Suchergebnisse

In the Russian Empire and the Habsburg Empire, religion and politics were closely linked. The Russian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church were state churches. They bestowed sacred orders on the worldly rulers. In the First World War, they worked within the military by delivering war sermons and providing spiritual guidance. However, confessional wartime rhetoric was directed against segments of the empire's own population and led to a decline in the church's authority. Within the Habsburg Empire, military clergy were not celebrated as heroes. The Catholic Church also refrained from formulating political-religious war aims. For the Catholic Church, equating of political associations and religious associations was in the First World War no longer a plausible option, while the Russian Orthodox Church followed precisely this understanding. Adapted from the source document.

Over the last decade, a significant body of biomedical law has emerged within EU law. In so far as the EU has long been portrayed as aiming mostly if not only at economic integration, it is surprising at face value to see issues such as human embryonic stem cell research or trade in oocytes even reach the EU's political and legal agenda. Although it is possible to argue that the puzzle waters down when one considers not only that EU has in fact always been open to "non-market" values on the one hand but also that biomedical issues have themselves undergone radical transformations recently, as one commonly speaks now of "Tissue Economies", these elements do not seem to suffice for explaining the development of a body of biomedical law within EU law. It is argued here that many of the legal technicalities that sustain the view that the EU does not have any straightforward competences in the field have been balanced by the specifically "polity-building" dimension of "Ethics" (and here bioethics). In other words, the research presented here establishes several manners in which "Ethics"' have been instrumental in the EU law making process, thus bridging EU law and biomedicine and simultaneously enabling the EU to assert itself as polity.