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This Note examines how state courts have interpreted state constitutional guarantees of the privilege against self-incrimination independently of the Supreme Court's construction of the fifth amendment. Part II focuses on the historical and theoretical underpinnings of state constitutional law and examines state courts'renewed reliance on their state constitutions. Part III discusses the Supreme Court's interpretation of the fifth amendment in Miranda and its progeny. Part IV presents the states' response to Supreme Court holdings and surveys state court decisions interpreting state constitutions' self-incrimination provisions more broadly than the fifth amendment. Finally, Part V examines the potential for further growth in this area of state constitutional jurisprudence and encourages state courts to develop reasoned, independent interpretations of state self-incrimination provisions.

In Imperial China, the idea of filial piety not only shaped family relations but was also the official ideology by which Qing China was governed. In State and Family in China, Yue Du examines the relationship between politics and intergenerational family relations in China from the Qing period to 1949, focusing on changes in family law, parent-child relationships, and the changing nature of the Chinese state during this period. This book highlights how the Qing dynasty treated the state-sponsored parent-child hierarchy as the axis around which Chinese family and political power relations were constructed and maintained. It shows how following the fall of the Qing in 1911, reform of filial piety law in the Republic of China became the basis of state-directed family reform, playing a central role in China's transition from empire to nation-state

De la gran variedad de funciones que desempeñaron las iglesias y monasterios en la época medieval, la militar y defensiva fue una de las más frecuentes y extendidas tanto en nuestro país, como en todo el territorio europeo. Las guerras contra diferentes enemigos, internos como externos, provocaron el uso del templo medieval con carácter defensivo, y la aparición en numerosos edificios de elementos y estructuras de tipo militar, objeto de estudio del presente artículo, que otorgaron muchas veces a la iglesia el aspecto, la fortaleza y las funciones de un verdadero castillo. ; Among the great variety of functions that carried out churches and monasteries in the Middle Ages, the military and defensive was one of most frequent and extended, so much in our country as in all the European territory. The wars against various local or foreign enemies resulted in the use of the medieval temple with defensive character and the coming out in many buildings of elements and military type structures, topic of this article, that often granted the church the aspect, the strength and the functions of a genuine castle.

Prior to the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the churches in Nigeria contended with Bokoharam insurgency which mainly affected the churches in Northern Nigeria. However, COVID-19 affected various churches in all the nooks and crannies of the country. It brought about obvious changes in numerous practices of churches in Nigeria. Long-standing traditions of churches such as solemnisation of Holy Matrimony, Holy Communion, baptism, prayer and sharing of peace (This practice is commonly observed by the orthodox churches and entails shaking one another's hands in the course of a communion service) have been modified or suspended. Whilst this article appreciates the efforts of the federal and state governments, it investigates the implications of COVID-19 outbreak on traditional religious practices of churches in Nigeria. It also examines the responses of churches towards controlling the pandemic. The phenomenological method is used to analyse the data collected from both primary (semistructured interview) and secondary sources (journals and internet materials). Findings from this work indicate that COVID-19 outbreak is a challenge to the purpose of the institution 'church'. CONTRIBUTION : The article investigated and examined the changes which churches made in their doctrine and liturgy with respect to the outbreak of COVID-19 in Nigeria. It discovered that many traditions of the church have been modified or suspended as a way of curtailing the spread of the virus. ; This research is part of the research project 'Hermeneutics and Exegesis' directed by Prof. Dr Ernest van Eck, Department of New Testament Studies and Related Literature, Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Pretoria. ; http://www.hts.org.za ; am2022 ; New Testament Studies

This article explores the place of the first Vietnamese Catholic bishops in the politics and society of late colonial Vietnam. It places the rise of these influential figures in the broader contexts of the decline of missionary Catholicism, the Vatican's push to form national Churches in Asia, and institutional and cultural changes in Vietnamese Catholicism during the interwar years. By doing so, the article explores the links between faith and politics in colonial Vietnam, showing how changes in Vietnamese Catholicism reflect a growing contestation of colonial rule and greater ties to global Catholicism that help explain the Church's place in Vietnamese society after independence.

The principal aim of this article is to analyse the rise of a Latin American Catholic identity during the mid- to late nineteenth century. It examines the institutionalisation of this collective project via the foundation of the Latin American College in Rome in 1858 and the initiatives that led to the Latin American Plenary Council in 1899. This article also explores how this collective religious identity was imagined and how its limits were drawn. In doing so a new insight into how religions contributed to the imagining and defining of geographical spaces is offered.

This article investigates the link between Christian belief and the fight for political change in today's China focusing on the activities of certain Beijing house churches. It formulates the hypothesis that Chinese Christian intellectuals may be able to fulfil a special 'bridge-function' in Chinese society. This hypothesis is tested against evidence based on a close reading of two Beijing house church publications (Aiyan and Fangzhou) and interviews with intellectuals closely associated with these as well as 'ordinary' Christian intellectuals. Areas investigated include education, urban-rural co-operation, the demographic make-up of congregations, the Christian understanding of liberalism, and the activities of Chinese Christian human rights attorneys. It comes to the conclusion that while Christian intellectuals have great potential to play an important role in China's process of democratization, their most prominent members continue the splittist tradition of previous dissident groups while the more meaningful work is undertaken by unknown Christians away from the spotlight. (J Contemp China/GIGA)