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The European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 864203) (to T.M.-B.). BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE) (to T.M.-B.). "Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu", funded by the AEI (CEX2018-000792-M) (to T.M.-B.). Howard Hughes International Early Career (to T.M.-B.). NIH 1R01HG010898-01A1 (to T.M.-B.). Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Program del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880) (to T.M.-B.). UCL's Wellcome Trust ISSF3 award 204841/Z/16/Z (to A.M.A. and J.M.S.). Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR-1040) (to M. Llorente). Wellcome Trust Investigator Award 202802/Z/16/Z (to D.A.H.). The Pan African Program: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf) is generously funded by the Max Planck Society, the Max Planck Society Innovation Fund, and the Heinz L. Krekeler Foundation. ; Knowledge on the population history of endangered species is critical for conservation, but whole-genome data on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is geographically sparse. Here, we produced the first non-invasive geolocalized catalog of genomic diversity by capturing chromosome 21 from 828 non-invasive samples collected at 48 sampling sites across Africa. The four recognized subspecies show clear genetic differentiation correlating with known barriers, while previously undescribed genetic exchange suggests that these have been permeable on a local scale. We obtained a detailed reconstruction of population stratification and fine-scale patterns of isolation, migration, and connectivity, including a comprehensive picture of admixture with bonobos (Pan paniscus). Unlike humans, chimpanzees did not experience extended episodes of long-distance migrations, which might have limited cultural transmission. Finally, based on local rare variation, we implement a fine-grained geolocalization approach demonstrating improved precision in determining the origin of confiscated chimpanzees. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

From Europe PMC via Jisc Publications Router ; History: ppub 2019-01-01, epub 2019-07-15 ; Publication status: Published ; Funder: Department for International Development (DFID); Grant(s): 201401 ; Background:Since 2000, results based financing (RBF) has proliferated in health sectors in Africa in particular, including in fragile and conflict affected settings (FCAS) and there is a growing but still contested literature about its relevance and effectiveness. Less examined are the political economy factors behind the adoption of the RBF policy, as well as the shifts in influence and resources which RBF may bring about. In this article, we examine these two topics, focusing on Zimbabwe, which has rolled out RBF nationwide in the health system since 2011, with external support. Methods:The study uses an adapted political economy framework, integrating data from 40 semi-structured interviews with local, national and international experts in 2018 and thematic analysis of 60 policy documents covering the decade between 2008 and 2018. Results:Our findings highlight the role of donors in initiating the RBF policy, but also how the Zimbabwe health system was able to adapt the model to suit its particular circumstances - seeking to maintain a systemic approach, and avoiding fragmentation. Although Zimbabwe was highly resource dependent after the political-economic crisis of the 2000s, it retained managerial and professional capacity, which distinguishes it from many other FCAS settings. This active adaptation has engendered national ownership over time, despite initial resistance to the RBF model and despite the complexity of RBF, which creates dependence on external technical support. Adoption was also aided by ideological retro-fitting into an earlier government performance management policy. The main beneficiaries of RBF were frontline providers, who gained small but critical additional resources, but subject to high degrees of control and sanctions. Conclusions:This study highlights resource-seeking motivations for ...

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common in general population and is thought to be involved in the natural history of several chronic lung diseases such as asthma. However, the magnitude of the association has not yet been reported in asthmatic adults in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine serum vitamin D levels in adult patients with asthma living in Kinshasa. Methods: A sample of 216 subjects reporting asthma were recruited from the University Clinics of Kinshasa and some parishes in Kinshasa. Socio-demographic data were recorded, nutritional status assessed via body mass index (BMI) calculation, FEV1 values obtained, and serum vitamin D levels measured. Serum vitamin D levels were analyzed according to the time spent outdoors in the sun and their correlation with BMI and FEV1. Results: Participants were on average 45.23 years old (SD 17.56) and predominately female (74%). Serum vitamin D levels ranged from 5 to 42 ng/ml, with an average of 20.8 ng/ml (SD 6.1). Vitamin D levels were normal (≥30 ng/ml) in ten subjects (4.8%; 95% CI: 1.9-7.7) and abnormal (<30 ng/ml) in 197 subjects (95.2%; 95% CI: 92.0-98.0); of this latter group, 89% (95% CI: 84.6-93.2) were vitamin D insufficient (10-29 ng/ml) and 6% (95% CI: 3.0-9.6) vitamin D deficient (<10 ng/ml).Mean serum vitamin D levels did not differ based on the time spent outdoors in the sun (p = 0.714), and there was no correlation between serum vitamin D and FEV1 (r = 0.018) or BMI (r = 0.033). Conclusions: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in adult asthmatics in Kinshasa but does not appear to be correlated with FEV1 or BMI. Additional population-based surveys are needed to fully assess associations between asthma and vitamin D concentrations for targeted interventions.

