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Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; A systematic study of the factorization of long-range azimuthal two-particle correlations into a product of single-particle anisotropies is presented as a function of pT and η of both particles and as a function of the particle multiplicity in PbPb and pPb collisions. The data were taken with the CMS detector for PbPb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV and pPb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV, covering a very wide range of multiplicity. Factorization is observed to be broken as a function of both particle pT and η. When measured with particles of different pT, the magnitude of the factorization breakdown for the second Fourier harmonic reaches 20% for very central PbPb collisions but decreases rapidly as the multiplicity decreases. The data are consistent with viscous hydrodynamic predictions, which suggest that the effect of factorization breaking is mainly sensitive to the initial-state conditions rather than to the transport properties (e.g., shear viscosity) of the medium. The factorization breakdown is also computed with particles of different η. The effect is found to be weakest for mid-central PbPb events but becomes larger for more central or peripheral PbPb collisions, and also for very-high-multiplicity pPb collisions. The η-dependent factorization data provide new insights to the longitudinal evolution of the medium formed in heavy ion collisions ; We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie–Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la ` Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIABelgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; A search is performed for long-lived massive neutral particles decaying to quark-antiquark pairs. The experimental signature is a distinctive topology of a pair of jets, originating at a secondary vertex. Events were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data analyzed correspond to an integrated luminosity of 18.5 fb-1. No significant excess is observed above standard model expectations. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of a heavy neutral scalar particle, H, in the mass range of 200 to 1000 GeV, decaying promptly into a pair of long-lived neutral X particles in the mass range of 50 to 350 GeV, each in turn decaying into a quark-antiquark pair. For X with mean proper decay lengths of 0.4 to 200 cm, the upper limits are typically 0.5-200 fb. The results are also interpreted in the context of an R-parity-violating supersymmetric model with long-lived neutralinos decaying into a quark-antiquark pair and a muon. For pair production of squarks that promptly decay to neutralinos with mean proper decay lengths of 2-40 cm, the upper limits on the cross section are typically 0.5-3 fb. The above limits are the most stringent on these channels to date ; We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/ IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the MarieCurie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund

Artículo escrito por muchos autores, sólo se referencian el primero, los autores que firman como Universidad Autónoma de Madrid y el grupo de colaboración en el caso de que aparezca en el artículo ; A search is performed for long-lived particles that decay into final states that include a pair of electrons or a pair of muons. The experimental signature is a distinctive topology consisting of a pair of charged leptons originating from a displaced secondary vertex. Events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 (20.5) fb-1 in the electron (muon) channel were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collisions at √s=8TeV. No significant excess is observed above standard model expectations. Upper limits on the product of the cross section and branching fraction of such a signal are presented as a function of the long-lived particle's mean proper decay length. The limits are presented in an approximately model-independent way, allowing them to be applied to a wide class of models yielding the above topology. Over much of the investigated parameter space, the limits obtained are the most stringent to date. In the specific case of a model in which a Higgs boson in the mass range 125-1000 GeV/c2 decays into a pair of long-lived neutral bosons in the mass range 20-350 GeV/c2, each of which can then decay to dileptons, the upper limits obtained are typically in the range 0.2-10 fb for mean proper decay lengths of the long-lived particles in the range 0.01-100 cm. In the case of the lowest Higgs mass considered (125 GeV/c2), the limits are in the range 2-50 fb. These limits are sensitive to Higgs boson branching fractions as low as 10-4 ; We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/ IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced by the European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR Grant No. 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund

A measurement of the production cross section ratio σ(χb2(1P))/σ(χb1(1P))is presented. The χb1(1P)and χb2(1P)bottomonium states, promptly produced in pp collisions at √s=8TeV, are detected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC through their radiative decays χb1,2(1P) →ϒ(1S) +γ. The emitted photons are measured through their conversion to e+e−pairs, whose reconstruction allows the two states to be resolved. The ϒ(1S)is measured through its decay to two muons. An event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.7fb−1is used to measure the cross section ratio in a phase-space region defined by the photon pseudorapidity, |ηγ| <1.0; the ϒ(1S)rapidity, |yϒ| <1.5; and the ϒ(1S)transverse momentum, 7

