outside Europe remain little understood regarding their main drivers, features and impact. The present paper sets the ground for enhancing this understanding by introducing a framework of analysis for regional migration governance. The framework incorporates elements of various approaches to international organisations of which regional organisations (ROs) form a subset. In this context, both institutional characteristics such as organisational identity and history and the interests of (powerful) member states and external actors are considered key explanatory factors for migration-related strategy formulation and implementation.The framework introduced is intended as a general scheme for the analysis of regional migration governance around the globe – not only specifically in Africa. However, in this study, migration governance in the two African sub-regions - Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) at the Horn of Africa - is used to illustrate the diversity of historical pathways, migration realities and challenges as well as institutional settings. Whereas the IGAD sub-region is characterised by high levels of forced displacement, the ECOWAS countries have a long tradition of circular and seasonal labour migration, not least mirrored in a relatively established and internally driven migration policy agenda.The paper shows that the framework facilitates a comprehensive understanding of regional migration governance structures and processes. Our hitherto analysis based on the framework indicates that the organisations studied, IGAD and ECOWAS, are well-placed for the management of regional migration. Institutional structures between the two differ, for instance, with regard to levels of legalisation, with ECOWAS disposing of strong formal powers to enforce regional policies and IGAD privileging informal cooperative relationships between member states. Since both regions experience challenges in the implementation of regional norms at national and sub-national levels, (further) financial and technical support in this area is necessary.

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) is a key multilateral organisation for development. Since 2015, DESA has had the unique mandate of facilitating the efforts of all UN member states towards achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by supporting the High-level Political Forum. It is tasked to provide intellectual leadership through research and analysis, support norm-setting by the main UN bodies on development – the General Assembly (GA), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – and coord¬inate with the broader UN development system.However, DESA has yet to unlock its full potential in playing a politically relevant and analytically authoritative role in sustainable development beyond the conference rooms of New York. DESA's organisational structures have become increasingly outdated and inefficient. Since the founding of DESA in 1997, the department has been curiously exempt from the ongoing reforms of the world organisation. In addition, there is little transparency and analysis of actual reform needs and options.Our reform vision is that DESA should become a more prominent voice of the UN in sustainable development and help to credibly raise ambitions for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda globally. Tasked with economic and social affairs, DESA could serve as the multilateral hub for advancing universality, assisting all countries (including high-income countries) in striving for sustainable devel¬op¬ment and coordinating global policies towards advancing the global common good. This vision calls for a department that is intellectually brilliant, politically capable and impartial in bringing together the whole UN system.As a basic condition, DESA reform requires vigorous and consistent support from member states. The power of the Secretary-General (SG) and his heads of department to reorganise the structures are limited by member states' oversight, which is mainly executed in the UN's budgetary bodies. Moreover, DESA's substructures have expanded organically around mandated tasks, creating a highly decentralised entity with various overlapping activities, thereby raising the stakes of reform.The most recent reform attempts of DESA have stag¬nated in a geopolitical climate of mistrust and opposing priorities along the divisions between countries from the political North and South. DESA has been the home base of developing countries – organised as the Group of 77 and China (G77) – at the UN Secretariat, making it an advocate of developing-country interests. Since 2015, several countries from the political North (e.g. United States and EU countries) have called for DESA reform in terms of increasing effectiveness and efficiency, while the G77 has pushed back, suspecting attempts to diminish their power by cutting funding and staff. The situation has become increasingly complex, with growing speculation on the intentions of China, whose diplomats have been leading the department for the last decade.In order to prepare the ground for a comprehensive DESA reform that is beneficial to all stakeholders, we suggest three steps to the SG and his reform team that build upon each other:create greater transparency, substantive knowledge and participation on DESA reforminterlink DESA reform with ongoing UN reform processesgenerate political support from member states and long-term payoffs from DESA reform.

