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Tourism and climate Change are two major contemporary phenomena wicht cross and question territories. The tourism as the model of development structures and organizes the territory for its functioning and allows to create an economic activity for the local population. When climate change, they make visible the intrinsic vulnerability of the territory by questioning the sustainability of an economic model based on the emission of greenhouse gases.The story of the French winter sports has generated Specific Model of resorts: the resort of 3rd generation, Exported abroad since the 1980s. After the Second World War, Tarentaise becomes the laboratory of experiment for the development of this specifique of resorts, even today (in 2014) eight big resorts of Tarentaise represent French 37 % of the attendance of winter sports resorts (that is 220 resorts). This Phd research thus analyzes the territorial trajectory of the resorts of high height of Tarentaise since the 1930s, as a model of development co-built by the evolutions: socioeconomic, political, environmental and climatic.To Trace and understand the different phases of the implementation of a development model on territory, allows to question its vulnerability and resilience to climate change.Climate policies such as tourism management are now territorialized, how these two dimensions are integrated at the level of a regional (Assembly Tarentaise-Vanoise) ? Non-binding territorialized climate policies, have they ability to question a only economy based on a only natural resource: the snow, the reliability is going to be increasingly problematic.First, we will examine the vulnerabilities of development models and climate problem political construction, through tourism as mountain modernization lever (Chapter 1) climate change as indicative of the development models as revelations vulnerabilities (Chapter 2) and the territories as relevance scale climate for political action (Chapter 3). Part 2 will question an Alpine development model at the intersection between societal evolution and climate change through the creation of the third-generation model of the stations and changes in the tourism strategy (Chapter 5) to lead the analysis of the vulnerability of ski resorts and territorial vulnerability (Chapter 6). Finally, the third section highlights how local climate policies strengthen winter tourism by building and strengthening a territorial level: the Tarentaise-Vanoise (Chapter 7), it can it lead to a new model? (Chapter 8). ; Les deux grands phénomènes contemporains que sont le tourisme et les changements climatiques traversent et questionnent les territoires. Le tourisme comme modèle de développement structure et organise le territoire pour son fonctionnement et permet de créer une activité économique pour la population locale. Quant aux changements climatiques, ils rendent visible la vulnérabilité intrinsèque des territoires en remettant en question la durabilité d'un modèle économique basé sur l'émission de gaz à effet de serre.L'histoire des sports d'hiver français a engendré un modèle de stations spécifique : la station de 3ème génération, exportée à l'étranger depuis les années 1980. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Tarentaise, en Savoie, devient le laboratoire d'expériences pour le développement de ce type de stations. En 2014 les huit grandes stations de Tarentaise représentent 37 % de la fréquentation des stations de sports d'hiver français (soit 220 stations). Cette recherche doctorale analyse donc la trajectoire territoriale des stations de haute altitude de Tarentaise, comme un modèle de développement à travers ses les évolutions : socioéconomiques, politiques, environnementales et climatiques.Retracer et comprendre les différentes phases de l'implantation d'un modèle de développement sur un territoire permet de questionner sa vulnérabilité et sa résilience face aux changements climatiques.Les politiques climatiques comme la gestion du tourisme sont aujourd'hui territorialisées, comment sont intégrées ces deux dimensions à l'échelle d'un Pays (l'Assemblée Tarentaise-Vanoise) ? Les politiques climatiques territoriales non contraignantes ont-elles la capacité de remettre en cause une économie unique basée sur une ressource naturelle unique : la neige, dont la fiabilité va être de plus en plus problématique ?Dans un premier temps, nous interrogerons les vulnérabilités des modèles de développement et la construction politique du problème climat, à travers le tourisme comme levier de modernisation de la montagne (Chapitre 1), les changements climatiques comme révélateurs des vulnérabilités liées aux modèles de développement (chapitre 2) et les territoires comme l'échelle de pertinence pour l'action politique climatique (chapitre 3). La partie 2 questionnera un modèle de développement alpin à l'intersection entre évolution sociétale et changements climatiques par la création du modèle des stations de 3ème génération et les évolutions de la stratégie touristique (chapitre 5) pour déboucher sur l'analyse de la vulnérabilité des stations de sports d'hiver et la vulnérabilité territoriale (Chapitre 6). Enfin la troisième partie met en avant comment les politiques climatiques territoriales renforcent le tourisme hivernal, par la construction et le renforcement d'une échelle territoriale : la Tarentaise-Vanoise (chapitre 7), celle-ci peut-elle déboucher sur un nouveau modèle ? (Chapitre 8).

From the Dust Jacket: McNarmara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam, 1965-1969, volume VI in the newly-named Secretaries of Defense Historical Series, covers the incumbency of Robert S. McNamara, as well as the brief, but significant, tenure of Clark M. Clifford. McNamara's key role in the ever-deepening U.S. involvement in Vietnam between 1965 and 1968 forms the centerpiece of the narrative. During these years, Vietnam touched every aspect of Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, determining budget priorities, provoking domestic unrest, souring relations with NATO, and complicating negotiations with the Soviet Union. McNamara's early miscalculations about Vietnam became the source of deep disappointments. Relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, never good, frayed almost to the breaking point as McNamara repeatedly rejected military advice in favor of his civilian experts. McNamara's carefully crafted plans failed, his frustrations grew, and he became estranged from the President. His private attempts to check the war's momentum contradicted his public statements supporting the military effort and tarred McNamara as a hypocrite. McNamara's successor, Clark Clifford, arrived with a reputation as a hawk, but focused most of his effort on extricating the United States from Vietnam. McNamara and Clifford presided over the Department of Defense during momentous and dangerous times. Vietnam was one of a series of wars, emergencies, and interventions involving U.S. interests. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, declining U.S. prestige and power in Europe and NATO, war in the Middle East, heightened tensions on the Korean peninsula, arms control talks with the Soviet Union, and violent protests at home competed for attention. Overseeing the Vietnam War and contending with these complex policy issues taxed even McNamara's enormous energy and brilliant intellect as he struggled to manage DoD programs. His long-cherished cost-cutting programs fell by the wayside; his favored weapons systems were swept aside; his committed efforts to limit strategic arms faltered; and his reputation was permanently tarnished. McNamara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam highlights the interaction of McNamara and Clifford with the White House, Congress, the JCS, the Department of State, and other federal agencies involved in policy formulation. The two secretaries increasingly found that the cost of winning the war became a morally prohibitive as the price of losing. ; Volumes 1-5 have series title: History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 654-671) and index. ; Arms Control : An Elusive Goal. Multilateral force ; Test ban and nonproliferation ; Threshold test ban treaty debate ; Comprehensive test ban treaty ; Nuclear nonproliferation treaty ; Arms control-through 1967 ; Arms control 1968 -- ABM: Centerpiece Of Strategic Defense. Strategic forces, 1965 ; Civil defense ; Soviet buildup ; Old bombers, new bombers, advanced bombers ; ABM debate ; To Glassboro ; Announcing the deployment of the ABM ; Clifford's approach to strategic arms -- NATO Readjustment. France secedes ; Nuclear planning group ; Flexible response ; NATO and Vietnam -- NATO: Burden-Sharing And U.S. Troop Reduction. Framing the issue ; Force structures ; Reduction of U.S. forces in Europe ; Assessing Germany's share of the load ; OSD, the JCS, and troop reductions in Germany ; Tripartite talks ; Clark Clifford and NATO ; Aftermath of Czechoslovakia -- Crisis In The Middle East. Genesis of the crisis ; Onset of an emergency ; Personal diplomacy ; To the breaking point ; Six-day war ; Arab reaction ; Attack on the Liberty and the U S -Soviet crisis ; Aftermath ; Rearming Israel -- Battle Over Military Assistance. FY 1966 MAP request ; Vietnam assistance and FY 1966 MAP ; FY 1967 MAP ; More is needed ; Export-import bank credit controversy ; FY 1969 MAP ; Final MAP proposal -- Year Of Crises. Losing H-bombs ; Pueblo and the Blue House ; Prague spring: Moscow summer ; REDCOSTE and the Czech effect -- Strategy And Cost-Effectiveness. Cost-efficient war? ; Strategic forces ; Procurement contracting impact ; Cost reduction ; Global drawdown ; Conclusion. ; Movers and Shakers. DoD's senior leadership ; Civilian-military divide ; Commander in chief ; National security policymaking apparatus ; Mastering the Pentagon -- Vietnam : Escalation Without Mobilization. Pondering escalation ; Hidden escalation ; More troops, more money ; Enemy dictates the course of action ; McNamara's 180-degree turn ; Conflicting assessments ; President's decision -- Air War Against North Vietnam, 1965-1966. Targeting North Vietnam ; Rolling thunder ; Working toward an extended bombing pause ; Resuming rolling thunder ; POL debate ; Rolling thunder: indecision, discord, and escalation -- Paying For A War: Budgets, Supplements, And Estimates, 1965-1967. FY 1966 defense budget ; 1965 supplemental ; August supplemental amendment to the 1966 budget ; FY 1966 supplemental ; FY 1967 defense budget ; Vietnam spending and the economy -- Vietnam: Escalating A Ground War, July 1965-July 1967. Planning a ground war ; Hard choices ; Cost-effective deployments ; Barrier concept ; More troops, more questions ; Search for a winning formula -- More Than Expected: Supplementals And Budgets, 1966-1968. Enacting the FY 1966 supplemental ; FY 1967 defense budget ; Need for a FY 1967 supplemental budget ; Price of escalation ; Enacting the FY 1967 supplemental ; FY 1968 budget request ; Defending the FY 1968 budget -- Vietnam: An Endless War, 1967-1968. Accelerating troop deployments ; Shaping public opinion ; Manning the barrier ; Khe Sanh ; Tet offensive ; New secretary ; Ground war grinds on ; Settling in or getting out ; Fighting while negotiating -- Air War Against North Vietnam: Escalation To Cessation, 1967-1968. State of the air war at the outset of 1967 ; Targeting debate ; Rift widens ; Pennsylvania initiative ; After tet -- Bills Come Due: Budgets And Supplementals, 1968-1970. Final FY 1968 defense budget ; How big a tax increase? ; Proposed FY 1969 budget submission ; Juggling the numbers ; Passage of the FY 1968 SEA supplemental ; Enactment of the FY 1969 budget ; FY 1970 defense budget -- Home Front. Conscripts and volunteers: lower standards, greater inequality ; Project 100,000 ; Race and casualties ; Burning cities: rising protest ; March on the Pentagon ; 1968 riots -- Another Cuba?. Intervention in the Dominican Republic ; Justifying intervention ; Operational plans and planning operations ; Perils of peacekeeping ; Withdrawal ; From the Dust Jacket: McNarmara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam, 1965-1969, volume VI in the newly-named Secretaries of Defense Historical Series, covers the incumbency of Robert S. McNamara, as well as the brief, but significant, tenure of Clark M. Clifford. McNamara's key role in the ever-deepening U.S. involvement in Vietnam between 1965 and 1968 forms the centerpiece of the narrative. During these years, Vietnam touched every aspect of Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, determining budget priorities, provoking domestic unrest, souring relations with NATO, and complicating negotiations with the Soviet Union. McNamara's early miscalculations about Vietnam became the source of deep disappointments. Relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, never good, frayed almost to the breaking point as McNamara repeatedly rejected military advice in favor of his civilian experts. McNamara's carefully crafted plans failed, his frustrations grew, and he became estranged from the President. His private attempts to check the war's momentum contradicted his public statements supporting the military effort and tarred McNamara as a hypocrite. McNamara's successor, Clark Clifford, arrived with a reputation as a hawk, but focused most of his effort on extricating the United States from Vietnam. McNamara and Clifford presided over the Department of Defense during momentous and dangerous times. Vietnam was one of a series of wars, emergencies, and interventions involving U.S. interests. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, declining U.S. prestige and power in Europe and NATO, war in the Middle East, heightened tensions on the Korean peninsula, arms control talks with the Soviet Union, and violent protests at home competed for attention. Overseeing the Vietnam War and contending with these complex policy issues taxed even McNamara's enormous energy and brilliant intellect as he struggled to manage DoD programs. His long-cherished cost-cutting programs fell by the wayside; his favored weapons systems were swept aside; his committed efforts to limit strategic arms faltered; and his reputation was permanently tarnished. McNamara, Clifford and the Burdens of Vietnam highlights the interaction of McNamara and Clifford with the White House, Congress, the JCS, the Department of State, and other federal agencies involved in policy formulation. The two secretaries increasingly found that the cost of winning the war became a morally prohibitive as the price of losing. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Organisational Psychology's focus on the formal business setting has resulted in the discipline limiting its potential contribution to and relevance in broader society. To address this shortfall this study was conducted in the paratransit industry, which is the largest contributor to the informal economy in South Africa. It is based on the argument that by applying discipline specific knowledge, Organisational Psychology may have the potential to assist in transforming the culture in the paratransit industry, a culture which has been described as violent, aggressive and undemocratic. As culture can shift through industry-leader driven changes in values, the first step was to understand what values are held by leaders within the paratransit industry. The second step was to find ways in which to shift values. Using Schwartz's (1992) Theory of Basic Human Values as theoretical framework, this dissertation consequently served to surface the values among paratransit operators which may underlie the violent and aggressive culture in the Cape Town paratransit industry. Secondly, it sought to determine if value shifts may be achieved through formal business skills capacity training. To this end, the extent to which paratransit operators who had participated in such a training programme demonstrated different values to non-participant paratransit operators was assessed. By employing a quasi-experimental post-test design participants (n = 46) and non-participants (n = 46) in a particular three-year capacity-building programme responded to Schwartz et al.'s (2001) Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ), which assesses the universal value dimensions stipulated by Schwartz (1992), as well as to additional scales assessing trust in the City of Cape Town (CoCT) and Transport for Cape Town (TCT). The sample valued universalism, benevolence, conformity and security – values that are not generally associated with violent, aggressive and undemocratic behaviour. Power, on the other hand, was neither valued nor not valued although it had been expected to be espoused strongly. The only result in line with expectations was that participants valued stimulation to some extent. Participants indicated trust in the CoCT and TCT. While training participants and non-participant paratransit operators did not differ significantly in the degree to which they espoused the different values and their degree of trust in the two transport authorities, the effect sizes for the differences in conformity, power, security, and universalism as well as trust in the two transport authorities were meaningful. It needs to be noted, though, that a number of limitations in the study design, particularly that no pre-intervention data was available, means that it is not possible to assess if the values of paratransit operators had shifted over the duration of the programme. Consequently, one cannot be certain that such a programme is an effective means of shifting espoused values. If, however, the values espoused by participants in this study are a reflection of reality, then paratransit operators endorse values that lend themselves to the formation of a non-aggressive and democratic culture. Organisational psychologists can assist in bringing about a positive shift to the operating culture of the paratransit industry by translating these value-conform behaviours shown towards drivers and by encouraging similar behaviour in their work and over time, these minibus-taxi drivers may shift their values and behaviours in turn. From a theoretical perspective, the findings on the dimensionality of the PVQ in the sample suggest that even though Schwartz (1992) assumed the value dimensions in the Theory of Human Values to be universal, what indicates each of these value dimensions is context dependent. This calls into question the universal applicability of the PVQ as a measurement tool for these values. The relative endorsement of value dimensions in relation to each other, however, was found to be in line with Schwartz's (1992) assumptions.

