Whether visual perceptual consciousness is gradable or dichotomous has been the subject of fierce debate in recent years. If perceptual consciousness is gradable, perceivers may have less than full access to—and thus be less than fully phenomenally aware of—perceptual information that is represented in working memory. This raises the question of in virtue of what a subject can be less than fully perceptually conscious. In this chapter, we provide an answer to this question, according to which inexact categorizations of visual input may result in a representation of the visual information in working memory that is less than fully available to the perceiver and which the perceiver therefore is less than fully phenomenally aware of. The latter proposal is a natural extension of a theory of perception we have proposed in previous works, viz., the template tuning theory (TTT). We argue that TTT is compatible with both gradable and dichotomous conceptions of perceptual consciousness but that the available empirical evidence favours a gradable conception of perceptual consciousness.
During the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, more Europeans visited the Middle East than ever before, as tourists, archaeologists, pilgrims, settler-colonists and soldiers. These visitors engaged with the Arabic language to differing degrees. While some were serious scholars of Classical Arabic, in the Orientalist mould, many did not learn the language at all. Between these two extremes lies a neglected group of language learners who wanted to learn enough everyday colloquial Arabic to get by. The needs of these learners were met by popular language books, which boasted that they could provide an easy route to fluency in a difficult language.
Arabic Dialogues explores the motivations of Arabic learners and effectiveness of instructional materials, principally in Egypt and Palestine, by analysing a corpus of Arabic phrasebooks published in nine languages (English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian) and in the territory of twenty-five modern countries. Beginning with Napoleon's Expédition d'Égypte (1798–1801), it moves through the periods of mass tourism and European colonialism in the Middle East, concluding with the Second World War. The book also considers how Arab intellectuals understood the project of teaching Arabic to foreigners, the remarkable history of Arabic-learning among Yiddish- and Hebrew-speaking immigrants in Palestine, and the networks of language learners, teachers and plagiarists who produced these phrasebooks.
How Divine Images Became Art tells the story of the parallel 'discovery' of Russian medieval art and of the Italian 'primitives' at the beginning of the twentieth century. While these two developments are well-known, they are usually studied in isolation. Tarasov's study has the great merit of showing the connection between the art world in Russia and the West, and its impact in the cultural history of the continent in the pre-war period.
Drawing on a profound familiarity with Russian sources, some of which are little known to Western scholars, and on equally expert knowledge of Western material and scholarship, Oleg Tarasov presents a fresh perspective on early twentieth-century Russian and Western art. The author demonstrates that during the Belle Époque, the interest in medieval Russian icons and Italian 'primitives' lead to the recognition of both as distinctive art forms conveying a powerful spiritual message. Formalist art theory and its influence on art collecting played a major role in this recognition of aesthetic and moral value of 'primitive' paintings, and was instrumental in reshaping the perception of divine images as artworks.
Ultimately, this monograph represents a significant contribution to our understanding of early twentieth-century art; it will be of interest to art scholars, students and anyone interested in the spiritual and aesthetic revival of religious paintings in the Belle Époque.
Despite the non-governmental status of the UNESCO-affiliated International Theatre Institute (ITI), its organisational structures enabled its member states to use it as an instrument of cultural representation for national and Cold War purposes. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the East German national centre of the ITI hosted several seminars and colloquia for theatre artists from the Global South. These events focussed heavily on playwright Bertolt Brecht as a figurehead of East German theatre since his plays and theories were of great interest to the international theatre community. This chapter examines how the GDR centre used the international community of the ITI to find and contact artistically and politically suitable participants from emerging countries and how they conceptualized and adjusted their presentation of Brecht's work and methods not only according to their participants' needs, but also to build a specific national brand of soft power designed to appeal to artists and cultural policy makers in the non-aligned countries: the GDR and the East German artists as partners and supporters of nation building.
Families Mental Health and Challenges in the 21st Century contains the papers presented at the 1st International Conference of Applied Psychology on Humanity 2022 (ICAPH 2022, Malang, Indonesia, 27 August 2022). The contributions focus on the challenges in micro-family environments that are faced with rapid developments of technology and information in the 21st century. The issues addressed in the book include: Family Strengthening Principles and Practices Children and Woman Protection Family Resilience Crisis and Challenge
Families Mental Health and Challenges in the 21st Century is of interest to professionals and academics involved or interested in psychology, the field of mental health and related disciplines.