Objectives: gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis is a factor associated with increased risk of maternal and fetal complications including fetal macrosomia (FM). With the rising prevalence of GDM in France, it is likely that incidence of FM increases in the future. The aim of our study was to identify the risk factors of FM in patients with GDM. Methods: this was an observational, retrospective, monocentric, control-case study conducted by the hospital of Bordeaux using data from 2003 to 2018. The population of the study was composed of 168 singleton pregnancies diagnosed with GDM. 84 women of them, who gave birth to a macrosomic offspring (birth weight ≥ 4 kg) were compared to a 84 women without macrosomia. Results: the following outcomes were significantly positively associated with fetal macrosomia: medical history of fetal macrosomia (p<0.001); body mass index before conception (p=0.038); women weight at the first (p=0.006) and last consultation (p=0.021); fasting blood glucose during the third trimester (p=0.001); the difference of fasting blood glucose between the second and last trimester (p=0.04) ; the last HbA1C during pregnancy (p=0.018); the term (p<0.0001) ; delivery by caesarean section (p=0.021). Conclusion: the main conclusion of this study is the evidence of a link between the weight of women prior to conception or throughout their pregnancy and FM. These results show the importance of public health measures aimed at preventing overweight and obesity, as well as weight gain throughout the pregnancy and thereby maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy including FM. ; Contexte : le diabète gestationnel (DG) est associé à un risque plus élevé de complications materno-fœtales dont la macrosomie fœtale (MF). Avec l'augmentation de la prévalence du DG en France, il est probable que l'incidence de la MF augmente. L'objectif de notre travail consistait à identifier des facteurs de risque de survenue de la MF chez les patientes présentant un DG. Méthodes : l'étude réalisée était de type observationnelle, rétrospective, monocentrique, cas-témoins, menée au CHU de Bordeaux sur la période 2003-2018. La population était composée de 168 patientes, enceintes de singleton, ayant présenté un DG. 84 d'entre elles ont accouché d'un enfant macrosome ≥ 4 kilos et ont été comparées à 84 autres femmes qui n'ont pas eu d'enfant macrosome. Résultats : ces éléments sont significativement associés à la MF : l'antécédent de MF (p<0,001) ; l'indice de masse corporelle antéconceptionnel (p=0,038) ; le poids à la première (p=0,006) et dernière consultation (p=0,021) ; la glycémie à jeun au troisième trimestre (p=0,001) ; la différence de glycémie à jeun entre le second et dernier trimestre (p=0,04) ; la dernière HbA1c relevée (p=0,018) ; le terme (p<0,0001) ; l'accouchement par césarienne (p=0,021). Conclusion : le point fort de cette étude est la mise évidence d'un lien entre le poids, antéconceptionnel, durant la grossesse, et la MF. Ces résultats viennent renforcer l'importance des politiques de prévention de surpoids et de l'obésité, ainsi que de la prise de poids au cours de la grossesse. Cette prévention est primordiale afin de prévenir la MF.

Introduction. In modern conditions of fundamental changes in social-economic and political spheres in Ukraine the scientists pay a special attention to issues of effective tax system development. The tax mechanism influences on the formation of revenue part of the budget, which is the main financial base of the state. The tax system contributes to constant and stable budget revenues. Therefore, the analysis of the tax system functioning under the current conditions of the systemic crisis becomes urgent.Purpose. To ground the analysis of the current problems of Ukrainian tax system functioning; to identify the main ways of their solution.Methods. The article is based on the general scientific methods: induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction, systematic and structural approach to the study of theoretical and practical aspects of effective tax system development in Ukraine.Results. The analysis of the Ukrainian tax system, its formation and development allowed identifying its serious disadvantages. The tax system instability caused by frequent changes in tax legislation has the negative affect on the business activities. The basis is the fiscal direction of the tax system; the regulating function of the main taxes is not sufficiently identified. The tax system is too cumbersome; calculations of some taxes are unjustifiably complicated. The regulation of modern economic relations requires a flexible tax policy enable to link optimally the national interests and the interests of business, taxpayers. The transition to a market economy causes the necessity of the tax system transformation, as well as the development of methods of taxes calculation and payment.Originality. The main strategic objectives of the tax reform: increasing the competitiveness of domestic business; legalization of the shadow sector of economy; activation of investment processes; simplicity and clarity of tax rules for business entities; reduction of taxpayers expenses on the accrual and payment of taxes and the state – on their administration; adaptation of Ukraine's tax legislation to the EU legislation; creation of appropriate conditions for taxpayers' compliance with tax legislation; introduction of the information-analytical system of the state fiscal service on the national level; automation of taxation processes using modern technologies.Concluction. The effective formation and further functioning of the tax system requires the development of the most effective cooperation between the state, legal entities and individuals regarding the formation, distribution and use of their income; it is one of the main conditions for the optimal functioning of the economy and finance. Ukraine's further development depends on the effectiveness of the financial strategy, which ensures the welfare of the population, the fulfillment of the state duties and functions. Therefore the stability and economic development of the state depend on its tax policy. One of the main components of financial strategy (at both: state level and enterprise's level) is a tax strategy enable to meet the modern needs.Reforming the tax system is the most important problem at the stages of market environment forming and creating favorable conditions for reducing tax burden. The tax burden should be reduced gradually to implement the stable budget revenues.

