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Introduction. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic announced by the WHO in 2020, American researchers bring up the question of the legitimacy, adequacy, or, on the contrary, redundancy of measures taken by the US leadership to protect the population. The study of the US President's history of emergency powers can demonstrate how previous American Presidents managed to preserve or, conversely, subvert the established liberal foundations of American society in emergency situations. Methods and Materials. The author used methods of structural analysis and synthesis, historical and legal comparative method, formal legal method, and method of legal modeling. Analysis. The author studied A. Lincoln's extra-constitutional authority to emancipate slaves, suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, create a volunteer army, and declare a naval blockade. On the basis of legal sources, we carried out the analysis of F. Roosevelt's decisions on the creation of courts-martial and the internment of people of Japanese descent; reviewed the activities of G. Bush after the September 11 attacks and D. Trump's emergency measures related to building the border wall in the south of the USA. Results. During the research, we found, that each military, economic, or social crisis increased the political significance and role of the executive branch in emergencies. We can characterize the increase of the emergency powers, delegated to the US Presidents, as steadily growing due to the crises that took place in various periods of American history. It was proved, that the precedents of emergency measures created by A. Lincoln, F. Roosevelt and George W. Bush had a long-term impact on the actions of the next US Presidents, opening up new legal opportunities for the use of emergency powers. At the same time, Congress and the US Supreme Court have taken a controversial stance on the validity of the President's actions at various historical stages. Most of the time, the status of the legislative and judicial branches of government, as well as the understanding of "emergency situation" itself depended on the specific case and practical political needs.

The production of W±Z events in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The collected data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb−1. The W±Z candidates are reconstructed using leptonic decays of the gauge bosons into electrons or muons. The measured inclusive cross section in the detector fiducial region for leptonic decay modes is σfid. W±Z→ℓʹ νℓℓ=63.2 ±3.2 (stat.)±2.6 (sys.)±1.5 (lumi.)fb. In comparison, the next-to-leading-order Standard Model prediction is 53.4+3.6 −2.8fb. The extrapolation of the measurement from the fiducial to the total phase space yields σtot. W±Z=50.6 ±2.6 (stat.)±2.0 (sys.)±0.9 (th.)±1.2 (lumi.)pb, in agreement with a recent next-to-next-to-leading-order calculation of 48.2+1.1 −1.0pb. The cross section as a function of jet multiplicity is also measured, together with the charge-dependent W+Z and W−Z cross sections and their ratio ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Ar-menia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbai-jan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COL-CIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Re-public; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Mo-rocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Tai-wan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, Canarie, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Région Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers

El multilateralismo imperante en el actual contexto de las relaciones internacionales revela una heterogeneidad consistente en la existencia de diferentes centros de diálogos y múltiples actores que, cada vez más interdependientes, buscan su propia identidad político-conceptual para enfrentar los desafíos que les son puestos por las global issues. En ese cambiante contexto, constatamos la presencia de ciertos grupos de países que progresivamente reciben un papel destacado ante el nuevo orden mundial, ganando la debida atención de la doctrina, especialmente, aquellos categorizados como Middle Powers, donde se encuentran las Traditional Middle Powers, espacio ocupado por países ricos, democráticos e igualitarios, caracterizadas como good international citizens, por auxiliar en el sostenimiento del orden implantado por las potencias hegemónicas y presentar alto grado de desarrollo político y social (como ejemplo, Australia, Canadá y Japón); y las Emerging Middle Powers, grupo marcado por un gran potencial económico y, paralelamente, por una despreocupación con políticas internas de bienestar, especialmente, por cuenta de un sistema político democrático poco consolidado y una alta tasa de desigualdad, como ejemplo de esas potencias, podemos mencionar los BRICS (Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica). En ese complejo escenario, encontramos un grupo de países, que desapercibido por la teoría política internacional, situáse en un punto intermedio entre las Traditonal y Emerging Middle Powers, por establecer políticas orientadas a la conjugación de crecimiento económico y oferta de buena calidad de vida a la población, lo que puede ser constatado, principalmente, por sus índices muy elevados de desarrollo humano (IDH), demandando así la construcción de una identidad conceptual para atribuirles un perfil político-institucional ante el nuevo orden mundial. ; In the context of international affairs, two group of countries receive a particular attention of the academic and political analysis: Traditional Middle Powers and Emerging Middle Powers. Traditional Middle Powers are represented by rich, democratic and egalitarian countries with a high level of social and political development and considered «good international citizens», as long as they help to preserve the order established by the hegemonic powers (as an example, Australia, Canada, Japan, etc.). The concept of Emerging Middle Powers referee to countries with a great economical performance and projection but unconcerned about welfare policies, specially, because they not present a consolidated democratic political system and an adequate level of social equality, as the case of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). In this complex scenery, it is possible to find a group of countries unnoticed by the international political theory, which is located in an intermediate point between Traditional and Emerging Middle Powers. They are characterized by the existence of policies orientated to link economic growth and good quality of life that is reflected in their high level of Human Development (HDI). We evidence the need to construct a conceptual identity for this group of countries to give them a political-institutional profile in the new world order and to establish their role in the international context. ; 93-111