Union del Pueblo Canario was the most important experience in the history of Canarian leftist nationalism. Emerged in the last years of the seventies, this coalition of individuals and groups from the former antifrancoist left, it development in the islands a powerful but ephemeral political activity. Closely connected with communism, thirdworldism and national liberation movements in Africa Union del Pueblo Canario tried to channel the rising nationalist and worker awakening on the islands. The main objective of this paper is to analyze aspects that produce the appropriate context for the development of the caolition like Union del Pueblo Canario, and also try to describe the factors causing its rise to certain levels of power and how its actions and the changing context of the eighties in the Canary Islands Spain and the world, makes the coalition losing its strength and crumble. ; La Unión del Pueblo Canario ha sido la más importante experiencia de la historia del nacionalismo canario de izquierdas. Surgida en los últimos años de la década de los setenta, esta coalición formada por individuos y grupos procedentes de la antigua izquierda antifranquista, desarrollo en las islas una actividad política potente aunque efímera. Estrechamente relacionada con el comunismo, el tercermundismo y los movimientos de liberación nacional en el continente africano, la Unión del Pueblo Canario buscó canalizar el creciente despertar nacionalista y obrero en las islas. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar los aspectos que producen el contexto adecuado para el desarrollo de una coalición como la Unión del Pueblo Canario, así como también se intentarán describir los factores que producen su ascenso hasta ciertas cotas de poder y como su actuación y el contexto cambiante de la década de los ochenta en Canarias, España y el mundo, hace que la coalición pierda su fuerza y se desmorone.

Union del Pueblo Canario was the most important experience in the history of Canarian leftist nationalism. Emerged in the last years of the seventies, this coalition of individuals and groups from the former antifrancoist left, it development in the islands a powerful but ephemeral political activity. Closely connected with communism, thirdworldism and national liberation movements in Africa Union del Pueblo Canario tried to channel the rising nationalist and worker awakening on the islands. The main objective of this paper is to analyze aspects that produce the appropriate context for the development of the caolition like Union del Pueblo Canario, and also try to describe the factors causing its rise to certain levels of power and how its actions and the changing context of the eighties in the Canary Islands Spain and the world, makes the coalition losing its strength and crumble. ; La Unión del Pueblo Canario ha sido la más importante experiencia de la historia del nacionalismo canario de izquierdas. Surgida en los últimos años de la década de los setenta, esta coalición formada por individuos y grupos procedentes de la antigua izquierda antifranquista, desarrollo en las islas una actividad política potente aunque efímera. Estrechamente relacionada con el comunismo, el tercermundismo y los movimientos de liberación nacional en el continente africano, la Unión del Pueblo Canario buscó canalizar el creciente despertar nacionalista y obrero en las islas. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar los aspectos que producen el contexto adecuado para el desarrollo de una coalición como la Unión del Pueblo Canario, así como también se intentarán describir los factores que producen su ascenso hasta ciertas cotas de poder y como su actuación y el contexto cambiante de la década de los ochenta en Canarias, España y el mundo, hace que la coalición pierda su fuerza y se desmorone.

"Post-conflict reconstruction is understood as a complex system that provides for simultaneous short-, medium- and long-term programmes to prevent disputes from escalating, avoid a relapse into violent conflict and to build and consolidate sustainable peace. Post-conflict reconstruction is ultimately aimed at addressing the root causes of a conflict and to lay the foundations for social justice and sustainable peace. Post-conflict reconstruction systems proceed through three broad phases, namely the emergency phase, the transition phase and the development phase; however, they should not be understood as absolute, fixed, time-bound or having clear boundaries. Post-conflict reconstruction systems have five dimensions: (1) security; (2) political transition, governance and participation; (3) socio-economic development; (4) human rights, justice and reconciliation; and (5) coordination, management and resource mobilisation. These five dimensions need to be programmed simultaneously, collectively and cumulatively to develop momentum to sustainable peace. While there are processes, phases and issues that can be said to be common to most countries emerging from conflict, one should recognise the uniqueness of each conflict system, in terms of its own particular socioeconomic and political history, the root causes and immediate consequences of the conflict an the specific configuration of the actors that populate the system. Further, as most intra-state conflicts in Africa are interlinked within regional conflict systems, country specific post-conflict reconstruction systems need to seek synergy with neighbouring systems to ensure coherence across regional conflict systems. The nexus between development, peace and security have become a central focus of post-conflict reconstruction thinking and practice over the last decade. The key policy tension in the post-conflict setting appears to be between economic efficiency and political stability. While the need and benefits of improved coherence is widely accepted, there seems to be no consensus on who should coordinate, what should be coordinated and how coordination should be undertaken." (author's abstract)