The EU Landing Obligation (LO) bans discards to incentivize a more selective and sustainable fishery. This regulation may induce a cost to the fishing industry that could be transferred to final fish consumers. We aim to assess the consumers' reservation price for a sustainable and selective fishery. The methodology follows two steps: We first assess the value of the reservation price (willingness to pay, WTP) for a sustainable and selective fishery by using contingent valuation methods from a comparative perspective in Spain and Italy. We then attempt to empirically assess the components of WTP by using an original model specification that, unlike those presented in the literature, exogenizes socio-economic variables and uses ideological indicators to explain WTP in a two-line simultaneous model estimated by instrumental variable regression. The results show a positive, though low, WTP across the two samples, and very different impacts of estimated coefficients on the WTP for the two samples. A preliminary interpretation of this divergence highlights that Italian consumers consider LO-incentivized sustainable fishery a pure public good linked to issues of legality, and Spanish consumers consider it an impure public good linked to environmental issues. These differences may indicate how strongly the institutions and the policies in each region are perceived by a different human capital structure. They may also indicate that the problem, the perceptions of it and the solutions to it differ according to the context. ; La obligación de desembarque de la Unión Europea (LO) prohíbe los descartes para incentivar una pesquería más selectiva y sostenible. Esta regulación puede inducir costes a la industria pesquera que a su vez pueden ser transferidos al consumidor final. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar el precio de reserva del consumidor para una pesquería más sostenible y selectiva. La metodología se basa en dos fases: primero, evaluamos el precio de reserva (disposición a pagar, WTP) para una pesquería sostenible y selectiva mediante métodos de valoración contingente (CV) en un estudio comparativo entre España e Italia. En una segunda fase intentamos estimar empíricamente los componentes de esta WTP mediante la especificación original de un modelo que, a diferencia de la literatura existente, exogeniza las variables socioeconómicas y usa indicadores ideológicos para explicar la WTP, en una regresión bi-funcional con variables instrumentales (IV). Los resultados muestran una WTP positiva, aunque reducida, en ambas muestras, y permiten deducir un impacto distinto de los coeficientes estimados en la WTP. La interpretación preliminar de esta divergencia hace destacar que los consumidores italianos consideran como un bien público puro a una pesquería sostenible incentivada mediante LO, relacionado con aspectos de legalidad, mientras que los consumidores españoles consideran ese modelo de pesquería como un bien público impuro, relacionado con conservación ambiental. Estas diferencias pueden indicar la fortaleza con la que dos estructuras distintas de capital humano perciben las instituciones y las políticas de cada región. También sugieren una distinta percepción, existencia y solución del problema en un contexto distinto.