Abstrak The Inheritance of Loss karya Kiran Desai dan The Grass is Singing karya Doris Lessing adalah sebuah fiksi yang pada dasarnya memunculkan masalah di bawah rubrik kolonial dan poskolonial. Penaklukan negara oleh penjajahan Inggris meninggalkan jejak penjajahan yang tercermin di negara kedua novel, India dan Afrika. Inggris imperialisme terus mempertahankan kekuasaannya walaupun negara yang dijajah sudah merdeka. Hal ini menyebabkan negara yang dijajah mengikuti dan menerima secara sukarela kekuatan dominasi kelas penguasa. Oleh karena itu, Inggris Imperialisme menghegemoni kaum bawah untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan mereka yang tercermin dalam kedua novel yang akan dibahas sebagai topik utama. Tesis ini merumuskan tiga masalah, (1) bagaimana hegemoni tercermin dalam karakter Jembhai sebagai mantan terjajah dari kekaisaran Inggris di The Inheritance of Loss karya Kiran Desai, (2) bagaimana hegemoni tercermin dalam karakter Mary sebagai anggota perempuan dari Pemerintah Inggris Imperialisme di The Grass is Singing karya Doris Lessing, dan (3) bagaimana hubungan Jemubhai dan Mary dalam hegemoni. Tesis ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, intertekstualitas, dan pendekatan mimesis. Masalah-masalah ini akan dianalisa dengan menggunakan teori Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci. Sastra Perbandingan akan digunakan untuk menganalisa hasil hegemoni Jemubhai dan hegemoni Mary yang akan dibandingkan dan dikontraskan. Untuk mendukung penelitian, teori intertekstualitas akan digunakan. Perbandingan dua karya tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kedua novel dapat dihubungkan meskipun mereka berada di era, waktu, dan tempat yang berbeda. The Inheritance of Loss berlokasi di India ketika kolonisasi berakhir dan The Grass is Singing bertempat di Rhodesia Selatan (sekarang Zimbabwe) ketika terjadi kolonialisme Inggris. Kata Kunci: sastra perbandingan, hegemoni, (pos) kolonialisme, intertekstualitas, dan novel Abstract Desai's The Inheritance of Loss and Lessing's The Grass is Singing is essentially bring up the problems under rubric of (post) colonial fiction. British Imperial subjugation leave the trace of colonization in both novels; India and Africa. The colonization is continued to maintain the colony power. It causes the colonized follow and receive voluntarily the domination power of ruling class. Therefore, British Imperial hegemony to maintain their power that is reflected in both novels will be discussed as the main topic. This thesis formulates three problems; how hegemony reflected in Jembhai's characters as ex-colonized of imperial British in Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss, how hegemony reflected in Mary's characters as female member of Imperial British Government in Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing, and how the relation Jembhai and Mary in hegemony. This thesis uses descriptive quality, intertextuality, and mimesis method. These problems will be examined by using Antonio Gramsci's Hegemony theory. The comparative literature will be used to examine the result of Jemubhai's hegemony and Mary's hegemony that will be compared and contrasted. To support the examination, Intertextuality will be used. The comparative shows both novels can be related although they are in the different era, time, and place. The Inheritance of Loss sets in India when the formal colonization ended and The Grass is Singing sets in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) when the formal colonization happening. Keywords: comparative literature, hegemony, (post) colonialism, intertextuality, and novel