The second Punic war is a relatively well-known episode from Roman history. Reliable, detailed ancient sources such as Livy and Polybius, however, don't say much on the topic of Hannibal's provisions from his native Carthage. One of the questions related to the provisions is where Hannibal's elephants came from after the battle of Cannae, as after traversing the Etrurian swamp Hannibal only had one elephant left (Livy XXII 2). Immediately after the victory at Cannae Hannibal sends a delegation requesting logistics and the Carthaginian senate decides to send him military aid, among which were 4000 Numidians and 40 elephants (Livy XXIII 11-13). In the meantime, Hannibal penetrates Campania already accompanied by elephants at the Siege of Casilinum (Livy XXIII 18). The authors of this paper believe that Hannibal's path to Cannae was part of a premeditated military plan, according to which the Carthaginian army needed to pick up supplies near Cannae, with the Liburnians playing an important role in opening channels of communication and supplies. Several facts support this theory, most importantly the following: – one of the few suitable ports that Hannibal could count upon to be less guarded by the Romans than more northern ports, such as Ariminum, is found near Cannae; – an enormous amount of money from Africa is in circulation in Liburnia right at the time of the war with Hannibal; It is known that political entities on the eastern coast of the Adriatic had an anti-Roman political agenda during the time of the second Punic war, coordinating themselves with Macedonia among others, which became an ally of Hannibal and with which Rome went to war in 214 B.C, with which the two Illyrian wars right before and right after the war with Hannibal are related. The authors believe that the sources point to a sort of coalition for transport, trade and communication between Hannibal, the Liburnians and Carthage, which should be viewed in the context of the operations of the anti-Roman coalition of political entities on the eastern shores of the Adriatic. ; Drugi punski rat relativno je dobro poznata epizoda iz rimske povijesti. Ipak, inače pouzdani, pa i dosta detaljni antički izvori – prije svega Livije i Polibije – ne govore detaljno o Hanibalovoj komunikaciji i opskrbi iz matične Kartage. Jedno od pitanja vezanih uz opskrbu je odakle Hanibalu slonovi nakon bitke kod Kane. Naime, nakon prolaska kroz etrurske močvare Hanibalu je ostao samo jedan slon (Livije XXII 2). Odmah nakon pobjede kod Kane, Hanibal u Kartagu šalje izaslanstvo s molbom za logistiku i kartaški senat mu odluči poslati vojnu pomoć, među ostalim 4000 Numiđana i 40 slonova (Livije XXIII 11-13). U međuvremenu Hanibal prodire u Kampaniju i tamo već u opsadi Casilinuma ima slonove (Livije XXIII 18). Autori članka smatraju da je Hanibalov put jadranskom obalom prema Kani, nakon bitke kod Trazimenskoga jezera, dio unaprijed smišljenoga vojnog plana, prema kojem se kartaška vojska trebala opskrbiti upravo kod Kane, i da su pritom u ostvarivanju komunikacije i opskrbljivanju značajnu ulogu trebali odigrati Liburni. Tomu u prilog govori nekoliko činjenica, prije svega ove: – kod Kane je jedna od rijetkih prikladnih luka za koje je Hanibal mogao računati da će ih Rimljani manje štititi nego sjevernije luke, npr. Ariminij; – na području Liburnije upravo u vrijeme rata s Hanibalom kola iznimno mnogo afričkoga novca. Autorice smatraju da izvori upućuju na svojevrstan saveznički transportno- trgovinsko-komunikacijski odnos između Hanibala, Liburna i Kartage koji treba dodatno sagledati u kontekstu djelovanja proturimske koalicije političkih tvorevina na istočnoj obali Jadrana.

In the house of artistically gifted family Nastasijević where renowned Belgrade artists used to gather together during the twenties and thirties of the previous century, music was nothing but an excuse for regular meetings. The art of sound represented a backbone of one system of poetics in the shaping of which Nastasijević brothers as well as their close contemporaries and faithful friends truly found the common ground. Rethinking the music phenomenon brought them close to their otherwise remote relatives by thought - to Greek philosophers, but also to French and especially Russian symbolists whose opinions they shared. A pursue for, on one hand, an authentically native but, on the other, cosmopolitan spirit and universal values, marked the creative output of Momčilo, a writer and a pivot of Nastasijević family, but also the overall creative engagement of his brothers. They all shared common aesthetic standards, attempting to apply these in their respective artistic media as well as in synergy, in their joint ventures. In music dramas entitled Međuluško blago and Đurađ Branković, for which Momčilo wrote the script and Svetomir composed the music, the brothers tried to transform into deeds the Nastasijević-like convictions regarding music. The aim was to re-find and turn a native - homeland melody into sound. This melody represented a 'golden ratio point' in which all arts meet; it is a kind of a spiritual totality embodying one form of spiritual existence which cannot be reached otherwise but from the 'homeland soil'. They believed they would reach the archetype of national identity and, at the same time, of the universal being by harking at and perpetual crying for the forgotten sound of words. Momčilo's poetic concept demanded necessary interventions in respect to the dramatic genre. In his essay Dramsko stvaralaštvo i pozorište kod nas, he unequivocally opposed to what he argued to be a decadent and artistically senseless Serbian stage, a place wherefrom an individual and the world he lives in are being superficially analyzed, a place that only serves for mass entertainment, propagation of political and social convictions, and which in its character is getting closer to movie industry. By discarding realistic procédé, the poet reached for a myth in Međuluško blago whereas in Đurađ Branković he turned to historical themes. In both of these he delved deep in the essence of drama. His poetic expression had therefore to become dense, more a premonition than a statement, so that it necessarily needed melody as an attribute. Music is a pivot of Međuluško blago, which Nastasijević brothers emphasized to be not an opera, or Wagnerian music drama, but a drama meant for being interpreted through singing and nothing but singing. The drama is a music one because the very storyline and the characters' words were supposed to emanate music expression, and music was to drive the characters to a tragic conflict and actualize the antique fatum that permeated, resonated in and guided all creatures. The words and the melody were meant to be inseparable in Đurađ Branković music drama as well. To what extent their music works actualized what the 'Nastasijević manifesto' theoretically proclaimed is to be left to be considered in some other topical study. ; Dvojica braće Nastasijevića, pesnik Momčilo i kompozitor Svetomir, delili su zajednički umetnički koncept, koji su nastojali da sprovedu u, takođe zajedničkim, muzičkim dramama Međuluško blago i Đurađ Branković. U radu su predstavljene osnovne ideje 'nastasijevićevske' poetike, u kojoj je ponovno iznalaženje i ozvučenje maternje - rodne melodije bio cilj kojem su u pomenutim dramama Nastasijevići težili.