In sub-Saharan Africa a number of national theatres were established from the 1950s onwards. Their construction involved British colonial administration, American philanthropy and Chinese development aid. While each history is particular, they share certain common experiences that can be read as an allegory of postcolonial history. This narrative is bracketed by the seemingly contradictory terms modular modernity and cultural heritage: modernity with its promise of the new, cultural heritage with its ideology of preservation. While apparently oppositional terms, they are in fact two points on a continuum of Western and Asian influence on the African continent. There is a direct through-line connecting modular modernity with cultural heritage discourse of the post-Cold War period. This chapter's main example is the National Theatre in Uganda which can read as a test case of shifting discourses and agendas in the context of the Cultural Cold War and its long-term implications.
The introduction outlines the main trajectories of the Cultural Cold War, starting with the revelations in the late 1960s that the CIA was using various front organizations to fund culture abroad as a way to combat Soviet influence. It adds to the familiar narrative by showing that the Cultural Cold War needs to be re-evaluated on the one hand by focusing on US philanthropy in the postcolonial world. On the other hand there is a need to examine Soviet and East European initiatives in the newly independent nations from the perspective of cultural diplomacy and soft power. The activities on both sides of the Iron Curtain testify to the recognition on the part of US policy makers that the emerging postcolonial world needed substantial investment in cultural infrastructure if it was to resist the blandishments of socialism, to which many of its leaders were ideologically attracted, if not aligned. The final section outlines the four sections that structure the volume: Networks and Institutions; Cultural Diplomacy; Artists and Agency; and Cultures of Things.
This book focuses on the variety of strategies developed by women athletes in the Pacific Islands to claim contested sporting spaces – in particular, rugby union, soccer, beach volleyball, recreational sports and exercise – as a prism to explore grassroots women's engagement with heavily entrenched postcolonial (hetero)patriarchy. Based on primary research conducted in Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, the book investigates contested sporting spaces as sites of infrapolitics intersected primarily by gender and also by other markers of inequality, including ethnicity, sexuality, class and geopolitics. Contrary to historical and contemporary representations of Pacific Island women as victims of gender injustice, it explores how these athletes and those who support them actively carve out space for their transformative agency. Pacific IslandWomen and Contested Sporting Spaces: Staking Their Claim focuses on a region underexamined by sport or gender studies researchers and will be of key interest to scholars and students in Gender Studies, Sport Studies, Sociology and Pacific Studies as well as sport practitioners and policymakers.
Despite a variety of theoretical and practical undertakings, there is no coherent understanding of the concept of scale in digital history and humanities, and its potential is largely unexplored. A clearer picture of the whole spectrum is needed, from large to small, distant to close, global to local, general to specific, macro to micro, and the in-between levels. The book addresses these issues and sketches out the territory of Zoomland, at scale. Four regions and sixteen chapters are conceptually and symbolically depicted through three perspectives: bird's eye, overhead, and ground view. The variable-scale representation allows for exploratory paths covering areas such as: theoretical and applicative reflections on scale combining a digital dimension with research in history, media studies, cultural heritage, literature, text analysis, and map modelling; creative use of scale in new digital forms of analysis, data organisation, interfaces, and argumentative or artistic expressions. Zoomland provides a systematic discussion on the epistemological dimensions, hermeneutic methods, empirical tools, and aesthetic logic pertaining to scale and its innovative possibilities residing in humanities-based approaches and digital technologies. Enter the Zoomland game here or watch the teaser! ; Despite a variety of theoretical and practical undertakings, there is no coherent understanding of the concept of scale in digital history and humanities, and its potential is largely unexplored. A clearer picture of the whole spectrum is needed, from large to small, distant to close, global to local, general to specific, macro to micro, and the in-between levels. The book addresses these issues and sketches out the territory of Zoomland, at scale. Four regions and sixteen chapters are conceptually and symbolically depicted through three perspectives: bird's eye, overhead, and ground view. The variable-scale representation allows for exploratory paths covering areas such as: theoretical and applicative reflections on scale combining a digital dimension with research in history, media studies, cultural heritage, literature, text analysis, and map modelling; creative use of scale in new digital forms of analysis, data organisation, interfaces, and argumentative or artistic expressions. Zoomland provides a systematic discussion on the epistemological dimensions, hermeneutic methods, empirical tools, and aesthetic logic pertaining to scale and its innovative possibilities residing in humanities-based approaches and digital technologies. Enter the Zoomland game here or watch the teaser!