Ein Gespenst geht um in der Geschichtswissenschaft: das Gespenst der Quantifizierung. Ringsum wird geklagt, dass Drittmittelbilanzen und Bibliometrie, Evaluierungen und Rankings immer wichtiger werden. Dies gehört zu einer allgemeinen Entwicklung nicht nur in der Geschichtswissenschaft, die Universitäten und außeruniversitäre Forschungsinstitute gleichermaßen betrifft. In Deutschland wird sie besonders mit Bologna-Reformen und Exzellenz-Initiative in Verbindung gebracht, wenngleich die Anfänge dieses Prozesses weiter zurückreichen. Die Geschichtswissenschaft, so scheint es, wurde also bereits mehr oder weniger sanft über die Türschwelle jener von Steffen Mau so bezeichneten "Bewertungsgesellschaft" geschubst, "die alles und jeden einer Bewertung mittels quantitativer Daten unterzieht und damit zugleich neue Wertigkeitsordnungen etabliert".

В статье рассмотрена деятельность Верховного Совета СССР по преодолению последствий этнополитического кризиса на территории Абхазской АССР. Анализируются положительные и отрицательные аспекты деятельности высшего законодательного органа Советского Союза в попытках ослабить межнациональный конфликт. ; The article analyzes activity of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on overcoming the aftermath of ethnic and political crisis in Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The object of analysis is positive and negative aspects of the activity of the supreme legislative body of the Soviet Union in its attempts to deemphasize the interethnic conflict.

Maize is one of the principal crops, which supplies food safety of the Russian Federation. The strategic goal to substitute import of maize seeds in the country has been put. The further increase of maize production is planned due to the increase of its productivity, which is going to be achieved by using highly productive maize hybrids and by cultivating them with the economically feasible adaptive to landscape technologies. The domestic maize hybrids developed by the researchers do not concede to foreign analogues in productivity and they are better adapted to the various soil-climatic conditions of the country and can be sown in the North-Caucasus, Southern, Central and Pre-Volzhie Federal Areas and in other regions of the European part of Russia. At present 86 000 ton of maize seeds (56% of which are of domestic selection) are sown annually in Russia. To increase the production of the crop up to 25 mln ton till 2020 it's necessary to increase domestic production more than twice. In the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria we produce maize hybrid seeds of all types of maturity due to its weather-climatic conditions. Annually we produce 15-18 000 ton of maize hybrids that is 20% of the total demand of seed market. They are supplied to 31 regions of the country and to the Republic of Belarus. Kabardino-Balkaria possesses a potential to increase maize seed production. The maize seed production in the republic is going to be increased up to 32 000 ton till 2020, that will supply about 30% of cultivated areas of the Russian Federation with the seeds. The further increase of grain production is an important governmental goal and its fulfillment depends on the assurance of food safety in the North-Caucasus region and in the Russian Federation on the whole. ; Одной из основных зерновых культур, обеспечивающих продовольственную безопасность Российской Федерации, является кукуруза. Поставлена стратегическая задача по импортозамещению семенного материала кукурузы в стране. Дальнейшее увеличение производства кукурузы планируется за счёт повышения ее урожайности, что будет достигнуто при условии внедрения в производство высокопродуктивных гибридов кукурузы и возделывания их по экономически оправданным, адаптивно-ландшафтным технологиям. Созданные учёными-селекционерами гибриды кукурузы отечественной селекции не уступают зарубежным аналогам по урожайности и лучше приспособленный к различным почвенно-климатическим условиям нашей страны, что и позволяет значительно расширить посевы кукурузы в Северо-Кавказском, Южном, Центральном и Приволжском Федеральных округах, а также и других районах европейской части России. В настоящее время в России в год высевается 86 тыс. тонн семян, из которых 56% отечественной селекции. Для обеспечения прироста производства данной культуры до намеченных к 2020 году 25 млн. тонн необходимо увеличение собственного производства семян более чем два раза. В Кабардино-Балкарской республике, в силу ее природно-климатических условий, производятся семена гибридов кукурузы всех групп спелости. Ежегодно мы производим 15-18 тыс. тонн семян гибридов кукурузы, что составляет 20% от общей потребности рынка семян. Они поставляются в 31 субъект нашей страны, что также республику Беларусь. Кабардино-Балкария обладает резервом увеличения производства семян кукурузы. Производство семян кукурузы в республике планируется увеличить на перспективу до 32 тыс. тонн к 2020, что обеспечит потребности в семенах до 30 % посевных площадей Российской Федерации. Дальнейшее повышение производства зерна является важной государственной задачей, от реализации которой зависит обеспечение продовольственной безопасности Северо-Кавказского региона и Российской Федерации в целом.