The article considers the principles of the new regionalism formation on the basis of the study essence interpretation of the "regionalization" concept. The European regional policy models of the EU "Europe of Regions" and "Europe through the regions" are analyzed in the conditions of globalization and integration. The study essence interpretation of the "regionalization" concept made it possible to identify the following: Firstly, from the point of view of the territorial aspect, regionalization has three forms: the first, the so-called "regionalization – from above", when the regions with administrative boundaries are defined in the middle of the state; the second – "regionalization – from below", when the region is separated in the middle of the already formed administrative schematization; the third – "regionalization – horizontal", is to form associations of regions or cross-border regions and blocs. Secondly, regionalization is often associated with new spatial-territorial entities at different levels in order to obtain competitive advantages in the context of a information society formation. The author's interpretation of the essence "regionalization" concept is substantiated, namely, the multifaceted and multidimensional process of increasing autonomy and increasing the importance of regions at the level of different territorial entities, which is accompanied by institutional changes ; В статье рассмотрены основы становления нового регионализма на основе исследования толкования сущности понятия «регионализация». Проанализированы европейские модели становления региональной политики ЕС «Европа регионов» и «Европа через регионы» в условиях глобализации и интеграции. Проведенное исследование толкования сущности понятия «регионализация» позволило определить следующее. Во-первых, с точки зрения территориального аспекта регионализация имеет три формы: первая, так называемая «регионализация – сверху», когда внутри государства определяются регионы с административными границами; вторая – «регионализация – снизу», когда внутри уже созданной административной схематизации отделяется регион; третья – «регионализация – горизонтальная», заключается в формировании ассоциаций регионов или приграничных регионов и блоков. Во-вторых, регионализацию довольно часто связывают с новыми пространственно-территориальными образованиями на разных уровнях с целью получения конкурентных преимуществ в условиях становления информационного общества. Обосновано авторское толкование сущности понятия «регионализация», а именно как многоаспектный и многомерный процесс увеличения автономности и повышения значимости регионов на уровне различных территориальных образований, который сопровождается институциональными изменениями. ; У статті розглянуто засади становлення нового регіоналізму на основі дослідження тлумачення сутності поняття «регіоналізація». Проаналізовано європейські моделі становлення регіональної політики ЄС «Європа регіонів» та «Європа через регіони» в умовах глобалізації та інтеграції. Проведене дослідження тлумачення сутності поняття «регіоналізація» дало можливість визначити наступне. По-перше, з погляду територіального аспекту регіоналізація має три форми: перша, так звана «регіоналізація – зверху», коли всередині держави визначаються регіони з адміністративними кордонами; друга – «регіоналізація – знизу», коли всередині вже утвореної адміністративної схематизації відокремлюється регіон; третя – «регіоналізація – горизонтальна», яка полягає у формуванні асоціацій регіонів або транскордонних регіонів та блоків. По-друге, регіоналізацію досить часто пов'язують із новими просторово-територіальними утвореннями на різних рівнях з метою отримання конкурентних переваг в умовах становлення інформаційного суспільства. Обґрунтовано авторське тлумачення сутності поняття «регіоналізація», а саме як багатоаспектний і багатовимірний процес збільшення автономності та підвищення значимості регіонів на рівні різних територіальних утворень, що супроводжується інституційними змінами

The experience of the world countries concerning the effect of foreign capital on the banking sector in the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis economy has been systematized in the article. The global trends in aggregate indicators of the proportion of the number of foreign banks and their assets have been identified. It was shown that in the pre - crisis period, an increase in the number of foreign banks in national banking systems throughout the world was observed, and the relative level of the number of foreign banks was much higher than the relative level of their share in assets. The crisis has had a negative impact on the processes of internationalization. The features for countries with polar counter-position, economically developed countries, new EU members have been determined. Attention is focused on trends in the banking sector of the post-Soviet states in conjunction with the conditions of competition. In the post-Soviet states, the indicators of the presence of foreign banks are in most cases exceeding the global figures. The significant impact of foreign capital in the banking sector of Armenia, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania has been established. In Ukraine, under the impact of the crisis and military-political actions, the level of indicators of foreign capital is reduced. ; В статье систематизирован опыт стран мира по проблеме влияния иностранногокапитала на банковский сектор в докризисной, кризисной и после кризисной экономике.Определены общемировые тенденции по совокупности показателей доли численностииностранных банков и их активов. Показано, что в докризисный период наблюдалось увеличение численности иностранных банков в национальных банковских системах по всему миру, а относительный уровень численности иностранных банков гораздо выше относительного уровня их доли в активах. Кризис негативно повлиял на процессы интернационализации. Выявлены особенности для стран с полярно противоположными позиции, экономически развитых стран, новых членов ЕС. Акцентировано внимание на тенденциях в банковском секторе постсоветских государств во взаимосвязи с условиями конкуренции. В постсоветских государствах показатели присутствия иностранных банков в большинстве превышают общемировые показатели. Установлено значительное влияние иностранного капитала в банковском секторе Армении, Грузии, Эстонии, Латвии, Литвы. В Украине под влиянием кризиса и военно-политических действий уровень показателей иностранного капитала имеет тенденцию к снижению. ; У статті систематизовано досвід країн світу щодо проблеми впливу іноземного капіталу на банківський сектор в докризовій, кризовій і після кризовій економіці. Визначено загальносвітові тенденції за сукупністю показників частки чисельності іноземних банків і їх активів. Показано, що в докризовий період спостерігалося збільшення чисельності іноземних банків в національних банківських системах по всьому світу, а відносний рівень чисельності іноземних банків набагато вище відносного рівня їх частки в активах. Криза негативно вплинула на процеси інтернаціоналізації. Виявлено особливості для країн з полярно протилежними позиціями, економічно розвинених країн, нових членів ЄС. Акцентовано увагу на тенденціях в банківському секторі пострадянських держав у взаємозв'язку з умовами конкуренції. У пострадянських державах показники присутності іноземних банків у більшості перевищують загальносвітові показники. Встановлено значний вплив іноземного капіталу в банківському секторі Вірменії, Грузії, Естонії, Латвії, Литви. В Україні під впливом кризи і військово-політичних дій рівень показників іноземного капіталу має тенденцію до зниження.