A search is performed for long-lived massive neutral particles decaying to quark-antiquark pairs. The experimental signature is a distinctive topology of a pair of jets, originating at a secondary vertex. Events were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data analyzed correspond to an integrated luminosity of 18.5 fb-1. No significant excess is observed above standard model expectations. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of a heavy neutral scalar particle, H, in the mass range of 200 to 1000 GeV, decaying promptly into a pair of long-lived neutral X particles in the mass range of 50 to 350 GeV, each in turn decaying into a quark-antiquark pair. For X with mean proper decay lengths of 0.4 to 200 cm, the upper limits are typically 0.5–200 fb. The results are also interpreted in the context of an R-parity-violating supersymmetric model with long-lived neutralinos decaying into a quark-antiquark pair and a muon. For pair production of squarks that promptly decay to neutralinos with mean proper decay lengths of 2–40 cm, the upper limits on the cross section are typically 0.5–3 fb. The above limits are the most stringent on these channels to date. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF(Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES,FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN;CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS(Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus);MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany);GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC(Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal);JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR(Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain);Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei);ThEP Center, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand);TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR(Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF(USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund.

BMWFW ; FWF (Austria) ; FNRS ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN ; CAS ; MOST ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES ; CSF (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; MoER ; ERC IUT ; ERDF (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland ; MEC ; HIP (Finland) ; CEA ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF ; DFG ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA ; NIH (Hungary) ; DAE ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; NRF ; WCU (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; MOE ; UM (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE ; NSC (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Dubna) ; MON ; RosAtom ; RAS ; RFBR (Russia) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; SEIDI ; CPAN (Spain) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter ; IPST ; STAR ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; TUBITAK ; TAEK (Turkey) ; NASU ; SFFR (Ukraine) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE ; NSF (USA) ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A.P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of Foundation For Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste) ; MIUR (Italy) ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Qatar National Research Fund ; MIUR (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; Measurements of two-particle angular correlations between an identified strange hadron (K-S(0) or A/(A) over bar) and a charged particle, emitted in pPb collisions, are presented over a wide range in pseudorapidity and full azimuth. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 35 nb(-1), were collected at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy (root s(NN)) of 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The results are compared to semi-peripheral PbPb collision data at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV, covering similar charged-particle multiplicities in the events. The observed azimuthal correlations at large relative pseudorapidity are used to extract the second-order (v(2)) and third-order (v(3)) anisotropy harmonics of K-S(0) and A/(A) over bar particles. These quantities are studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in the event and the transverse momentum of the particles. For high-multiplicity pPb events, a clear particle species dependence of v(2) and v(3) is observed. For p(T) < 2 GeV, the v(2) and v(3) values of K-S(0) particles are larger than those of A/(A) over bar particles at the same p(T). This splitting effect between two particle species is found to be stronger in pPb than in PbPb collisions in the same multiplicity range. When divided by the number of constituent quarks and compared at the same transverse kinetic energy per quark, both v(2) and v(3) for K-S(0) particles are observed to be consistent with those for A/(A) over bar particles at the 10% level in pPb collisions. This consistency extends over a wide range of particle transverse kinetic energy and event multiplicities. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.