Since its 1946 independence, Syria has fielded a team for every summer Olympic competition except 1956, yet has won only three Olympic medals. In contrast with its smaller, higher-powered neighbor Lebanon, its participation at the Olympics has been consistent but limited, with the country making little impact internationally. Yet the history of Syria's involvement with the Olympics reflects key elements of its political and social history: its ambitious but short-lived partnership with Egypt, the Baathist-supported promotion of women as athletes and head of the National Olympic Committee, and its commitment to participation in the vexed but ideologically important Pan-Arab Games. This article uses official International Olympic Committee publications and related press coverage to examine the history of Syria's involvement with the Olympic Games, the Mediterranean Games, and the Pan-Arab Games. It argues that Syria's participation was initially important not for its medal count but for the "sign of statehood" that membership in the Olympic community conferred, and that its participation in regional games supported Syria's political positions as a Baathist, Arab republic. It concludes by contending that these political commitments have renewed salience as the conflict in Syria that began in March 2011 continues, and the country's participation in Olympic and regional games becomes increasingly politicized.

Many where the elaborations that the liberal government towards the end of the 19th Century assumed to reinforce the nation's imaginary. Among these strategies are the national anthems, which are depositaries of the liberal ideals of the First Republic. This article inquires on this intangible monument, a forgotten part of the history of Costa Rica, a history which has been search and founded through different signs other than musical. With this work, in which the literal and musical analysis are intertwined, it is pretended to contribute, in however measure, to continue unraveling the chain of events and signs which constitute the patriotic history ; Muchas fueron las elaboraciones asumidas por el gobierno liberal de finales del siglo XIX para reforzar el imaginario de nación. Dentro de estas estrategias figuran los himnos patrios, los cuales son depositarios del pensamiento liberal de la Primera República. Este artículo indaga desde este monumento intangible, una parte olvidada de la historia de Costa Rica, historia que ha sido buscada y fundamentada por medio de otros signos diferentes a los musicales. Con este trabajo, en el cual se entremezclan el análisis literario con el musical, se pretende contribuir, en alguna medida, a continuar develando el engranaje de acontecimientos y signos que con- forman la historia patria.

Human rights is an idea that have a long process in the history of human civilization. Human rights always have a correlative relationship with human duty because of the nature of human nature as individuals and social beings. Human Rights has incuded in the Constitution of the Republic Indonesia UUD-RI 1945. The history of the Indonesian nation records the occurrence of various gross human rights violations such as crimes against humanity that occurred in East Timor, Aceh, Jakarta and in some other areas that have not completed the handling, whereas in the field of legislation of the Government of Indonesia has made various efforts to make laws and ratify them from various international instruments on human rights. This is due to the unrelated legislation existing with the political will of the government. Political science is concerned with the state's governance, State's governance deals with key officials setting policy directions including human rights policies. For the public it is important to study political science so that the public can contribute to the political will of the government in the field of law enforcement of human rights in Indonesia.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Part I. Land, Food, and Freedom -- Introduction. Black Farmers, Agriculture, and Resistance -- 1. Intellectual Traditions in Black Agriculture -- Part II. Collective Agency and Community Resilience in Action -- 2. A Pig and a Garden -- 3. Bypass the Middlemen and Feed the Community -- 4. Agricultural Self-Determination on a Regional Scale -- 5. Drawing on the Past toward a Food Sovereign Future -- Conclusion. Black Farmers and Black Land Matter -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W

This book explores the what, the why, and the how of the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan almost 20 years after their removal from power. It examines how the U.S. discourses on War on Terror and state-building in Afghanistan have taken shape, became dominant over the past two decades, and to delineate their consequences. Also, it highlights how both discourses are representative of wider depoliticization of the society and eventually paved the way for the illiberal, oppressive politics of confinement and necropolitics.
The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of politics and international relations, U.S. foreign policy, peace and conflict studies, area studies, especially West Asian and South Asian studies.