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Drug shortages have been identified as a public health problem in an increasing number of countries. This can negatively impact on the quality and efficiency of patient care, as well as contribute to increases in the cost of treatment and the workload of health care providers. Shortages also raise ethical and political issues. The scientific evidence on drug shortages is still scarce, but many lessons can be drawn from cross-country analyses. The objective of this study was to characterize, compare, and evaluate the current systemic measures and legislative and organizational frameworks aimed at preventing or mitigating drug shortages within health care systems across a range of European and Western Asian countries. The study design was retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational. Information was gathered through a survey distributed among senior personnel from ministries of health, state medicines agencies, local health authorities, other health or pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement authorities, health insurance companies and academic institutions, with knowledge of the pharmaceutical markets in the 28 countries studied. Our study found that formal definitions of drug shortages currently exist in only a few countries. The characteristics of drug shortages, including their assortment, duration, frequency, and dynamics, were found to be variable and sometimes difficult to assess. Numerous information hubs were identified. Providing public access to information on drug shortages to the maximum possible extent is a prerequisite for performing more advanced studies on the problem and identifying solutions. Imposing public service obligations, providing the formal possibility to prescribe unlicensed medicines, and temporary bans on parallel exports are widespread measures. A positive finding of our study was the identification of numerous bottom-up initiatives and organizational frameworks aimed at preventing or mitigating drug shortages. The experiences and lessons drawn from these initiatives should be carefully evaluated, monitored, and presented to a wider international audience for careful appraisal. To be able to find solutions to the problem of drug shortages, there is an urgent need to develop a set of agreed definitions for drug shortages, as well as methodologies for their evaluation and monitoring. This is being progressed. ; peer-reviewed

PH.D.LAW ; Included in the 2004 enlargement, Malta is one of the EU's newer and smaller Member States. It had applied to join in 1990. This thesis tries to make an original contribution to knowledge of how Maltese consumer law and policy evolved in the fifteen year period which opened with Malta's application to join the EU in 1990 and ended with its accession and consequential membership. These fifteen exciting years marked the formative years both of Malta's relationship and ever closer ties with the Community and of its own burgeoning interest in consumer protection policy and legislation. In 1990, both EU consumer law and Maltese consumer law were in a state of flux and evolution. New important measures were being adopted at Community level even while the island's accession procedures were slowly progressing. Accession transposition obligations have considerably helped shape and determine the content of Maltese consumer law up to membership in 2004 and beyond. The thesis addresses fundamental questions that cumulatively throw light on how successfully domestic consumer law inter-played with EU consumer Directives, and the various contexts in which this happened. These include: (a) the state of play of Maltese consumer law in 1990 and how it evolved in the period under review and how it embraced Community law; (b) the debt owed by Maltese consumer law to Community law; how and where the Community Directives were transposed, and how well the transposition measures integrated with the local legal system; (c) how the highly divided and confrontational local political scenario influenced the development of domestic consumer law and the accession transpositions; (d) the role played by the Civil Code in this process; (e) other factors that have helped shape the development of the legislation and the nature and quality of the transpositions; and (f) the fate of national initiatives in consumer law and policy before and following accession. The findings suggest that, at least in the case of Malta, accession considerations and the EU Directives specifically helped to shore up national consumer law development to a significant level. Maltese consumer law probably reached its highest point in the years 2000-2001. By the end of the accession process, indigenous consumer law and policy struggled to survive the advent of ever more European Directives. Accession initially produced undoubted benefits for consumers in this new Member State, but may have later had unintended negative consequences. Originally introduced as a by-product of the accession project, the EU Consumer Directives today increasingly make up the essence of Maltese consumer law. This thesis states the law as at 31 December 2014 ; N/A

On cover: Manual of school law, Nova Scotia, 1911. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This book encapsulates the most important aspects of the development and operation of the international financial system. It questions the fundamental basis of the existing international financial architecture (soft law) and explores the need for a compliance-based model based on legitimacy of regulations and accountability of the regulatory bodies in international financial stability. Why have financial standards and institutions almost always failed to effectively predict and respond to real-world financial crises? The answer, as this challenging book shows, is that international financial law suffers from a persistent lack of judicial or quasi-judicial enforcement mechanisms, leaving flaws in the structure of the international financial system that lead inevitably to excesses that threaten the public good of global financial stability

"The last twenty years have witnessed an astonishing transformation: the fight against corruption has grown from a handful of local undertakings into a truly global effort. Law occupies a central role in that effort and this timely book assesses the challenges faced in using law as it too morphs from a handful of local rules into a global regime. The book presents the perspectives of a global array of scholars, of policy makers, and of practitioners. Topics range from critical theoretical understandings of the global regime as a whole, to regional and local experiences in implementing and influencing the regime, including specific legal techniques such as deferred prosecution agreements, addressing corruption issues in dispute resolution, whistleblower protection, civil and administrative prosecutions, as well as blocking statutes. The book also includes discussions of the future shape of the global regime, the emergence of transnational compliance standards, and discussions by leaders of international organizations that take a leading role in the transnationalization of anti-corruption law. The Transnationalization of Anti-Corruption Law deals with the most salient aspects of the global anti-corruption regime. It is written by people who contribute to the structure of the regime, who practice within the regime, and who study the regime. It is written for anyone interested in corruption or corruption control in general, anyone with a general interest in jurisprudence or in international law, and especially anyone who is interested in critical thinking and analysis of how law can control corruption in a global context"--