"This book sheds light on the improvements and downfalls over time in two of the five indicators of refugee integration after the post-Arab Spring migration/refugee crisis, namely education and employment. Within the context of the need for common policy response/reaction in the field of migration governance, it includes case studies from first-line immigration countries of the Mediterranean region, the book also reflects on the situation in Central Europe and Scandinavia, and Africa and considers the perspectives of different actors, including migration and integration governance stakeholders, NGOs, governments, refugees, and others. Covering a wide geographical spectrum and a diverse spectrum of integration experiences and models, it reveals collaboration between different actors and how they operated simultaneously on regional, national, and international levels in order to achieve the inclusion of refugees in the host communities. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of migration studies, social policy, public policy, international relations, European studies, law, economics, and sociology"--

"This book deals with Israeli development aid to Sub-Saharan Africa countries as a part of Israeli foreign policy. The analysis is framed by the concept of soft power: an assumption that development cooperation increases attractiveness of the donor and contributes to constructive bilateral and multilateral relations. Israel is a particular case of a donor, as it concentrates on technical aid and its aid is motivated by a particular set of ideological and pragmatic motives.Covering the period since the 1950s till today, the book analyses particular Israeli resources relevant for African development and the system and contents of Israeli development aid, with a particular focus on a new phenomenon of the engagement of businesses and NGOs.Zielińska explores the geopolitical context of Israeli aid for Sub-Saharan countries and the recipients' perception of Israeli aid; asking if and how these attitudes influence the recipients' behaviour towards Israel within their bilateral relations as well as on multilateral forums."

"This book addresses the conceptual and evidentiary issues relating to the treatment of propaganda in international criminal law. Bringing together an interdisciplinary range of scholars, researchers and legal practitioners from Africa, Australia, Europe and the United States, the book provides an in-depth analysis of the nature, position and role of the concept of propaganda in mass atrocity crimes trials. A sequel to the earlier Propaganda, War Crimes Trials and International Law: From Speakers Corner to War Crimes (Routledge, 2011) this book is the first to synthesize the knowledge, procedures and methods of international criminal law with the social cognitive sciences. Including a comprehensive overview of the most relevant case law, jurisprudence and scientific studies, the book also offers a series of practical insights and strategies for both academics and legal professionals. An invaluable resource for those working in the area of international criminal law, this book will also be of interest to academics, practitioners and students with relevant interests in legal theory, politics, linguistics and psychology" --

This comprehensive Research Handbook examines the key drivers of the arms trade, mapping the main trends in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. It also explores the principal defence markets internationally, including the US, China, India, Russia and the UK in greater detail. Across twenty-six chapters, international experts assess the central drivers of the arms trade, such as the insecurities of small states in an increasingly realist world of power politics, the continued presence of conflict, technological change and the presence of corruption. Analysing critical issues from the future of air and naval power and their implications for the trade to the impact of emerging technology and the prospects for arms control, the chapters raise a number of central issues as to the challenges and future direction of the arms trade. The Research Handbook concludes that defence spending and procurement have remained paramount and on a general upward trend since the Cold War, particularly in Asia and the Middle East.