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines palliative care as 'an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.' 1 This includes a wide variety of situations such as chronic illness and end-of-life care. 2 Palliative care is usually performed in-hospital. However, emergency medical services (EMS) often encounter patients requiring palliative care as these patients may have acute exacerbations of illness, progress towards end-of-life or require transport to a medical facility. 3-9 Thus, there is a role for palliative care in the pre-hospital setting. EMS providers are uniquely positioned to deliver this care in the pre-hospital setting as they are often the first point of medical contact. 10 This has great potential benefit for patient comfort, early identification and relief of suffering and earlier referral to hospice care. 10, 11 Despite this unique position there is an overall lack of guidance within EMS systems to manage palliative patients. 5, 6, 10 In the United States of America (USA), for example, only 5-6% of EMS systems have protocols for palliative care. 6, 10 In addition, there is no specific pre-hospital emergency care curricula on the subject, resulting in a lack of education and training for EMS providers. 3-5, 12, 13 This may stem from the historical focus of EMS training which primarily involves immediate measures to preserve life or limb until definitive care is reached. 11 This focus has resulted in an EMS ethos of 'saving lives.' 5, 12 Palliative care, on the other hand, is not focussed on 'saving lives', but rather the prevention and relief of suffering. 1 Therefore, palliative care may seem to conflict with emergency care, placing EMS providers in difficult situations when confronted with palliative care patients. 8, 12, 14 South Africa itself faces what has been termed a "quadruple burden of disease" due to communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, high maternal and paediatric mortality rates, non-communicable disease as well as injury. 15 The large number of patients suffering from these diseases and the life-limiting complications thereof, results in increased need for palliative care in the country as noted by the South African Minister of Health. 16 Access to health care for patients suffering from these diseases is a further challenge in the Sub-Saharan African setting. 17, 18, 19 In South Africa, EMS are often contacted 3 by those without access to transport to provide this service. 20 Thus, South African EMS providers may frequently encounter not only high acuity emergency patients, but many ill HIV/AIDS, cancer and other chronically ill patients requiring palliative care who are unable to access healthcare via alternative means. 21 European studies have found that approximately 3-5% of all pre-hospital calls involve palliative care situations. 2, 22, 23 With the quadruple burden of disease and limited access in the South African setting, this percentage is likely higher as these factors result in increased frequency of contact between EMS providers and patients requiring palliative care. Although EMS providers in South Africa manage palliative patients in the prehospital setting, to our knowledge, no research has been produced in the (South) African setting regarding prehospital palliative care. Outside of Africa literature has been produced but is limited. This literature review discusses paramedic perceptions of prehospital palliative care, prehospital palliative care patient management and legislation concerning prehospital palliative care. Finally, expert opinion pieces and recommendations are reviewed.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to deepen the understanding of nursing care for seriously ill patients on the edge of life in intensive care unit (ICU) and nursing home when questions were raised whether to withhold or withdraw curative treatment. Method: All studies were conducted in a qualitative frame of reference with interviews of nurses in two contexts in Norway; group interviews of 14 nurses in an ICU (study I, III), and individual interviews of 14 nurses in two nursing homes (study II, IV). Data were analysed with interpretative phenomenology (I, III, IV) and phenomenography (II). Findings: The nurses' descriptions of the patients on the edge of life were interpreted as 'being in a twilight zone', a state between living and dying. The patients' situation were understood to be very burdensome as they were mostly 'voiceless' and unable to call for, or refuse help and totally surrendered to other people's devices. Their state was strained by extensive suffering; pains and bodily afflictions, loneliness, confusion and without control and dignity (I). Their need for nursing care was comprehensive (I, II) with an overall need for dignity (II), which included having the needs for preparedness, human relationship, comfort and safety met (II). The patients' inabilities to express themselves clearly involved major challenges for nursing care (I - IV). Good nursing care was described as caring for the individual patient based on his/her situation and needs. The nurses experienced themselves to be of imperative importance for the patient's living or dying (III, IV) and their interpretation of the patient's condition was crucial (III). Their commitment and drive to help was high, they knew what good nursing care was for the patients (I - IV), and they were proud when they succeeded in their care (III, IV). An outstanding finding was the nurses' experiences of ambiguity of both certainty and uncertainty. Being certain mostly seemed to concern nursing care related to the patient's needs and situation (I, II), and uncertainty to what was 'right' to do with regards to withholding or withdrawing treatment (III, IV). They often experienced loneliness, too much responsibility, a vulnerable professional pride, and being pulled between opposite poles when they struggled to give good nursing care (I - IV), but too often they failed (II, IV). This demanding situation sometimes led to the nurses' use of several self-protecting strategies. Whether the patients could receive good nursing care or not did not only depend on the single nurse, but was also anchored in opportunities and hindrances on a relational and an organisational level (I – IV). There were many congruities in patterns in the experiences of ICU - and nursing - home - nurses with regards to the situation and needs of patients on the edge of life, and good nursing care. Congruities were also found regarding being a nurse when caring for these patients, and nurses' opportunities and hindrances for carrying out good nursing care. Conclusion: This thesis shows that nursing care was experienced as being of crucial importance to the patients on the edge of life, and the nurses knew very well what good nursing care was for them. However, the nurses' opportunities to perform good nursing care depended on several preconditions and were restricted by hindrances on different levels, which have to be overcome in order to fulfil patients' needs and nurses' ambitions of giving good nursing care. As such, this thesis highlights a wide-ranging understanding of nursing care for these patients, which should challenge individual nurses, but also other health care workers, leaders and politicians.