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the disintegration processes at the current stage of European Union development and the consequences to which they can lead. As a result of the study, it was found that the European Union is experiencing not the best times today, and was described the challenges faced by the member states that have an impact on the future of the integration process. The reasons for the emergence disintegration tendencies were identified, the main of which are migration problems, significant contributions of developed countries to the EU budget compared with the small benefit for them, the activation of nationalist movements across the continent. It is determined that a number of problems of a political, economic and ideological nature create obstacles to the successful development of globalization processes in the European space. It was found that the exit from the European Union of some major economies such as Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, will result in significant losses not only in the economies of the countries listed, but also in the macroeconomic indicators of the association, and may lead to a change in the place and role of the Union in the world economy and the prospects for its development. ; Цель статьи заключается в анализе дезинтеграционных процессов на современном этапе развития Европейского Союза и последствий, к которым они могут привести. В результате исследования установлено, что Европейский Союз сегодня переживает не лучшие времена, и определены вызовы, стоящие перед государствами-членами и влияющими на будущее интеграционного образования. Выявлены причины появления дезинтеграционных тенденций, главными из которых являются миграционные проблемы, значительный вклад развитых стран в бюджет ЕС по сравнению с небольшой пользой для них, активизация националистических движений на всем континенте. Определено, что ряд проблем политического, экономического и идеологического характера создают препятствия на пути успешного развития глобализационных процессов на европейском пространстве. Установлено, что выход из Европейского Союза отдельных крупных экономик, таких как Великобритания, Германия, Франция, Италия, Испания, приведет к веским потерям не только в экономике перечисленных стран, но и в макроэкономических показателях объединения, и может привести к изменению места и роли Союза в мировой экономике и перспектив его развития. ; Мета статті полягає в аналізі дезінтеграційних процесів на сучасному етапі розвитку Європейського Союзу та наслідків, до яких вони можуть привести. У результаті дослідження встановлено, що Європейський Союз сьогодні переживає не найкращі часи, та визначено виклики, що постали перед державами-членами і впливають на майбутнє інтеграційного утворення. Виявлено причини появи дезінтеграційних тенденцій, головними з яких є міграційні проблеми, значні внески розвинених країн до бюджету ЄС у порівнянні з невеликою користю для них, активізація націоналістичних рухів на всьому континенті. Визначено, що низка проблем політичного, економічного та ідеологічного характеру створюють перешкоди на шляху успішного розвитку глобалізаційних процесів на європейському просторі. Встановлено, що вихід з Європейського Союзу окремих великих економік, таких як Великобританія, Німеччина, Франція, Італія, Іспанія, спричинить вагомі втрати не тільки в економіці перелічених країн, а й у макроекономічних показниках об'єднання, і може призвести до зміни місця і ролі Союзу в світовій економіці та перспектив його розвитку.

