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This study examines the patterns, trends, and factors associated with functional community water points in rural Ethiopia and identifies potential areas of improvement in terms of practitioner response to functionality and functionality monitoring. It was part of an integrated WaSH and nutrition program implemented by UNICEF Ethiopia and the Government of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted to collect WaSH-related data in communities and WaSH committees from four community-based nutrition (CBN) program groupings in Ethiopia. In all areas, CBN was implemented, but only in less than half of the areas, a WaSH intervention was implemented. Seventy-three representative kebeles, comprising 30 intervention and 43 control communities, were surveyed. Two structured surveys were conducted. The &lsquo ; community survey&rsquo ; addressed community water points and their functionality and the main areas for improvement needed. The &lsquo ; WaSH committee survey&rsquo ; investigated technical and management aspects of water points and their functionality. Data were analyzed using bivariate regression to identify community characteristics and management practices associated with functionality of water points and explore opportunities to improve water point functionality and monitoring. In the communities, 65% of water points were functional. Eighty percent of communities had a WaSH committee. The WaSH committee members reported that the most used water point types were protected dug wells and boreholes, and that 80% of their water points were functional. India Mark II pumps were more likely to be functional and communities with longer established WaSH committees had higher water point functionality. Communities suggested that the key factors for water point sustainability were improving water quality and water pressure, reducing water collection time, and speeding up repair times. Taking community leaders&rsquo ; &lsquo ; priority lists&rsquo ; into consideration offers sustainable opportunities for demand-driven, adaptive and targeted design and implementation of rural water supply programs, which, if they include the grassroots level as key informants and actors of change, can succeed. Interventions should integrate the &lsquo ; voice&rsquo ; of the community, the WaSH committees, and other stakeholders and thereby facilitate transdisciplinary approaches at different stages of program management (planning, monitoring, and evaluation). This would help closing the knowledge to action gap and improve policy, programming, practice, and service delivery.

The study was conducted to evaluate the operation, facilities and management of public (Adama Hawassa and Mekelle) and private ( Elfora Kombolcha) abattoirs in Ethiopia. Direct observation, photograph and discussion with the workers were used to collect information. The results of this study revealed that lairage was not divides into compartments to accommodate different classes and types of slaughter cattle in two of the four abattoirs visited. Stunning boxes were not used at many abattoirs investigated, enervation method of stunning was practiced and there were no means of sterilizing cutting equipments. Even though anti-and post mortem inspection were conducted properly at all abittoirs, findings were not regularly recorded in public abattoirs. Weighing scales were not available at the public abattoirs while live and carcasses weights were regularly recorded at the private abattoir. Carcass contamination occurred during processing and/or during transport in the public abattoirs. Classification of carcasses occurred not practiced in public or private abattoirs. It was concluded that the management practiced in public and private abattoirs can partly contributed to the poor beef quality produced. Hence it was recommended that the country should develop legislation governing the operation of abattoirs. Moreover, hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) should be established in all abattoirs to ensure animal welfare , maximum efficiency and beef quality. ; University of Pretoria and the Research Office of the University of Haramaya. ; http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR ; hb2015

The book analyzes causes of rural poverty and constraints impeding agricultural productivity during the last four decades under three different regimes. It first examines the feudalistic system under Haile Selassie; then the command economic system of the DERG regime; and finally the current capitalistic system led by the regime of Meles Zenawi. The author discusses the lessons drawn from experience during these three regimes, as well from other African and Asian countries. He recommends a small farmer-led agricultural and rural development strategy that would alleviate rural poverty. The author maintains that the keys for successful development are the provision of institutional savings and credit for small-scale farmers and small business owners; the deep involvement of the community in planning, implementation, evaluation and sharing of the benefits. (DÜI-Sbd)

In Ethiopia, new settlement forms are emerging consequent to the nation's rapid urbanization and horizontal expansion of the urban centres. The growing significance of secondary and small cities and towns and the rapid proliferation of peri-urban settlements are among these new urban forms. Peri-urbanization became the dominant form of spatial transformations at the peripheries, which resulted in a severe state-community conflicts yielding resistance to urban growth and planning and protests that grew into deadly violence.