Dans les régions de productions animales intensives, l'élimination des déjections constitue un problème crucial, en raison principalement des risques de pollution des eaux par les nitrates et de l'air par l'ammoniac. On a envisagé récemment, comme alternative ou en complément du traitement des effluents, des solutions préventives visant à réduire les rejets azotés à la source. Il s'agit principalement de mieux adapter l'apport protéique de l'aliment et d'améliorer les performances des animaux. Dans le contexte de la nouvelle politique agricole commune (PAC), nous avons tenté d'évaluer le coût de cette approche préventive. Les résultats montrent que la réforme de la PAC induit des modifications importantes dans la formulation des régimes. On constate ainsi une réduction de 1 à 1,5 point de la teneur en protéines des aliments qui s'accompagne d'une diminution de l'excrétion azotée de 0,2 à 0,4 kg/porc. Cependant, cette évolution est très sensible aux rapports de prix entre sources de protéines et d'énergie. La modification de la conduite de l'alimentation permet de réduire le rejet azoté jusqu'à 500 g/porc, tout en réduisant le coût " matières premières " de l'aliment de 8 à 13 F/porc (3 à 5%). Mais cette approche induit des investissements supplémentaires au niveau de l'élevage en terme de stockage et de distribution d'aliment. L'amélioration de l'équilibre du régime en acides aminés s'accompagne d'une augmentation du coût alimentaire d'autant plus importante que l'on s'éloigne de la solution optimale. Une réduction du rejet azoté de 500 g/porc entraîne ainsi un coût supplémentaire de 2 à 4 F /porc. Si l'on combine l'amélioration de la stratégie d'alimentation et l'amélioration de l'équilibre protéique du régime, on peut réduire le rejet azoté d'environ 20 à 25 % sans augmenter significativement le coût matières premières de l'aliment. ; In regions where intensive animal production is found, the management and disposal of manure directly affects the extent and the risk of water pollution by nitrates and air pollution by ammonia. As an alternative or complement to the treatment of effluents, solutions have been sought to reduce nitrogen pollution at its source of production. One approach that has been pursued has been to better adapt protein available in feeds to animal needs. In the context of the reformed CAP, this paper presents an evaluation of the cost of such a preventive approach to nitrogen pollution control. The results show that the CAP reform has introduced important modifications in the formulation of feed rations. A 1 to 1.5 point reduction in the protein content of feeds is estimated to result in a diminution of nitrogen excretion by pigs in the range of between .2 to .4 kg/pig. Further, it is shown that these results are very sensitive to the relationship between the prices of protein and energy. Modifications in the feeding strategy (number of diets) induce a decrease in nitrogen excretion in the range of 500 g/pig, as well as a reduction in the cost of the feedstuffs by 8 to 13 FF/pig (3-5%). However, this approach requires supplementary investments at the farm level for storage and distribution of the feeds. The improvement of the amino acid balance of the diet is generally associated with an increase in total feed costs. It is estimated that a reduction in nitrogen output by 500 g/pig would involve additional costs of 2 to 4 FF/pig. Jointly considering the benefits of improved feeding program and the improved protein balance, it is clear that nitrogen production can be reduced about 20 to 25 %, without substantilly increasing the cost of primary feed ingredients.

1925 yılında Musul Meselesi aleyhine sonuçlanmış olan Türkiye, enerjide dışa olan bağımlılığını azaltmak için petrol arama çalışmalarına ağırlık vermiştir. Petrol arama çalışmalarını kendi içerisinde iki dönemde ele almak gereklidir. Birinci dönem; petrol sahalarının tespiti sürecinin yaşandığı jeolojik etüt çalışmalarıdır. Başlangıçta Lüksemburglu Dr. Michel Lucius, 1929 yılından sonra ise ABD'de yaşayan mühendis Cevat Eyüp Taşman'ın Türkiye'ye gelmesi üzerine O'nun öncülüğünde jeolojik etüt çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Etüt çalışmaları Hükümet adına yapıldığı gibi yerli sermayedarlar ve yabancı şirketler de Hükümetten aldıkları izin üzerine bu petrol arama çalışmalarına katılmışlardır. Petrol arama çalışmalarının ilk günlerinde gerek kanuni altyapının bulunmaması gerekse kurumsal birikimin olmaması nedeniyle bu yöndeki eksiklikler de giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yapılan etüt çalışmaları ve zaman içerisinde petrol arama çalışmalarının kurumsal bir kimlik kazanması üzerine petrol arama çalışmalarında ikinci dönem başlamıştır. Bu dönemde ise eldeki veriler eşliğinde petrol bölgesi olduğu düşünülen yerlerde sondaj çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Dönemin İktisat Vekili Celal Bayar'ın da hazır bulunduğu bir törenle Mardin ili Midyat ilçesi Basbirin bölgesinde ilk sondaj kuyusu açılmıştır. 13 Ekim 1934 tarihinde başlatılan sondaj çalışmaları neticesinde Basbirin-1 ismi verilen kuyuda petrol emarelerine rastlanılmışsa da bu petrolün ekonomik bir değeri olmadığı gerekçesiyle 15 Haziran 1936'da sondaj kuyusu kapatılmıştır. Basbirin bölgesinden sonra Midyat ilçesindeki Hermis ve Kerbent bölgelerinde sondaj çalışmalarına devam edilmiştir. Sondaj çalışmalarından sonuç alınamaması üzerine Türkiye'nin ekonomik değerli ilk petrol kuyularının açılacağı Raman Dağı'nda çalışmaların devam etmesi kararlaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; 1940 yılında Siirt vilayeti Beşiri İlçesi İluh (Batman) nahiyesinde ekonomik değer teşkil eden ilk petrol kaynakları tespit edilene kadar ki süreçte Türkiye'nin petrol arama çalışmalarını ortaya koymaktır ; Turkey, in 1925, as the Mosul issue resulted against it, in order to reduce its dependence on foreign energy, has focused on oil exploration. It is necessary to consider oil exploration in two different periods. First period was the period in which geological survey of oil fields was performed. Originally, the exploration activities started with Michel Lucius from Luxembourg, but after 1929, continued with Engineer Mr. Cevat Eyüp Taşman who came to Turkey from the United States. New geological survey work has been performed under his leadership. The survey studies have been performed on behalf of the government but it was also possible for local investors and foreign companies to participate in these oil exploration works upon the permission received from the government. Due to the lack of legal infrastructure and corporate know-how during the first days of the oil exploration efforts, such deficiencies have also been tried to be eliminated during the process. As a result of the survey studies made and as the oil exploration work gained an institutional identity, the second period in oil exploration has started. In this period, drilling operations were carried out in the areas where it was thought to contain oil pursuant to the available data. The first borehole was drilled in the Basbirin region of Midyat district of Mardin province with a ceremony with the presence of Celal Bayar who was the Deputy Minister of Economy at the time. As a result of the drilling operations initiated on October 13th, 1934, even though traces of oil were encountered in the well known as Basbirin-1, this borehole was closed on June 15th, 1936, on the grounds that the oil in it had no economic value. After the Basbirin region, drilling operations were continued in the Hermis and Kerbent regions of Midyat. Upon the lack of positive results from these drillings, it was decided to continue the exploration surveys at Mount Raman, which was going to be the region where Turkey's first economically viable oil wells were to be established. The purpose of this study is to reveal the oil exploration attempts of Turkey throughout the process until the first economically viable oil resources were found in İluh (Batman) sub-district of Beşiri district of Siirt province in 1940.