This book aims to rewrite the narrative of women and power in medieval society. Based on a rich corpus of sources – systematically collected for the first time – it reveals female monasteries as central and economically able agents in feudal society. With a chronological focus on the late Middle Ages, this book focuses on four powerful convents located in modern-day France, Germany, and Switzerland. Three of these institutions were aristocratic convents founded in the early Middle Ages. They were endowed with far-ranging feudal prerogatives that were largely, but not exclusively, derived from landed possessions. The fourth convent originated in the thirteenth century and disposed of a primarily monetary economy. Observed from a longue-durée perspective, Monastic Women and Secular Economy in Later Medieval Europe reveals strategies of adaptations that allowed these different institutions to weather the significant economic changes of the late Middle Ages. Within the context of medieval feudal society, these abbesses and prioresses were authoritative figures. They ruled over territories, dispensed justice, appointed priests, and even sent soldiers to war. Late medieval convents acted as urban landlords and gave credits – they were thus major economic players in the rising cities. These observations of this monograph will force medievalists to reconsider the traditional image of both the "male" feudal Middle Ages and medieval monetary economy.
In der Arbeitswelt der DDR bestanden markante soziale Ungleichheiten, die sich mit der Vereinigung verschärften. Die Gesellschaft der DDR war stark über die Arbeit im Betrieb organisiert, die wesentlich zur »Vergesellschaftung« beitrug. Da Betriebe das soziale und materielle Leben organisierten, prägten sie auch soziale Ungleichheit, obwohl sich die DDR als egalitäre Gesellschaft verstand. Jessica Lindner-Elsner untersucht am Beispiel des VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach, das den Wartburg baute, wie sich Arbeitsbedingungen und soziale Ungleichheit wandelten. Dies zeigt sie für die Kernbelegschaften und vulnerable Arbeiter:innen wie etwa Strafgefangene, Menschen mit Behinderungen und Ausländer. Sie waren gegenüber Mitarbeiter:innen in Normalarbeitsverhältnissen benachteiligt. Deutlich wird zudem die Ungleichbehandlungen von Frauen, die aufgrund fortbestehender Rollenverteilungen weniger flexibel auf Arbeitsanforderungen regieren konnten. Die Autorin fragt, wie solche Benachteiligungen im planwirtschaftlichen System entstanden. Ebenso zeigt sie, wie sich die Muster sozialer Ungleichheit im Übergang zur Marktwirtschaft veränderten, als das Automobilwerk durch die Treuhandanstalt abgewickelt wurde und mit Opel in Eisenach ein neuer Hersteller übernahm.
Wenn Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) Texte generieren kann, was sagt das darüber, was ein Text ist? Worin unterscheiden sich von Menschen geschriebene und mittels KI generierte Texte? Welche Erwartungen, Befürchtungen und Hoffnungen hegen Wissenschaften, wenn in ihren Diskursen KI-generierte Texte rezipiert werden und Anerkennung finden, deren Urheberschaft und Originalität nicht mehr eindeutig definierbar sind? Wie verändert sich die Arbeit mit Quellen und welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus für die Kriterien wissenschaftlicher Textarbeit und das Verständnis von Wissenschaft insgesamt? Welche Chancen, Grenzen und Risiken besitzen KI-Textgeneratoren aus Sicht von Technikethik und Technikfolgenabschätzung? Und welche Kriterien sind für einen ethisch bewussten Umgang mit KI-Textgeneratoren im Bildungskontext anzulegen? Diese und ähnliche Fragen verdeutlichen die Komplexität und Tragweite der Herausforderung, die der stetig wachsende und zunehmend selbstverständliche Einsatz von KI-Textgeneratoren für das zukünftige Arbeiten mit und an Texten mit sich bringt. Hierbei kristallisieren sich Problematiken heraus, die sich an ein breites Spektrum von Disziplinen wenden, deren spezifischen Diskurse in diesem Band beleuchtet werden. Der Tagungsband geht zurück auf die im August 2023 gehaltene Tagung KI – Text und Geltung. Wie verändern KI-Textgeneratoren wissenschaftliche Diskurse? Einen Zusammenschnitt der Tagung finden Sie hier: https://zevedi.de/themen/ki-text#video-ger (optional mit englischem Untertitel). ; Wenn Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) Texte generieren kann, was sagt das darüber, was ein Text ist? Worin unterscheiden sich von Menschen geschriebene und mittels KI generierte Texte? Welche Erwartungen, Befürchtungen und Hoffnungen hegen Wissenschaften, wenn in ihren Diskursen KI-generierte Texte rezipiert werden und Anerkennung finden, deren Urheberschaft und Originalität nicht mehr eindeutig definierbar sind? Wie verändert sich die Arbeit mit Quellen und welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus für die Kriterien wissenschaftlicher Textarbeit und das Verständnis von Wissenschaft insgesamt? Welche Chancen, Grenzen und Risiken besitzen KI-Textgeneratoren aus Sicht von Technikethik und Technikfolgenabschätzung? Und welche Kriterien sind für einen ethisch bewussten Umgang mit KI-Textgeneratoren im Bildungskontext anzulegen? Diese und ähnliche Fragen verdeutlichen die Komplexität und Tragweite der Herausforderung, die der stetig wachsende und zunehmend selbstverständliche Einsatz von KI-Textgeneratoren für das zukünftige Arbeiten mit und an Texten mit sich bringt. Hierbei kristallisieren sich Problematiken heraus, die sich an ein breites Spektrum von Disziplinen wenden, deren spezifischen Diskurse in diesem Band beleuchtet werden. Der Tagungsband geht zurück auf die im August 2023 gehaltene Tagung KI – Text und Geltung. Wie verändern KI-Textgeneratoren wissenschaftliche Diskurse? Einen Zusammenschnitt der Tagung finden Sie hier: https://zevedi.de/themen/ki-text#video-ger (optional mit englischem Untertitel).