The research examines the prerequisites for the maturing of the active phase of the hybrid war. The historical aspects of hybrid relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation are investigated. The article analized military-political cooperation during 1990-2014. Due to the growing pressure from Russia, the situation in the phase of the "contract hybrid war" in 2014 turned into an open confrontation, which led to the recognition of Russia as a military enemy in 2015, and the termination of military-technical cooperation with the Russian Federation and effect of the agreement between Ukraine and Russian Federation on military-technical cooperation. The author focuses on naval cooperation as one of the most important factors in Russia's pressure on Ukraine, which eventually led to the annexation of the Crimea. The Russian Federation began to review its place at the geopolitical space after the collapse of the USSR. Analyzing Putin's domestic and foreign policy, we can conclude that since its coming to power, the rapid growth of revanchist attitudes and the restoration of attempts to geopolitical and geostrategic dominance. The creation of an image of an external enemy is acted as an effective mechanism averting citizens from internal problems. With the expansion of international organizations such as NATO and the EU, Russia felt threatened to lose its position on the territory of neighbourhoods territory and began a policy of influence its power to neighbour countries. The purpose of the study is to justify and track the historical aspects that are now emerging in the new hybrid type of warfare. At the present stage, the topic of the study is extremely relevant, as it covers one of the most important dimensions of the effective functioning of the Ukrainian state. ; У дослідженні розглянуто передумови назрівання активної фази гібридної війни. Досліджено історичні аспекти гібридних відносин між Україною та Російською Федерацією. Аналізується військово-політичне співробітництво між Україною та Російською Федерацією в період 1990-2014рр. Через наростаючий тиск РФ ситуація з фази " договірної гібридної війни" в 2014 році переросла у відкриту конфронтацію, що привело до визнання РФ як військового супротивника в 2015 році, та припиненні військово-технічної співпраці з Російською Федерацією і дію угоди між Україною і Російською Федерацією про військово-технічне співробітництво. У статті акцентується увага на військово-морському співробітництві, як одному з важилів тиску РФ на Україну, що врешті привело до анексії Криму. Після розпаду СРСР Російська Федерація стала переосмислювати своє місце в геополітичному просторі. Аналізуючи внутрішню і зовнішню політику Путіна, можна зробити висновок, що з моменту його приходу до влади починається стрімке зростання реваншистських настроїв і відновлення спроб геополітичного і геостратегічного домінування та створення образу зовнішнього ворога, який виступив ефективним механізмом для відвернення громадян від внутрішніх проблем. З розширенням міжнародних організацій, таких як НАТО і ЄС, РФ відчула загрозу втратити свої позиції на території сусідніх країн і почала політику поширення впливу на сусідні країни. Метою дослідження є обґрунтування та відстеження історичних аспектів, які зараз переросли в новий гібридний тип війни. На сьогоднішньому етапі тема дослідження є надзвичайно актуальною, адже вона зачіпає один з найголовніших вимірів ефективного функціонування Української держави.

Events with no charged particles produced between the two leading jets are studied in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV. The jets were required to have transverse momentum p(T)(jet) > 40 GeV and pseudorapidity 1.5 0.2GeV in the interval -1 < eta < 1 between the jets are observed in excess of calculations that assume no color-singlet exchange. The fraction of events with such a rapidity gap, amounting to 0.5-1% of the selected dijet sample, is measured as a function of the pT of the second-leading jet and of the rapidity separation between the jets. The data are compared to previous measurements at the Tevatron, and to perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations based on the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov evolution equations, including different models of the non-perturbative gap survival probability. ; BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA). ; Publisher version

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E-FF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land -use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B-IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the last decade available (2008-2017), E-FF was 9.4 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), E-LUC 1.5 +/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1), G(ATM) 4.7 +/- 0.02 GtC yr(-1), S-OCEAN 2.4 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), and S-LAND 3.2 +/- 0.8 GtC yr(-1), with a budget imbalance B-IM of 0.5 GtC yr(-1) indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in E-FF was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1). Also for 2017, E-LUC was 1.4 +/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1), G(ATM) was 4.6 +/- 0.2 GtC yr(-1), S-OCEAN was 2.5 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1), and S-LAND was 3.8 +/- 0.8 GtC yr(-1), with a B-IM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 405.0 +/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6-9 months indicate a renewed growth in E-FF of +2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959-2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr(-1) persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land -use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics.