La violencia sexual varía dramáticamente de una guerra a otra, y, en ocasiones, de un grupo armado a otro dentro de una misma guerra. Sin embargo, en algunos conflictos la violencia sexual perpetrada por determinados grupos armados es especialmente limitada, pese a que estos cometen otro tipo de violencia contra civiles. Ciertos grupos cometen actos de violencia sexual solo contra mujeres, mientras que otros también lo hacen contra hombres. Los científicos sociales están documentando y analizando con una frecuencia cada vez mayor esta variación en los patrones de violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra, particularmente en cuanto a las distintas dimensiones de violencia (su forma, frecuencia, blancos y propósitos), así como en lo referente a los cambios en estos cuatro patrones a través del tiempo. Por tal razón, en este texto, en primer lugar, introduzco conceptos clave, incluyendo estas cuatro dimensiones y el concepto de violencia sexual como práctica (un patrón que no es ordenado pero sí tolerado por los comandantes, y que ocurre tanto en casos en los que hay beneficios estratégicos como en los que no los hay). Después, resumo brevemente las investigaciones recientes que documentan patrones de violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra. Tras mostrar que muchos abordajes presentes en la literatura publicada no dan cuenta de la variación observada –de hecho, muchos predicen más violencia sexual que los trágicos niveles observados–, propongo un marco teórico centrado en las dinámicas internas de los grupos armados. Luego, analizo las condiciones en las cuales los grupos armados no llevan a cabo violaciones, aquellas en las que realizan violaciones estratégicas y aquellas en las que las violaciones se cometen como práctica. A lo largo del artículo, me valgo de hallazgos recientes en la literatura de las ciencias sociales, algunos de ellos todavía no publicados. Concluyo con la implicación de este análisis para la formulación de políticas públicas: la variación observada en la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra, particularmente la ausencia relativa de este tipo de violencia por parte de muchos grupos armados, indica que la violación no es inevitable en la guerra. ; Sexual violence varies widely from one war to another, and sometimes from onearmed group to another within the same war. However, in some conflicts the sexual violence committed by certain armed groups is particularly limited, even though these groups engage in other types of violence against civilians. Some groups commit act sof sexual violence only against women, where as others also commit them against men. Social scientists have increasingly been documenting and analyzing these differentpatterns of sexual violence in times of war, particularly in terms of the different dimensions of violence (its form, frequency, targets and purposes), as well as in terms ofchanges in these four patterns over time. Firstly I introduce key concepts, including these four dimensions and the concept of sexual violence as a practice (a practice thatis not ordered but that is tolerated by the commanders, and which takes place bothin cases where it offers strategic benefits and where it does not). Afterwards I briefly summarize recent research that documents the patterns of violence during times ofwar. After showing that many of the approaches found in published literature do not explain the observed changes —in fact, many predict more sexual violence tan the tragic levels that were actually observed— I propose a theoretical framework that focuses on the internal dynamics of the armed groups. Then I analyze the conditionsunder which armed groups do not engage in rape, those where rape is performed in astrategic manner, and those where rape is performed as a practice. Throughout this chapter I rely on recent findings in social sciences literature, some of which have notyet been published. I conclude by discussing the implications of this analysis for publicpolicy: the changes found in sexual violence during times of war, and particularly the relative absence of this type of violence in many armed groups, implies that rape isnot inevitable in war. ; A violência sexual varia dramaticamente de uma guerra a outra, e, em ocasiões, de um grupo armado a outro dentro de uma mesma guerra. No entanto, em alguns conflitos, a violência sexual perpetrada por determinados grupos armados é especialmente limitada, embora eles cometam outro tipo de violência contra civis. Alguns grupos cometem atos de violência sexual só contra mulheres, enquanto outros também o fazem contra homens. Os científicos sociais estão documentando e analizando com uma frequência cada vez maior, esta variação nos padrões de violência sexual na época de guerra, particularmente em quanto às diferentes dimensões de violencia (sua forma, frequência, alvos e propósitos), assim como no referente às mudanças nestes quatro padrões através do tempo. Por esta razão, neste texto, em primeiro lugar, introduzo conceptos chave, incluindo estas quatro dimensões e o concepto de violencia sexual como prática (um padrão que não é ordenado, mas sim tolerado pelos comandantes, e que ocorre tanto em casos no que tem benefícios estratégicos quanto nos que não tem). Depois, resumo brevemente as pesquisas recientes que documentam padrões de violência sexual em tempos de guerra. Depois de mostrar que muitas abordagens presentes na literatura publicada não dão conta da variação observada, —de fato muitos predizem mais violência sexual que os trágicos níveis observados—, proponho um marco teórico centrado nas dinâmicas internas dos grupos armados. Depois, analiso as condições nas quais os grupos armados na realizam estupros, aquelas nas que realizam estupros estratégicos e aquelas nas que os estupros se cometem como prática. Ao longo do artigo, aproveito as descobertas recentes na literatura das ciencias sociais, algumas delas ainda não públicas: a variação observada na violência sexual na época de guerra, particularmente a ausência relativa deste tipo de violência por parte de muitos grupos armados, indica que o estupro não é inevitável na guerra.

La violencia sexual varía dramáticamente de una guerra a otra, y, en ocasiones, de un grupo armado a otro dentro de una misma guerra. Sin embargo, en algunos conflictos la violencia sexual perpetrada por determinados grupos armados es especialmente limitada, pese a que estos cometen otro tipo de violencia contra civiles. Ciertos grupos cometen actos de violencia sexual solo contra mujeres, mientras que otros también lo hacen contra hombres. Los científicos sociales están documentando y analizando con una frecuencia cada vez mayor esta variación en los patrones de violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra, particularmente en cuanto a las distintas dimensiones de violencia (su forma, frecuencia, blancos y propósitos), así como en lo referente a los cambios en estos cuatro patrones a través del tiempo. Por tal razón, en este texto, en primer lugar, introduzco conceptos clave, incluyendo estas cuatro dimensiones y el concepto de violencia sexual como práctica (un patrón que no es ordenado pero sí tolerado por los comandantes, y que ocurre tanto en casos en los que hay beneficios estratégicos como en los que no los hay). Después, resumo brevemente las investigaciones recientes que documentan patrones de violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra. Tras mostrar que muchos abordajes presentes en la literatura publicada no dan cuenta de la variación observada –de hecho, muchos predicen más violencia sexual que los trágicos niveles observados–, propongo un marco teórico centrado en las dinámicas internas de los grupos armados. Luego, analizo las condiciones en las cuales los grupos armados no llevan a cabo violaciones, aquellas en las que realizan violaciones estratégicas y aquellas en las que las violaciones se cometen como práctica. A lo largo del artículo, me valgo de hallazgos recientes en la literatura de las ciencias sociales, algunos de ellos todavía no publicados. Concluyo con la implicación de este análisis para la formulación de políticas públicas: la variación observada en la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra, particularmente la ausencia relativa de este tipo de violencia por parte de muchos grupos armados, indica que la violación no es inevitable en la guerra. ; A violência sexual varia dramaticamente de uma guerra a outra, e, em ocasiões, de um grupo armado a outro dentro de uma mesma guerra. No entanto, em alguns conflitos, a violência sexual perpetrada por determinados grupos armados é especialmente limitada, embora eles cometam outro tipo de violência contra civis. Alguns grupos cometem atos de violência sexual só contra mulheres, enquanto outros também o fazem contra homens. Os científicos sociais estão documentando e analizando com uma frequência cada vez maior, esta variação nos padrões de violência sexual na época de guerra, particularmente em quanto às diferentes dimensões de violencia (sua forma, frequência, alvos e propósitos), assim como no referente às mudanças nestes quatro padrões através do tempo. Por esta razão, neste texto, em primeiro lugar, introduzo conceptos chave, incluindo estas quatro dimensões e o concepto de violencia sexual como prática (um padrão que não é ordenado, mas sim tolerado pelos comandantes, e que ocorre tanto em casos no que tem benefícios estratégicos quanto nos que não tem). Depois, resumo brevemente as pesquisas recientes que documentam padrões de violência sexual em tempos de guerra. Depois de mostrar que muitas abordagens presentes na literatura publicada não dão conta da variação observada, —de fato muitos predizem mais violência sexual que os trágicos níveis observados—, proponho um marco teórico centrado nas dinâmicas internas dos grupos armados. Depois, analiso as condições nas quais os grupos armados na realizam estupros, aquelas nas que realizam estupros estratégicos e aquelas nas que os estupros se cometem como prática. Ao longo do artigo, aproveito as descobertas recentes na literatura das