Part 1, Conceptual grounds. In the gathering shadows of material things ; Doing/changing things/us -- Part 2, Movement and growth. Becoming imperial: the politicisation of the gift in Atlantic Africa ; How pilgrimage souvenirs turn to religious remittances and powerful medicines ; Invocating the gods or the apotheosis of the Barbie Doll ; Stallions of the Indian Ocean ; Labelling, packaging, scanning: paths and diversions of mobile phones in the Andes ; Establishing intimacy through mobile phone connections -- Part 3, Dissolution and traces. Smoky relations: beyond dichotomies of substance on the Tibetan Plateau ; What remains: the things that fall to the side of everyday life ; Apocalyptic sublimes and the recalibration of distance: doing art-anthropology in post-disaster Japan ; Towards a fragmented ethnography? Walking along debris in Armero, Colombia ; Remembering and non-remembering among the Yanomami ; The matter of erasure: making room for Utopia at Nonoalco-Tlatelolco, Mexico City ; Refugee life jackets thrown off but not away: connecting materialities in upcycling initiatives ; Tamga tash: a tale of stones, stories, and travelling immobiles.

"Chocolate is one of the most visible examples of how a deeply exotic consumer product penetrating our daily lives fascinated Europeans during the Early Modern period. Today, over fifty percent of the four million tons of cocoa produced globally come from Sub-Saharan Africa. Ecuadorian cocoa, on the other hand, is considered premium quality. Yet the fact that Ecuadorian cocoa is preferred by today's artisanal chocolate makers is one of history's ironic turns. During the eighteenth century, production and exports of Ecuadorian cocoa dramatically expanded due to its fast growth rate, high yield and low price, though certainly not due to its qualities of taste. This book analyzes the transition of chocolate from an exotic curiosity to an Atlantic commodity. It shows how local, inter-regional, and Atlantic markets interacted with one another and with imperial political economies. It explains how these interactions, intertwined with the resilience of local artisanal production, promoted the partial democratization of chocolate consumption as well as economic growth."

"In the latter years of the ninth century, a mysterious figure arrived in the North African Jewish community of Kairouan. The visitor, Eldad of the Tribe of Dan, claimed to have arrived from the kingdom of the Israelite tribes whose whereabouts had been lost for over a millennium and a half. Communicating solely in Hebrew, the sojourner's vocabulary contained many words that were unfamiliar to his hosts. This enigmatic traveller not only baffled and riveted the local Jewish community, but has continued to grip audiences and influence lives into the present era. This book takes stock of the long journey that both Eldad and his writings have made through Jewish and Christian imaginations from the moment he stepped foot in North Africa to the turn of the new millennium. Each of its chapters assays a major leg of this voyage, offering an in-depth look at the original source material and shedding light on the origins and later reception of this elusive character."--Provided by publisher

This book discusses globalization trends and influences on traditional African oral literary performance and the direction that Ilorin oral art is forced to take by the changes of the twenty-first century electronic age. It seeks a new definition of contemporary African bourgeois in terms of their global reach, imitation of foreign forms, and collaboration with the owners of primary agencies. Additionally, it makes a case that African global lords or new bourgeoisie who are largely products of the new global capital and multinational corporations' socio-political and cultural influences fashion their tastes after Western cultures as portrayed in the digital realm. Abdul-Rasheed Na'Allah is Vice-Chancellor, Chief Executive Officer, and Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Kwara State University, Nigeria. He is co-author of Introduction to African Oral Literature and Performance (2005), and author of Africanity, Islamicity and Performativity: Identity in the House of Ilorin (2009), African Discourse in Islam, Oral Traditions, and Performance (2010), and Cultural Globalization And Plurality: Africa and the New World (2011)

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- PART I: THE ECONOMICS OF REDEMPTION -- Chapter 1: Some Simple Analytics of Slave Redemption -- Chapter 2: Slave Redemption When It Takes Time to Redeem Slaves -- Chapter 3: An Exploration of the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Is Redemption a Viable Option? -- Chapter 4: Slavery, Freedom, and Sen -- Chapter 5: Freedom, Servitude, and Voluntary Contracts -- PART II: ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Chapter 6: Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan -- Chapter 7: Dilemmas in the Practice of Rachat in French West Africa -- PART III: HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Chapter 8: The End of Serfdom in Russia-Lessons for Sudan? -- Chapter 9: Conflicting Imperatives: Black and White American Abolitionists Debate Slave Redemption -- Chapter 10: Frederick Douglass and the Politics of Slave Redemptions -- PART IV: PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Chapter 11: The Moral Quandary of Slave Redemption -- Chapter 12: The Next Best Thing -- Chapter 13: What's Wrong with Slavery? -- Appendix: "They Call Us Animals," Testimonies of Abductees and Slaves in Sudan -- List of Contributors -- Index