Suchergebnisse

We use consumer price data for 81 European cities (in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Portugal) to study deviations from the law-of-one-price before and during the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) by analysing both aggregate and disaggregate CPI data for 7 categories of goods we find that the distance between cities explains a significant amount of the variation in the prices of similar goods in different locations. We also find that the variation of the relative price is much higher for two cities located in different countries than for two equidistant cities in the same country. Under EMU, the elimination of nominal exchange rate volatility has largely reduced these border effects, but distance and border still matter for intra-European relative price volatility. JEL classification: F40, F41

Works that address European Union (EU)- Russia cooperation within the overarching project of the common space of freedom, security and justice (FSJ) often look at this 'space' as if it were regarded by both parties as a naturally coherent field, where cooperation had to be developed evenly in all of the sub-fields. Consequently, this misperception often leads to the conclusion that EU-Russia cooperation on issues of justice and home affairs is rather unsuccessful because, on one hand, there is still no visa-free regime and, on the other hand, developments in the sphere of human rights and judicial reforms in Russia are far from being satisfactory. This article argues that in order to better appreciate the results of EU-Russia cooperation in the field of internal security, one should not analyse it in connection with EU attempts to promote human rights and democracy in Russia. Such constructivist - and somewhat idealist - view has prevented many researchers from a more pragmatic assessment that would take into account some real achievements of this cooperation that fit well with the commonly defined interests and goals in the sphere of internal security and migration management in particular. This article shows that both partners have managed to achieve much of what has been planned in the sphere of migration management. Moreover, through this cooperation with Russia, the EU has a chance to promote one of its most internationally visible instruments (readmission agreements) in Central Asia - a region where EU's direct involvement has not been very successful.

Two months after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the possibility of established and widespread community transmission in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) is becoming more likely. We provide scenarios for use in preparedness for a possible widespread epidemic. The EU/EEA is moving towards the 'limited sustained transmission' phase. We propose actions to prepare for potential mitigation phases and coordinate efforts to protect the health of citizens.

Two months after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the possibility of established and widespread community transmission in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) is becoming more likely. We provide scenarios for use in preparedness for a possible widespread epidemic. The EU/EEA is moving towards the 'limited sustained transmission' phase. We propose actions to prepare for potential mitigation phases and coordinate efforts to protect the health of citizens.

The increased final consumption exacerbates the problem of the scarcity of natural resources and leads to environmental pollution. The concept of circular economy, which implies the formation of closed-loop chains of production and consumption with maximum regeneration and recycling of materials, is considered as an alternative to the firmly established "linear economy" (take-make-dispose). As a part of sustainable development strategy, the European Union adopted a general policy on the transition to a circular economy. However, for objective reasons, such transition is quite uneven at the level of member countries, which adversely affects the total progress. Therefore, the need arises to assess the positions of individual countries and identify major reasons for the uneven transition to support the countries that are lagging.The goal of the study is to identify the factors of uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. For that reason, a set of empirical data (20 indicators) has been compiled; cluster, classification, and parametric analyses have been conducted. As a result, three clusters of the EU countries have been obtained and six indicators, included into combinations that make all clusters different, have been identified. These indicators can be interpreted as the key factors contributing to the uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. The difference in harmonic means by clusters allowed quantitatively estimating a "circular gap". It is of practical value for the EU policy aimed at bridging the gaps between member countries during the transition to a circular economy.

Genetically engineered (GE) crops are subject to regulatory oversight to ensure their safety for humans and the environment. Their approval in the European Union (EU) starts with an application in a given Member State followed by a scientific step (risk assessment), and ends with a political decision-making step (risk management); and in the United States (US) it starts with a scientific (field trial) step and ends with a 'bureaucratic' decision-making step. We investigated trends for the time taken for these steps and the overall time taken for approving GE crops in the US and the EU (traders in these commodities). Results show that from 1996-2015 the overall time trend for approval in the EU decreased and then flattened off, with an overall mean completion-time of 1,763 days. In the US in 1998 there was a break in the trend of the overall approval time: Initially, from 1988 until 1997 the trend decreased with a mean approval time of 1,321 days; from 1998-2015, the trend almost stagnated with a mean approval time of 2,467 days.

This text aims to address the problem of the political vacuum in a Europe in crisis. It starts from the ideological assumptions that underlie political modernity and its aporias, seeing in some of them absolute impossibilities that do not allow the fulfilment of others. Thus, starting from critical diagnoses, on a political-philosophical basis, it examines some solutions coming from the thought of Habermas, leaving aside institutionalist and functionalist explanations, rather opting for a normative analysis. Resumen Este texto pretende abordar el problema del vacío político en una Europa en crisis. Parte de los supuestos ideológicos que subyacen a la modernidad política y sus aporías, viendo en algunos de ellos imposibilidades absolutas que no permiten cumplir otros. Así, partiendo de diagnósticos críticos, sobre una base político-filosófica, y ético-política, examina algunas soluciones que provienen del pensamiento de Habermas, dejando de lado las explicaciones institucionalistas y funcionalistas, pronunciándose más bien por un análisis normativo. ; This text aims to address the problem of the political vacuum in a Europe in crisis. It starts from the ideological assumptions that underlie political modernity and its aporias, seeing in some of them absolute impossibilities that do not allow the fulfilment of others. Thus, starting from critical diagnoses, on a political-philosophical basis, it examines some solutions coming from the thought of Habermas, leaving aside institutionalist and functionalist explanations, rather opting for a normative analysis. Resumen Este texto pretende abordar el problema del vacío político en una Europa en crisis. Parte de los supuestos ideológicos que subyacen a la modernidad política y sus aporías, viendo en algunos de ellos imposibilidades absolutas que no permiten cumplir otros. Así, partiendo de diagnósticos críticos, sobre una base político-filosófica, y ético-política, examina algunas soluciones que provienen del pensamiento de Habermas, dejando de lado las explicaciones institucionalistas y funcionalistas, pronunciándose más bien por un análisis normativo.