The main objective of this study is to reconstruct the history of National Military Service (NMS) and its impact on the people of Agäw Meder. In order to undertake this study document analysis, in-depth interview, archival investigation and focus group discussions were undertaken as instruments of data collection. NMS was executed in Agäw Meder Sub-province thorough five main rounds and two second-calls. Though its emphasize on students of senior secondary schools and 12th grade completes, the recruitment for NMS was also focused on educated and uneducated, rural and town resident youths. NMS has both positive and negative impacts. When we come to the result, its participants and the community at large hated it. Despite the existence of numerous negative impacts, there are also some positive impacts of NMS on the participants, which include the development of multiethnic spirit, love of work, coping with hardship, exposure to military science and opportunity to learn vocation. This research was undertaken based on descriptive research design. This is because, it helps to achieve the objectives of the study and to find answer to the research questions of the study by allowing the researchers to describe the characteristic of the phenomena understudy.

Traditional communal landholding has long been prevalent in the Afar region of Ethiopia, accommodating the interests of different user groups for many generations. This form of land ownership, which entails use of pastoral resources scattered over a wide area to produce livestock, is attributable to ecological conditions characterized by frequent drought. The harsh environment in which herders raise their livestock requires constant mobility to regulate resource use via a common property regime. In contrast to the mobile way of life characterizing pastoralism, agriculture as a sedentary activity is only marginally present in the lowlands of the Afar region. However, the traditional land use system is changing because of pressures from both governmental policy and natural events such as drought. Communal land ownership in Afar is under pressure as a result of state intervention (political risks) and natural challenges (natural risks). ; Non-PR ; IFPRI4; CAPRi ; EPTD

The fourth United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) is to reduce worldwide child mortality by two-thirds. In the impoverished African country of Ethiopia, child mortality has declined from 123 per 1,000 in 2004/2005 to 88 per 1,000 in 2011/2012 (World Bank, 2013). Yet the rate remains alarmingly high. Micronutrient deficiencies (including iron, zinc, and vitamin A) are contributing to the worldwide child mortality rate. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient. Between 250,000 and 500,000 children with vitamin A deficiency become blind each year. Within 12 months of becoming blind, half of these children die (World Health Organization (WHO), n.d.). The WHO supports three types of solutions to eliminate vitamin A deficiency; supplementation, dietary diversification, and food fortification. Worldwide, supplementation is the most common practice for providing micronutrients to communities. However, this practice is successful in mainly urban communities and excludes 45% of children around the world. Supplementation programs alone are not fiscally sustainable (Golden Rice Project, 2012). A study by Mekelle University public health faculty concluded vitamin A capsules are a short-term life saving intervention and a transition towards sustainable food-based interventions is needed. Additionally, an intervention to serve the diets of low-income individuals as well as the urban population is crucial (Kidane, Abegaz, Mulugeta, Singh, 2013). In order to fulfill the practicum requirement for the graduate program in public health, Erika Strehl traveled to Mekelle, Ethiopia in June 2014. The objective of this project was to investigate strategies used for mitigating vitamin A deficiency within the Mekelle community. Specific learning objectives included identifying organizations working toward eliminating vitamin A deficiency, classifying the type of project (supplementation, food fortification, dietary diversification), exploring the current and potential barriers within these projects, identifying the gaps in education and supplementation, and identifying communities not receiving education or supplementation. Supplementation of Vitamin A is provided by the Health Extension Workers (HEW), which is a recent program established by the Ethiopian government. The HEW's are the primary distributors for vitamin A and iron supplements. Infants receive a vitamin A supplement every six months at the Health Post and it is the responsibility of the mother return every six months. Each year thousands of HEW's are trained to treat various medical problems such as burns, cuts, maternal health, and malnutrition. Food fortification in Mekelle is in the initial stages of implementation, Ethiopia is one of four countries in Africa without a legal food fortification program (Head, Getachew, 2014). The Ministry of Health has appointed a task force to investigate the use of food fortification and potentially propose a legislation to legalize food fortification. A Fulbright Scholar (Ms. Head) collaborated with the Chemistry department at Mekelle University to create technology for food fortification. Currently, there is a lack of locally available technology to fortify food and what is available is currently imported from other countries, which is accompanied by high import duties and a value added tax (VAT) of 15%. Producing the technology in Ethiopia would alleviate the financial burden of importation. Ms. Head worked with local manufacturers to design and build equipment that would be replicable and cost effective. For the past fourteen years Mums for Mums, a local non-governmental organization, has educated women on the importance of dietary diversification. Mums for Mums assists homeless women to learn income generating and life skills to become self-reliant. Food preparation training is accompanied by nutrition demonstrations, which focuses on locally available and highly nutritional food, such as the sweet potato. One cup of the boiled sweet potato everyday satisfies the requirement for vitamin A. Women are instructed how to incorporate the sweet potato into meals to provide a balanced diet for their families. The sweet potato is widely available in Ethiopia and not expensive (Asmelash, personal communication, June 2014). Mekelle currently satisfies the three suggested strategies from the WHO, yet these programs work in isolation from each other. There is a lack of communication and information sharing between the aforementioned programs. With a heavy reliance on supplementation, a shift towards preventive strategies such as nutrition education is a crucial element needed to decrease the prevalence of vitamin a deficiency.