Measurements are made of differential cross-sections of highly boosted pair-produced top quarks as a function of top-quark and t (t) over bar system kinematic observables using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events with two large-radius jets in the final state, one with transverse momentum p(T) > 500 GeV and a second with p(T) > 350 GeV, are used for the measurement. The top-quark candidates are separated from the multijet background using jet substructure information and association with a b-tagged jet. The measured spectra are corrected for detector effects to a particle-level fiducial phase space and a parton-level limited phase space, and are compared to several Monte Carlo simulations by means of calculated chi(2) values. The cross-section for t (t) over bar production in the fiducial phase-space region is 292 +/- 7(stat) +/- 71(syst) tb, to be compared to the theoretical prediction of 384 +/- 36 fb. ; ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, Brazil; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, Czech Republic; MPO CR, Czech Republic; VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/ERFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, Germany; HGF, Germany; MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISE I-CORE , Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT, Japan; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, Switzerland; Canton of Bern, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE, United States of America; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, Canada; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European Union; ERC, European Union; ERDF, European Union; Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, France; ANR, France; Region Auvergne, France; DFG, Germany; AvH Foundation, Germany; EU-ESF; Greek NSRF; BSF, Israel; GIF, Israel; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Royal Society, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; Herakleitos programme; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, China; MOST, China; NSFC, China; FP7, European Union ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

A search is conducted for new resonances decaying into a W or Z boson and a 125 GeV Higgs boson in the nu(nu) over barb (b) over bar, l(+/-)nu b (b) over bar, and l(+)l(-)b (b) over bar final states, where l(+/-) = e(+/-) or mu(+/-), in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV. The data used correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider during the 2015 and 2016 data-taking periods. The search is conducted by examining the reconstructed invariant or transverse mass distributions of Wh and Zh candidates for evidence of a localised excess in the mass range of 220 GeV up to 5 TeV. No significant excess is observed and the results are interpreted in terms of constraints on the production cross-section times branching fraction of heavy W' and Z' resonances in heavy-vector-triplet models and the CP-odd scalar boson A in two-Higgs-doublet models. Upper limits are placed at the 95% confidence level and range between 9.0 x 10(-4) pb and 7.3 x 10(-1) pb depending on the model and mass of the resonance. ; ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, Brazil; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, China; MOST, China; NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, Czech Republic; MPO CR, Czech Republic; VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, France; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, Germany; HGF, Germany; MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, Israel; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT, Japan; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, Switzerland; Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE, United States of America; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, Canada; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European Union; ERC, European Union; ERDF, European Union; Horizon, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, France; ANR, France; Region Auvergne, France; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, Germany; AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos programme; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; EU-ESF; Greek NSRF; BSF, Israel; GIF, Israel; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Royal Society, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom ; Open access journal ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

A search for the associated production of the Higgs boson with a top quark pair ((tt) over barH) is reported. The search is performed in multilepton final states using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at a center-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. Higgs boson decays to WW*, tau tau, and ZZ* are targeted. Seven final states, categorized by the number and flavor of charged-lepton candidates, are examined for the presence of the Standard Model Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeVand a pair of top quarks. An excess of events over the expected background from Standard Model processes is found with an observed significance of 4.1 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 2.8 standard deviations. The best fit for the (tt) over barH production cross section is sot (tt) over barH) = 790(-210)(+230) fb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 507(-50)(+35) fb. The combination of this result with other t tH searches from the ATLAS experiment using the Higgs boson decay modes to b (b) over bar, gamma gamma and ZZ* -> 4l, has an observed significance of 4.2 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 3.8 standard deviations. This provides evidence for the (tt) over barH production mode. ; ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, Brazil; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, Canada; CERN, Chile; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, China; MOST, China; NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, Czech Republic; MPO CR, Czech Republic; VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, France; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, Germany; HGF, Germany; MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, Israel; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT, Japan; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR, Serbia; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, Switzerland; Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE, United States of America; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF; Canada Council; CANARIE; CRC; Compute Canada; FQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European Union; ERC, European Union; ERDF, European Union; FP7, European Union; Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, France; ANR, France; Region Auvergne, France; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, Germany; AvH Foundation, Germany; EU-ESF; Greek NSRF; BSF, Israel; GIF, Israel; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Royal Society, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom ; Open access article ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.