Статья посвящена политике КНР в сфере урегулирования проблем в бассейне Южно-Китайского моря (ЮКМ). Еще недавно конфликтная ситуация в этом регионе понималась как столкновение позиций Китая и ряда стран Юго-Восточной Азии членов АСЕАН относительно прав на владение несколькими группами необитаемых островов, рифов и отмелей, разбросанных по всему пространству ЮКМ, а также пределов их исключительных экономических зон и континентального шельфа. Однако сейчас оппоненты КНР в споре за острова ЮКМ, которые ранее вели переговоры с Пекином в двустороннем формате, предприняли первый шаг в направлении интернационализации дискуссии. При этом Китай четко продолжает придерживаться тактики ведения переговоров со своими оппонентами в споре за острова в ЮКМ строго на двусторонней основе, стараясь через каждого конкретного партнера доводить свою позицию до всех вовлеченных в спор членов АСЕАН. Очевидное нежелание Пекина предпринять реальные шаги для ускорения принятия Кодекса поведения, видимо, можно объяснить опасениями, что документ будет использован странами АСЕАН для оказания коллективного давления на Китай и ограничения его деятельности в регионе. Проводимая КНР в последнее время политика в ЮКМ привела к обострению отношений со странами региона и подтолкнула некоторые из них, в частности Филиппины и Вьетнам, на активизацию оборонного сотрудничества с США. Россия, будучи по своему географическому положению тихоокеанской державой, реально заинтересована в том, чтобы существующие в зоне Тихого океана трения, включая территориальные споры в ЮКМ, не принимали конфронтационный характер, тем более не перерастали в силовые акции. Отдаленность России в морских милях от района ЮКМ не может и не должна восприниматься как отстраненность России от того, что в нем происходит и как там могут развиваться события. ; The article is devoted to the politics of China in resolving the problems in the basin of the South China Sea. Not that long ago, the conflict in the region was understood as a clash between China and several countries in South-East Asia, the members of ASEAN (Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia in part), upon the right to own more than one group of uninhabited islands, reefs and shoals scattered throughout the South China Sea, and the limits of their exclusive economic zones and continental shelf. Now, however, opponents of China in the dispute over the islands, who had previously been negotiating with Beijing on a bilateral basis, have taken the first step towards the internationalization of the debate. Meanwhile, China continues to maintain a clear negotiating tactic with its opponents in the dispute over the islands on a strictly bilateral basis, trying to bring its position to all ASEAN members involved in the dispute through each individual partner. Beijing's apparent unwillingness to take real steps to speed up the adoption of the Code of Conduct can probably be explained by the fear that the Code will be used by ASEAN countries to provide collective pressure on China and limit its activities in the region. The policy which was carried out in the South China Sea by China recently has led to strained relations with the countries of the region and prompted some of them, in particular, the Philippines and Vietnam to intensify defense cooperation with the United States. Being connected both to Europe and the Pacific Ocean by its geographical position, Russia would prefer the territorial disputes in the South China Sea not to grow into a confrontation, especially not to be developed into military actions. The fact that in terms of nautical miles Russia is fairly remoted from the South China Sea does not mean it is detachedfrom the situation in the region and its possible outcomes.