ciencias sociais, algumas delas ainda não públicas: a variação observada na violência sexual na época de guerra, particularmente a ausência relativa deste tipo de violência por parte de muitos grupos armados, indica que o estupro não é inevitável na guerra. ; Sexual violence varies widely from one war to another, and sometimes from onearmed group to another within the same war. However, in some conflicts the sexual violence committed by certain armed groups is particularly limited, even though these groups engage in other types of violence against civilians. Some groups commit act sof sexual violence only against women, where as others also commit them against men. Social scientists have increasingly been documenting and analyzing these differentpatterns of sexual violence in times of war, particularly in terms of the different dimensions of violence (its form, frequency, targets and purposes), as well as in terms ofchanges in these four patterns over time. Firstly I introduce key concepts, including these four dimensions and the concept of sexual violence as a practice (a practice thatis not ordered but that is tolerated by the commanders, and which takes place bothin cases where it offers strategic benefits and where it does not). Afterwards I briefly summarize recent research that documents the patterns of violence during times ofwar. After showing that many of the approaches found in published literature do not explain the observed changes —in fact, many predict more sexual violence tan the tragic levels that were actually observed— I propose a theoretical framework that focuses on the internal dynamics of the armed groups. Then I analyze the conditionsunder which armed groups do not engage in rape, those where rape is performed in astrategic manner, and those where rape is performed as a practice. Throughout this chapter I rely on recent findings in social sciences literature, some of which have notyet been published. I conclude by discussing the implications of this analysis for publicpolicy: the changes found in sexual violence during times of war, and particularly the relative absence of this type of violence in many armed groups, implies that rape isnot inevitable in war.

Анализируются механизмы и способы электоральной мобилизации, используемые российскими политическими партиями на региональном уровне (на примере Республики Башкортостан). Предметом исследования является партийная мобилизация, которая представляется важнейшим инструментом электоральной мобилизации, но при этом используется и властью, и гражданским обществом недостаточно эффективно. Целью статьи является исследование избирательных кампаний политических партий в Республике Башкортостан посредством анализа лозунгов и слоганов, используемых ими на федеральных и муниципальных выборах в сентябре 2016 г. Основными методами исследования являются наблюдение, сбор полученных данных и метод анализа полученных эмпирических данных. Отмечается, что особенностью избирательной кампании в сентябре 2016 г. в Башкортостане стало совмещение выборов разных уровней: федерального в Государственную Думу Федерального Собрания и местного в представительные органы местного самоуправления Республики Башкортостан. Поэтому агитационные кампании на федеральных и на муниципальных выборах у партий в Башкортостане являлись взаимоувязанными и взаимоусиливали друг друга. Акцентируется внимание на том, что средствами электоральной мобилизации, традиционно используемыми в агитационной кампании, являются лозунги и слоганы. При этом их следует воспринимать как инструмент из арсенала рекламы. Агитационное послание при помощи слогана или лозунг воздействуют на получателя за счет информации, позитивно позиционирующей тот или иной политический объект. То есть слоган или лозунг представляют собой типичное проявление политической рекламы, активно используемой в период избирательной кампании. Делается вывод, что большинство партий минимизировали свои затраты на мобилизационную политику в регионах, ограничившись слоганами, которые используются в ходе федеральной кампании. В первую очередь, это касается партии «Единая Россия». Агитация партий «Справедливая Россия», ЛДПР, КПРФ и «Яблоко» направлена на мобилизацию главным образом горожан. При этом лозунги ЛДПР представляются более удачными, так как они имеют четкое представление о том, на какую аудиторию рассчитаны и каково место партии в региональной партийной системеThe article analyzes the mechanisms and methods of electoral mobilization used by Russian political parties at the regional level (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan). The party represents an important tool for electoral mobilization, which, nevertheless, is used by the power and civil society inefficiently. We need to revitalize the party organizations on the ground, where they could realize their ideas, bring them to life and find their supporters and activists. Such parties would have found their place in the regional or municipal political arena, especially as currently the major parties in power, almost no activity in the field, do not provide population issues at the municipal level. It is noted that the feature of the election campaign in September 2016 in Bashkortostan was the combination of elections of different levels: federal to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly and local in the representative bodies of local self-government of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Therefore, the campaigns on the federal and municipal elections in the parties in Bashkortostan were interlinked and mutually reinforcing. Attention is drawn to the fact that the means of electoral mobilization, traditionally used in the campaign are the slogans and taglines. Thus, they should be seen as a tool in the arsenal of advertising. Propaganda message, using a slogan or motto, affects the recipient information by positively positioning one or another political entity. The tagline or slogan is a typical manifestation of political advertising, are actively used during the election campaign. It is concluded that most of the parties have minimized their efforts on mobilization policy in regions confining slogans used during the federal campaign. First of all, it concerns the «United Russia». The agitation of the party «Fair Russia», LDPR, Communist Party and «Yabloko» is aimed at mobilizing mostly citizens. At the same time the Liberal Democratic Party slogans seem to be more successful, as they have a clear idea for what audience they are intended for and what place the party in the regional party system occupies

Master's thesis in Literacy studies ; Norwegian legislation requires teachers to adapt the instruction to the needs and abilities of all their pupils. This thesis presents a study about differentiation in Norwegian EFL teaching, focusing on experiences of adapted education among teachers and pupils in 6th and 7th grade classrooms. The study seeks to investigate attitudes towards and experiences of adapted education in ELF teaching. Data was collected from two schools, using mixed research methods. The researcher conducted qualitative interviews of nine teachers and gathered quantitative data through questionnaires answered by 182 pupils. The main reason that these two schools were chosen was due to the structure of their EFL teaching. The two schools used the same textbook (Stairs) and its system of division into three steps. They both divided their pupils according to these steps, yet in different ways. One school practiced a whole class approach, teaching EFL in the pupils' original classes. The other school divided the pupils into groups according to which step they worked at, and did the EFL instruction in these groups. One of the main aims of this research was to look at advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches to EFL instruction. Findings indicate that the teachers had a common understanding of the term adapted education and they believed that they put adapted education into practice. At the same time, they expressed that it was not an easy thing to do as they were obligated to adapt the instruction to the needs of all their pupils every day. This might be due to the fact that none of the teachers experienced that their school had any clear guidelines as to how adapted education should be implemented. Nevertheless, all nine teachers believed that their pupils experienced adapted education. Furthermore, results showed that the teachers who taught EFL in differentiated groups found it easier to implement adapted education in English compared to the teachers who practiced the whole class approach. The findings among the pupils showed that those within the differentiated groups approach seemed overall more content with their English instruction compared to those within the whole class approach. A common concern when implementing ability grouping is that the weaker pupils might feel inferior. An interesting finding in this context was that neither teachers nor pupils seemed to experience this as a problem. The main advantages of the whole class approach reported by the pupils were that some would feel safer in their original class, that they did not have to move between classrooms, they could learn from each other across steps and avoid social stratifications. The main arguments for the differentiated groups approach were that someone might feel inferior in a whole class setting, more efficient lessons when the focus was on only one step, ease the teachers workload and improvement of learning outcome. When asked which teaching approach they favored, the majority of both teachers and pupils reported a preference towards the differentiated groups approach. This study contributes to the field of differentiated teaching and shows that there is a need for more research on how differentiated teaching and adapted education should be implemented in practice. It shows tendencies that teachers are uncertain as to how they might accomplish this requirement, since neither Norwegian legislation, universities nor the schools give them any clear guidelines as to how this should be done.