Immediately after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Ethiopia in March 2020, the Government of Ethiopia took several public health measures to prevent increased levels of infection These included closing all schools and restricting large gatherings and movements of people. Hand-washing and social distancing were the main prevention measures that government has communicated to the general public through various media platforms. Using the latest round of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, COVID-19 relevant indicators related to household access to communication platforms; access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and characteristics of the home environment were assessed. The analysis shows that a sizeable proportion of the rural population does not have access to the media platforms used to publicize COVID-19 prevention measures. Moreover, without aggressive interventions, current levels of access to water and soap are suboptimal to adopt the hand-washing recommendations, particularly in rural areas. The low proportion of households with electricity, refrigeration, or internet connection and the relatively high prevalence of partner violence suggest that implementing the stay and work from home measures will be challenging. Public health measures that slow down the transmission of the virus should be continued and efforts to prevent transmission to rural areas should be prioritized. Communication platforms and messaging will need to be adapted to different local realities to make any COVID-19 containment recommendations operational. WASH-related support should be ramped-up, and addressing barriers to staying at home, such as the risk of partner violence, should be considered. The efforts needed to end the current pandemic in Ethiopia, as well as similar pandemics in the future, illuminates the serious challenges related to WASH and to the inequalities between rural and urban areas that need urgent attention. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; ESSP; CRP2 ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

SUMMARYThis article discusses how decentralisation policies are enacted in the planning and implementation of natural resource management interventions in rural Ethiopia. A key element of decentralisation policy is the emphasis on greater participation by local communities. Drawing on qualitative research conducted with government staff and farmers, this paper illustrates how different actors perceive and implement national policy and how these actions affect the longer‐term sustainability of land management interventions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Designed constitutionally, the Ethiopian education sector has been one of the most important pro-poor sectors over recent years, with a percentage of public education spending to total government spending of 21 per cent, and to GDP 4 per cent in 2012/13. As the result of this, school enrolment (Grades 1-12) doubled from about 10 million students in 2002/3 to over 20 million in 2013/14. Coupled with the public educational expenditure, the government has also made a number of policy changes in different areas of the sector. Examples include the introduction of the "O" class programme and non-formal preschool service called the Child‐to‐Child delivery system aiming to address marginalised children who have little or no access to preschool education. Additionally, targeting better access, equity, efficiency and quality, some other reforms were introduced in line with the latest two Education Sector Development Programmes (2005/6-2009/10 and 2010/11- 2014/15). Of note is the General Education Quality Improvement Program, designed to support quality improvements for all primary and secondary schools, and the expansion of higher education, particularly at university level, where the number of public universities increased from eight in 2008/9 to 31, with more than 0.62 million students, in 2013/14. Yet, in spite of the unprecedented enrolment at all levels, the education sector still resembles a pyramid, with varying degrees of access for different groups, where nine out of ten children of appropriate age are enrolled in primary education, two out of ten in secondary education and only one out of ten at university. There could be several reasons that explain the pyramid shape of the sector, and the disparity among various groups of individuals in particular. This paper analyses the educational inequalities that may exist among different groups of children and young people in Ethiopia using Young Lives longitudinal data collected over four rounds of surveys, for two cohorts of children born in 2001-02 (the 'Younger ...