Not Available ; Today energy crisis is worldwide because conventional forms of energy supply and consumption are causing serious economical as well as environmental problems. In our country consumption of petroleum products is increasing day-by-day resulting in huge gap of demand and supply. India rank 6 th in the world in terms of energy demand accounting for 3.5 percent of world commercial energy demand in 2001. India currently imports about 70 percent of its petroleum needs by paying Rs.1, 27,000 crores every year. The demand target may be 120.4 m t for 2006-07. Our domestic production of crude oil and natural gas will remain around 33.97 m t during 2006-07.The huge gap between demand and supply of 86.43 m t may be met only by import or by producing biofuels. The current consumption of diesel in India is approximately 40 m t forming about 40% of the total petroleum product consumption. This is expected to reach 52.32 m t by 2006-07 growing at approximately 5.6 % per annum. Government of India has already introduced petrol blended with 5 percent ethanol for use in motor vehicles in 9 states. A committee constituted by Planning Commission for Development of Biofuels recommended replacing about 10 % of diesel with biodiesel by the end of year 2011-2012 (Singh, 2003). Biodiesel production was spread in 21 countries mainly in Europe, Malaysia and USA. The largest biodiesel plant currently in operation was in Rouen, France with a capacity of 120, 000 tonnes. France is currently the world largest producer of biodiesel using it in 50 percent blend with petrol and diesel. During the last few decades, researchers tried all the edible and non-edible vegetable oils in compression ignition and spark ignition engines for different utilities. Since India cannot afford the usage of edible vegetable oils as power source because of short supply, planners suggested the use of non-edible vegetable oils as alternative fuels like Pongamia, Jatropha, and Neem etc. As Indian nation consists of 40 % of wasteland, it is better to develop all these lands by growing non edible oil plants which not only gives the oil but also enriches the environment by adding the green forest cover for ecological balance. In India, rural areas, in general are facing steep power crisis during the last two decades. Farmers are unable to irrigate their lands because of interrupted and short-term power supply. Finally it is effecting the agriculture production very badly. In this context, it is better to use the available plants, which produce the non-edible oil seeds to cater the needs at rural level for self-sustainability. Though there are more than 300 different species of trees, which produce oil-bearing seeds, Pongamia and Jatropha are the drought resistant plants, which grow with limited water. These two plants suit for the Andhra Pradesh ecological zone as it consists of 60 % of dryland, which has enough potential to meet the fossil fuel demand at rural level. Hence these plants can well be utilized to produce the biodiesel at rural and industrial level. 201 All over the world, the trials on biodiesel blending with diesel and other oils are still continued. In Andhra Pradesh, Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) of Adilabad district has started a pilot project at Utnoor with the effort of SuTRA (Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas). Here, the villagers collect the Pongamia seed from the nearby forest and extract the oil using expellers. The filtered oil is then used to run the generator (50 W) to supply the electricity to the 100 houses in a village. This project created hopes in villages regarding self-sustainability in producing power. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Today energy crisis is worldwide because conventional forms of energy supply and consumption are causing serious economical as well as environmental problems. In our country consumption of petroleum products is increasing day-by-day resulting in huge gap of demand and supply. India rank 6th in the world in terms of energy demand accounting for 3.5 percent of world commercial energy demand in 2001. India currently imports about 70 percent of its petroleum needs by paying Rs.1, 27,000 crores every year. The demand target may be 120.4 m t for 2006-07. Our domestic production of crude oil and natural gas will remain around 33.97 m t during 2006-07.The huge gap between demand and supply of 86.43 m t may be met only by import or by producing biofuels. The current consumption of diesel in India is approximately 40 m t forming about 40% of the total petroleum product consumption. This is expected to reach 52.32 m t by 2006-07 growing at approximately 5.6 % per annum. Government of India has already introduced petrol blended with 5 percent ethanol for use in motor vehicles in 9 states. A committee constituted by Planning Commission for Development of Biofuels recommended replacing about 10 % of diesel with biodiesel by the end of year 2011-2012 (Singh, 2003). Biodiesel production was spread in 21 countries mainly in Europe, Malaysia and USA. The largest biodiesel plant currently in operation was in Rouen, France with a capacity of 120, 000 tonnes. France is currently the world largest producer of biodiesel using it in 50 percent blend with petrol and diesel. During the last few decades, researchers tried all the edible and non-edible vegetable oils in compression ignition and spark ignition engines for different utilities. Since India cannot afford the usage of edible vegetable oils as power source because of short supply, planners suggested the use of non-edible vegetable oils as alternative fuels like Pongamia, Jatropha, and Neem etc. As Indian nation consists of 40 % of wasteland, it is better to develop all these lands by growing non edible oil plants which not only gives the oil but also enriches the environment by adding the green forest cover for ecological balance. In India, rural areas, in general are facing steep power crisis during the last two decades. Farmers are unable to irrigate their lands because of interrupted and short-term power supply. Finally it is effecting the agriculture production very badly. In this context, it is better to use the available plants, which produce the non-edible oil seeds to cater the needs at rural level for self-sustainability. Though there are more than 300 different species of trees, which produce oil-bearing seeds, Pongamia and Jatropha are the drought 177 resistant plants, which grow with limited water. These two plants suit for the Andhra Pradesh ecological zone as it consists of 60 % of dryland, which has enough potential to meet the fossil fuel demand at rural level. Hence these plants can well be utilized to produce the biodiesel at rural and industrial level. All over the world, the trials on biodiesel blending with diesel and other oils are still continued. In Andhra Pradesh, Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) of Adilabad district has started a pilot project at Utnoor with the effort of SuTRA (Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas). Here, the villagers collect the Pongamia seed from the nearby forest and extract the oil using expellers. The filtered oil is then used to run the generator (50 W) to supply the electricity to the 100 houses in a village. This project created hopes in villages regarding self-sustainability in producing power. ; Not Available