Раздзел "Міжнароднае супрацоўнтцтва і вопыт" ; В статье рассмотрены проблемы развития таможенного права Европейского Союза во взаимосвязи с трансформацией таможенного законодательства Республики Беларусь. Вопросы унификации и соответствия таможенных норм и правил, созданных в процессе развития Европейского Сообщества, являются актуальными для Республики Беларусь, поскольку от того, насколько эффективным будет сотрудничество ЕС и Республики Беларусь в сфере таможенного регулирования, напрямую зависит интеграция Республики Беларусь в мировое экономическое пространство. = This article deals with the problems of the Customs Law. Centuries-old Customs Law appeared to regulate traffic of goods over customs frontiers. The Customs Law has its own place in the legal system and currently plays a very significant role. Under the conditions of formation of market relations the State is seriously interested in creation of Customs Law as an independent branch of jurisprudence. Its interest is concentrated on system and distinct specification of legal, economic and organizational grounds of the customs science. During accomplishment of foreign trade activities on territory of the Republic of Belarus inevitably arise of various problems stipulated, both internal, and external features of development of the Belarusian economy, and also some instability of the system of legal regulation of the given area.

This study analyzes the meaning of public international law, international law interaction with European Union law and the perception of the European Union as an international actor in terms of resolving disputes. Debates and numerous theories have been raised about the nature and meaning of public international law, in relation to the rates that it carries, the willingness of states, its binding character and its difference with the European Union. Respect for international law is a primary aim of the Union, which functions on the basis of respecting and guaranteeing this right. In addition to the principles of international law is guaranteed by the Union and the principles on which the European Court of Justice holds the opposite view. The perception of the Union as an important global actor, comes and it strengthened, leaving aside the failures of the Union for resolving disputes and regional and international conflicts. Union has reinforced and create a suitable legal framework and institutional framework to resolve disputes and increase its international role. Increasing the role of the Union is reinforced through the Common Foreign and Security Policy which aims to establish peace, security, stability and conflict resolution.

At present the European Union stands as a political and economic union of 27 Member States designed upon the rules of law that ensures and guarantees the protection of the fundamental rights of human beings. The project for a union among the European states proved to be a dynamic and continuous construction, shaped over centuries, at first as an abstract idea, created by the thoughts of philosophers as an ideal united Europe that would prevent war and will contribute to the establishment of peace. The focus of the present work will be on the phases that lead to the creation of the European Union, its further evolution and functioning, aspects that are considered relevant in identifying the future role and settings of the European Union on the international scene. Given the unique legal foundation of the European Union and the diversity of its constituent members, one might presume that any foreseeable role and settings that the European Union might undertake on the international scene could only be a reflection of the major interests of the powerful Member States. ; publishersversion ; published

We model an international union as a group of countries deciding to centralize the provision of public goods, or policies, that generate externalities across union members. The trade-off between the benefits of coordination and the loss of independent policymaking endogenously determines size, composition, and scope of the union. Policy uniformity reduces the size of the union, may block the entry of new members, and induces excessive centralization. We study flexible rules with nonuniform policies that reduce these inefficiencies, focusing particularly on arrangements that are relevant to the ongoing debate on the institutional structure of the European Union.

Defence date: 18 November 2005 ; Examining board: Prof. Gráinne de Búrca (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Neil Walker (European University Institute) ; Prof. Stephen Weatherhill (Oxford University) ; Prof. Marise Cremona (University of London) ; PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017 ; What is the federal philosophy inspiring the structure of European law? The federal principle stands for constitutional arrangements that find "unity in diversity". The two most influential manifestations of the federal principle emerged under the names of "dual" and "cooperative" federalism in the constitutional history of the United States of America. Dual federalism is based on the idea that the federal government and the State governments are co-equals and each is legislating in a separate sphere. Cooperative federalism, on the other hand, stands for the thought that both governments legislate in the same sphere. They are hierarchically arranged and complement each other in solving a social problem. Can the European Union be understood in federal terms? The book's General Part introduces three constitutional traditions of the federal idea. Following the American tradition, the European Union is defined as a Federation of States as it stands on the "middle ground" between international and national law. But what federal philosophy has the European Union followed? The Special Part of the dissertation investigates the structure of European law. Three arguments are advanced to show the evolution of the European legal order from dual to cooperative federalism. The first looks at the decline of constitutional exclusivity on the part of the Member States and the European Union. For almost all objects of government, the Union and its States operate in a universe of shared powers. The second argument analyzes the decline of legislative exclusivity. European and national legislation - increasingly - complement each other to solve a social problem. The third argument describes the "constitutionalisation" of cooperative federalism in the form of the principle of subsidiarity and the idea of complementary competences. A final Chapter is dedicated to Europe's foreign affairs federalism. It analyzes, whether the external sphere must be regarded as subject to different constitutional or federal principles. The dissertation concludes that cooperative federalism will benefit both levels of government - the Union and the Member States - as the constitutional mechanism of uniform European standards complemented by diverse national standards best expresses the federal idea of "unity in diversity".