RESUMEN: Este informe corresponde a la sistematización de la experiencia del Colectivo de Educación Popular Paulo Freire, en adelante CEPPF, que tiene presencia en varios municipios del Valle de Aburra, y cuya principal actividad de trabajo son los preuniversitarios populares; con éstos llevan más de 10 años de caminar por las sendas de la educación popular y los barrios de estos territorios. La investigación tuvo como propósito permitir la emergencia de los diferentes relatos que han compuesto la historia del CEPPF, en donde se encuentra tanto su visión y construcción propia de la educación popular, como su relación más profunda con un proyecto político que camina en los objetivos concretos de existencia de este proceso educativo, social y político. La sistematización de la experiencia fue la metodología seleccionada por el CEPPF, y por tanto por el investigador, para adelantar una recuperación crítica de la experiencia con miras a la reconstrucción de su historia, experiencia y saberes allí disputados y construidos para afrontar los nuevos escenarios; también para lograr compartir con otros y otras los conocimientos allí transitados. El proceso de sistematización estuvo dividido en varios momentos; En primera instancia, por la conformación en el CEPPF de un comité de sistematización, que teniendo en cuenta unos objetivos para la misma, tendría en un segundo momento la responsabilidad de la elaboración de una ruta para el trabajo de campo y al tercer momento del análisis de los resultados, que fueron fruto de un trabajo con la gran mayoría de personas que participan en el proceso y con algunos que han estado relacionados de alguna manera, como estudiantes y exintegrantes. Para pasar al cuarto momento del ejercicio de escritura en donde se tejieron las voces de los participantes con la del investigador, que a su vez es participante y militante del CEPPF. ; ABSTRACT: The present report corresponds to the experience synthesis of the Colectivo de Educacion Popular Paulo Freire, onwards as CEPPF, who have been more than ten years present in localities at the Aburra's valley and whose core activities are the popular preuniversity schooling based on the popular education around the neighborhoods in this territory. The research has as a propose to show the different stories that build the history of CEPPF, where we found its own vision of popular education and its deepest political project that walks forward based on the concrete aims of this social, educational and political process. The experience synthesis was the chosen method by the CEPPF and by the researcher as well, in advance to make a reflexive recover to rebuild the history and the knowledge there disputed. Also to undertake new challenges and scenarios, and to share with others the achived learnings. The process was divided in four steps. In the first instance, a systematization group was created inside the CEPPF with particular aims, then, in second instance, the definition of a road map with guidelines and responsibilities. The analysis of results as third instance, where students, ex members and every participants of the process interact. And finally, the writing exercise, the polyphony of voices of all the parts supporting the researcher, who is also a member of the CEPPF.

Background: Postnatal care is one of the most important maternal health-care services for not only prevention of impairment and disabilities but also reduction of maternal mortality. Studying patient satisfaction on postnatal service given and its associated factors is key concept in expressing postnatal care utilization interest, controlling factors that alter utilization and reduction of maternal mortality since postpartum complications are the leading cause for maternal mortality. Thus assessment of patient satisfaction is a great input to improve health service. Objective: This study was conducted to assess mothers' satisfaction and its associated factors on postnatal care given in postnatal ward at public health centers and hospital setting. Methods: A facility based cross sectional study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative method of data collection from March 10-April 10/2014. A sample of 278 respondents in two hospital post natal wards and eight public health center wards were included in the study. Client satisfaction was measured using a survey instrument adopted from the Jipi's postnatal satisfaction with care questionnaire. Collected data was cleaned, edited, coded and entered in to EPI INFO and exported to SPSS. Multivariate and binary logistic regression was applied. The degree of association between independent and dependent variables was assessed using adjusted and crude odds ratio with 95% CI. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. For qualitative study narrative analysis was done. Result: A total of 278 postnatal mothers from two referral hospitals and eight health centers were participated in this mixed study design with 176 (98.9%) response rate, 2 (1.1%) of non response rate. The mean ± SD age of the mothers was 27.4 ± 6.4 years. 113 (40.9%) were with no formal education. The majority 239(86.6%) were married. 99 (35.9%) were farmer while 63(22.8%) were government employees. About 75.7% mothers needed this pregnancy and from all respondents 81.9% of them were scored normal living neonate. Based on mean percentage Version No2, Version Date 01/04/2014 orientation area got least value (74.1%) and on contrary communication area of care scored the highest mean percentage (91.67%). The dispersions of scores in the area of specific to postnatal care i.e. (SD=5.22) were more dispersed when compared to other areas of care. Multivariate logistic regression there is an association between educational status and satisfaction [AOR=0.46 95%CI: 0.22, 0.91], marital status and satisfaction [AOR=2.7 95%CI: 1.13, 7.3] and monthly income and satisfaction [AOR=2.88 95%CI: (1.14, 7.30)]. From obstetric characteristics delivery satisfaction is significant to postnatal care satisfaction [AOR=0.023 95%CI: 0.009, 0.056] Generally from all, 276, respondents 154 (55.8%) of them were satisfied with care received during postnatal period and 122 (44.2%) of them were not satisfied with care given. Conclusion and Recommendation The presence of unsatisfied patient can be a proxy indicator for the need for quality improvement. According to this study educational status, monthly income, and marital status from demographic variables and delivery satisfaction from obstetric variables were found to be significant. All concerned bodies should try to give awareness for mothers on postnatal care and prepare appropriate environment for them to make them happy with care given. Key words: postnatal care, postnatal care satisfaction, Ethiopia, associated factors, west Shewa