This open access book provides a historical treatment of scientific control in experimentation in the longue durée. The introduction distinguishes four related strands in the history of experimental control: the development of practices to stabilize experimental conditions; the career of the comparative design; the unfolding of methodological discussions about control practices and designs; and the history of the term "control". Each chapter brings these distinctions to bear on specific historical episodes. The focus is on experiments with complex, elusive phenomena such as perception and learning, irregular movements, and unobservable elements. Such experiments bring control issues to the fore because they are difficult to design and stabilize and often controversial. Together, the chapters show that the local context shapes what exactly is controlled, how control can be accomplished, and how controls are justified. They also show that control strategies and methodological ideas often remain stable for a long time and change only gradually. This book, as well as the volume on analysis and synthesis in experimentation by the same editors, contains contributions by an array of experts from multiple disciplines, making it suitable for historians and philosophers of science and students alike.
Ein interdisziplinärer Band im Open-Access: Die Aufwertung der Volkssprachen in der Frühen Neuzeit führte zu einer Intensivierung und internationalen Öffnung der europäischen Übersetzungskultur. Der Gebrauch des Englischen bleibt in dieser Zeit allerdings weitgehend auf die Insel beschränkt, während die Sprache auf dem Kontinent noch wenig geläufig ist. Erst seit dem 18. Jahrhundert gewinnt sie an internationaler Bedeutung und steigt schließlich zur modernen Weltsprache auf. Der Band fokussiert auf die vormoderne Situation und untersucht in 19 literatur-, kunst-, philosophie- und frömmigkeitsgeschichtlichen Fallstudien die deutsche Rezeption der frühneuzeitlichen englischen Literatur und Kultur. Mit Blick auf das bislang unzureichend erforschte deutsch-englische Interaktionsfeld erhellt er ebenso ausgewählte Personen, Institutionen und Wissensfelder wie Werkübertragungen, Gattungstransformationen und Übersetzungspraktiken, die den bereits in dieser Zeit bemerkenswert dichten Austausch zwischen England und dem Alten Reich prägten. Welche Netzwerke und Medien ermöglichten z.B. die Rezeption einflussreicher Denker und Dichter wie Bacon, Hobbes oder Milton im deutschsprachigen Raum; wie kam es gleichsam im Mutterland des Protestantismus zu einer auffallend intensiven Übersetzung englischer Erbauungsliteratur; welche Rolle spielten Parallelübersetzungen oder auch Übersetzungen aus zweiter Hand, etwa dort, wo der kulturelle Transfer über eine dritte Sprache wie das Französische oder Niederländische erfolgte? Auf solche Fragen werden im Band neue Antworten gegeben.
During the Second World War, crime rates skyrocketed in the occupied Netherlands, particularly concerning theft and other offences against property. These crimes were committed by both those who had been convicted in the prewar period and previously 'well-behaved' citizens. Some of them felt forced to steal by the circumstances, others took advantage of the situation for their own benefit. How did suspects justify their acts? Did they consider theft during the occupation to be a crime, or not? And how did Dutch judges pass judgement concerning property crimes? Did they have compassion for stealing compatriots, or did they consider theft in times of scarcity and increasing poverty to be a great danger, which should be severely punished? In this book, historian Jan Julia Zurné uses case files and verdicts by Dutch courts to provide insight into the lives, experiences and motivations of wartime thieves.