Queer theory, neoliberalism and urban governance / Jon Binnie -- Regulating "perversion" : the role of tolerance in de-radicalizing the rights claims of sexual subalterns / Ratna Kapur -- Cinema of queer desires : Bombay cinema and emergent sexualities / Shohini Ghosh -- Post-apartheid fraternity, post-apartheid democracy, post-apartheid sexuality : queer reflections on Jane Alexander's Butcher boys / Jaco Barnard-Naud -- The judicial virtue of sexuality / Leslie J. Moran -- Reproductive outsiders - the perils and disruptive potential of reproductive coalitions / Jenni Millbank -- Queer/religious potentials in us same-sex marriage debates / Jeffrey A. Redding -- What's queer about polygamy? / Margaret Denike -- An "imperial" strategy? : the use of comparative and international law in arguments about LGBT rights / Nicholas Bamforth -- Reproducing empire in same sex relationship recognition and immigration law reform / Nan Seuffert -- Unsettled / Ruthann Robson.

Starting in June, 1997, the Workers' Compensation Board ofBC made available computerized records of all injured workers claims, from 1986 to 1996, to the UBC Centre for Health Services and Policy Research. These files gave information on each successful claim: short-term disability, long-term disability (pension), fatality, or health care only, as well as the fact and date of all unsuccessful or incomplete claims. Using "personal identifier fields" from these files, staff at the Centre managed to "link" 97.2% of these claims to the BC Linked Health Database. The BC Linked Health Data set (BCLHD), developed under contract with the BC Ministry of Health, makes 6 key transaction files in the province "linkable" to one another for the purposes of research. These currently include: the birth file, the death file, Medical Services Plan claims file, hospital discharge file, long-term care client file, and the Pharmacare A plan file (i. e. the provincial drug payment plan for those BC residents over 65 years of age). All records in each file, going back to fiscal year 1985/86, have been encrypted with a scrambled Personal Health Number (PHN) which matches the (scrambled) PHN of a unique individual in the Linkage Co-ordinating File of those enrolled in the Medical Services Plan of BC. ; Health Care and Epidemiology, Department of ; Medicine, Faculty of ; Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of ; Unreviewed ; Faculty ; Researcher

Domestic violence in Asia is explored in this analysis through questions of family ambiguity and the relationship between concept, law, and strategy. Comparative experiences in the Asian context enable an examination of the effectiveness of family regulations and laws in diverse national, cultural, and religious settings. Key questions relate to the limits and relevance of the human rights discourse in resolving family conflicts; the extent to which power and control in intimate relationships can actually be regulated by a set of inanimate, homo

The role of the oceans in regulating the earth's climate : legal perspectives / Elise EJohansen -- Climate change and the anthropocene : implications for the development of the law of the sea / Davor Vidas, Jan Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams & Colin Summerhayes -- Mitigation and adaptation / Robin Kundis Craig -- Protecting the marine environment from climate change : the LOSC part XII regime / Alan Boyle -- Ocean acidification / Karen N. Scott -- Regulating greenhouse gases from ships : some light at the end of the funnel? / Henrik Ringbom -- Carbon capture and storage and the law of the sea / Nigel Bankes -- Ocean fertilization / Elise Johansen -- Offshore renewable energy and the law of the sea / Maria Madalena des Neves -- Marine protected areas and climate change / Ingvild Ulrikke Jakobsen -- Integrating climate change in international fisheries law / Erik J. Molenaar -- Adaptation of aquaculture to climate change : the relevance of temporal international framework from a Norwegian perspective / Irene Dahl -- Law of the sea responses to sea-level rise and threatened maritime entitlements : applying an exception rule to manage an exceptional situation / Signe Veierud Busch -- Integrating climate change in the governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction / Christian Prip -- The law of the sea and its institutions : today's hermeneutic approach and some suggestions for an ocean-centred governance model / Margherita Paola Poto -- The law of the sea as part of the climate change regime complex / Ingvild Ulrikke Jakobsen, Elise Johansen, Philipp. P. Nickels.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is increasingly viewed as one of the most significant ways of dealing with green house gas emissions. Critical to realising its potential will be the design of effective legal regimes at national and international level that can handle effectively the challenges raised but without stifling a new technology of potential great public benefit. These include long-term liability for storage, regulation of transport, the treatment of stored carbon under emissions trading regimes, issues of property ownership, and increasingly the sensitivities of handling the public engagement and perception. Since its publication in 2011, Carbon Capture and Storage quickly became required reading for all those interested in or engaged by the need to implement regulatory approaches to CCS. The intervening years have seen significant developments globally. Earlier legislative models are now in force, providing important lessons for future legal design. Despite these developments, the growth of the technology has been slower in some jurisdictions than others. This timely new edition will update and critically assess these updates as well as providing context for the development of CCS in 2018 and beyond