The pandemic and the future of global democracy / Tom Gerald Daly -- COVID-19 vaccines and global governance : how structural factors dictate procurement and vitiate patient autonomy / Jerome Amir Singh -- Accountability through dialogue : New Zealand's experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic / Dean R Knight -- China and COVID-19 : an archetypal legal and governmental response to an exceptional challenge / Jacques deLisle and Shen Kui -- (Un)Governing : COVID-19 Response in the UK / Joelle Grogan -- COVID-19, the United States and evidence-based politics / Mark A Graber -- Democracy in the time of COVID-19 : pandemic management, public trust and democratic consolidation in Singapore / Shirin Chua and Jaclyn L Neo -- Human Rights -- the essential frame of reference in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic / Alice Donald and Philip Leach -- Assessing human rights compliance during COVID-19 / Martin Scheinin -- Going beyond the rhetoric : taking human rights seriously in the post-COVID-19 world / Stéphanie Dagron -- Finland's success in combating COVID-19 : mastery, miracle or mirage? / Martin Scheinin -- A crisis of rights and democracy in India / Thulasi K Raj -- Dealing with the pandemic and social unrest : a stress test for Colombian institutions / Julián Gaviria-Mira and Esteban Hoyos-Ceballos -- Thailand's response to COVID-19 : human rights in decline and more social turbulence / Khemthong Tonsakulrungruang and Rawin Leelapatana -- Political opportunism and pandemic mismanagement in Kenya / Tara Imalingat, Nerima Were and Allan Maleche -- The rule of law as the perimeter of legitimacy for COVID-19 responses / Joelle Grogan and Julinda Beqiraj -- Baselining COVID-19 : how do we assess the success or failure of the response of governments to the pandemic? / Hans Petter Graver -- Brazil : COVID-19, illiberal politics and the rule of law / Thomas Bustamante and Emílio Peluso Neder Meyer -- Dealing with COVID-19 in Sweden : choosing a different path / Iain Cameron and Anna Jonsson Cornell -- Turkey : pandemic governance and executive aggrandisement / Başak Çalı and Emre Turkut -- The COVID-19 Pandemic : a pretext for expanding power in Hungary / Kriszta Kovács -- The politicisation of health and threats to the rule of law in Pakistan / Shaheera Syed and Nadia Tariq-Ali -- A stress test for politics : a comparative perspective on policy responses to COVID-19 / Sheila Jasanoff and Stephen Hilgartner -- Open science, data sharing and pandemic preparedness / Ciara Staunton -- Taiwan's effective pandemic control with dialogic constitutionalism / Wen-Cheng Chang and Chun-Yuan Lin -- Public health, technology and social context in Rwanda's COVID-19 response / Denis Bikesha and Allan T Moore -- Germany and COVID-19 : expertise and public political deliberation / Anna Katharina Mangold -- The rationality of South Africa's State of Disaster during COVID-19 / Melodie Labuschaigne and Ciara Staunton -- Iran's COVID-19 Response : who calls the shots? / Marzieh Tofighi Darian -- Responding to COVID-19 with States of Emergency : reflections and recommendations for future health crises / Cassandra V Emmons -- The COVID-19 emergency in Western European democracies : trends and issues / Arianna Vedaschi and Chiara Graziani -- Exposing inequalities : the experience of minorities and indigenous peoples during COVID-19 emergencies / Rasha Al Saba and Samrawit Gougsa -- When emergency is permanent : Egypt's legal response to COVID-19 / Ahmed Ellaboudy -- The COVID-19 emergency : Malaysia's fragile constitutional democracy / R Rueban Balasubramaniam -- The French management of COVID-19 : normalisation of regimes of exception and degradation of the rule of law / Marie-Laure Basilien-Gainche -- The Philippines under lockdown : executive dominance and an unclear pandemic response / Maria Ela L Atienza -- All bets on the executive(s)! The Australian response to COVID-19 / Marco Rizzi and Tamara Tulich -- Lessons for a 'post-pandemic' future / Joelle Grogan and Alice Donald.

1. Whither the Arab Spring? 1. - 2. Democracy's Long Arc 14. - 3. The Former East Bloc 23. - 4. Muslim-Majority Asia 81. - 5. Latin America 120. - 6. Sub-Saharan Africa 146. - 7. The Nature of Democratic Transitions 172. - 8. The Strategic Challenges of the Arab Spring 185. - 9. Policy Recommendations 202

Introduction -- "Great games" and "small games" : the strategies and outcomes of external actors -- Russia in Central Asia : old patterns, new challenges -- China : the newcomer that made a difference -- The United States : the too distant, but unavoidable partner -- The European Union : soft power or realpolitik? -- Middle Eastern and Gulf countries seeking a role in Central Asia -- Central Asia looking east : the search for Asian dynamism -- The regional market : economic weaknesses and political blockades -- Facing globalization : strengths and weaknesses of Central Asia's economies -- The weight of the soil : the agriculture sector -- Hydrocarbons : at the core of Central Asia's international strategies -- Mineral wealth : export strategies versus state sovereignty -- A driver of development : the electricity sector -- Overcoming landlockedness : the transport challenge -- A structurally weakened industrial base -- The future of the services sector -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the authors