Suchergebnisse

Human rights have long secured their place on the international agenda and most actors, states, non-governmental organisations or even multinational companies can no longer afford to ignore the demands put forward by international human rights mechanisms. In spite of the efforts to promote and implement human rights on a global scale, defending human rights on a local scale has remained at a high risk level in many countries. Colombia is considered to be one of the most dangerous countries in the world for human rights defenders (HRDs) and they are constantly subject to threats of political violence because of the nature of the work that they do. Peace Brigades International is an international nongovernmental organisation that offers international accompaniment to HRDs. International accompaniment serves two main purposes; to protect the working space of the HRDs so that they are able to carry out their work of defending human rights - and more importantly - to protect the lives of the HRDs. To date, PBI has been successful in protecting the lives of all HRDs the organisation has accompanied. This research aims to identify the mechanisms by which PBI protects the lives of the PBI field volunteers and the HRDs accompanied by them, and how these mechanisms work. The result show that the reason behind the organisation's effective protection is a range of mechanisms which include the physical accompaniment itself, the national support network, the international support network, deterrence, face to face contact with the armed actors and PBI risk analysis. Additionally, even though the state is responsible for some of the human rights violations, it still offers some kind of protection to PBI. This is due to the naming and shaming mechanism used by PBI to pressure the state into adhering to their human rights obligations, something which seems to be linked to the state's dependency on maintaining a human rights façade to obtain important trade advantages and receive military aid from the US.

Maritime labour markets were initially formed on a national level to provide the nation-states manpower needs for, specially in the military context of the struggle for the seas domination within colonial Europe. With the decolonization, new maritime states could accede to the fiscally and socially competitive flags, precipitating the dismantling of formerly closed national markets. This phenomenon, seen as a manifestation of the globalization process of exchanges and law, led to the trade union to classify the flags of convenience. Can the dismantling of the national maritime labour law lead to the conclusion that an international market would have been substituted to the former? The answer is negative. According to the legal approach of the concept, the exercise of three main prerogatives conditions are required to characterize a labour market. These prerogatives are regulation, inspection and justice. Despite a redistribution of their exercise, originally performed by the flag state, in direction of port state, factors are not met conclude to the existence of an international maritime labour market. However, the study of social maritime conflicts point out new areas of regulation, replacing the national markets by a complex public and private legal framework. ; Des marchés nationaux du travail maritime furent constitués dans le cadre des Etats nations pour répondre à d'importants besoins en main-d'oeuvre, sur le plan militaire et dans la lutte pour la domination des mers au sein d'une Europe coloniale. Avec la décolonisation, de nouveaux Etats maritimes ont ouvert l'accès à des pavillons fiscalement et socialement concurrentiels, précipitant alors le démantèlement des anciens marchés nationaux fermés. Ce phénomène, considéré comme une manifestation sectorielle particulière de la mondialisation des échanges et du droit, a abouti à une classification syndicale des pratiques d'immatriculation de navires, lorsque les armateurs n'entretiennent pas de liens avec l'Etat du pavillon arboré, à travers les pavillons ...

One of the oldest and largest literatures in empirical economics is concerned with the estimation of demand and supply of goods, services, and factors across national or subnational borders (see Leamer and Levinsohn, 1995). The respective empirical models specified and estimated are often referred to as gravity models, accruing to their functionalform similarity to Newton's law of gravity in physics. As Newton's model, gravity models of international trade or factor flows are (at least) double-indexed, involving a region or country of origin and a region or country of destination. Pooling such demand equations across pairs or regional units or even across cross-sectional units and time inevitably leads to a panel data structure of the data. This chapter is concerned with a host of issues that arise with the estimation of such models, respecting their panel econometric generic structure. The issues covered range from the estimation of double-indexed versus higher-indexed models, the estimation of fixed effects versus random effects models, issues of endogeneity, of approximation, estimation with missing or zero trade flow data, structural versus reducedform estimation, the role of dynamics or cross-sectional dependence, and issues with specific applications.

Diese Doktorarbeit verdeutlicht, dass die internationale Besteuerung von Kapitaleinkommen in unserer globalisierten Welt eine Herausforderung für Regierungen ist. Haushalte halten ein beträchtiges Vermögen im Ausland, insbesondere in der Schweiz. Länder halten an ihrer nationalen Steuerhoheit fest. Daher ist die Zinsbesteuerung nach dem Wohnsitzlandprinzip nur mit internationaler Steuerkooperation möglich. Staaten haben sich erst allmählich Ende der 1990er Jahre und Anfang der 2000er Jahre darauf verständigt gemeinsam gegen Steuerhinterziehung vorzugehen. In den letzten Jahren haben sich die Bemühungen für Steuerzwecke zu kooperieren beträchtlich verstärkt. Die Zinsbesteuerung wird mit Hilfe von Dritten, nämlich Banken, umgesetzt. Deshalb müssen Finanzinstitute als Verwalter ausländischer Vermögen und als Steuerintermediäre am Kampf gegen Steuerhinterziehung teilnehmen. Haushalte haben die Möglichkeit Steuern auf weltweiten Einkommen zu hinterziehen solange Schlupflöcher bestehen, sodass Regierungen unter Steuerausfällen leiden. Folglich haben die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, die Europäische Union und die Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung verschiedene Initiativen gegen Steuerhinterziehung lanciert. Diese Doktorarbeit untersucht verschiedene Arten internationaler Steuerkooperation in theoretischen Modellen um zur Debatte um effektive Mittel zur Steuerfluchtsbekämpfung beizutragen. Die Untersuchung rechtfertigt unter gewissen Umständen den weltweiten Vorzug von Informationsaustausch gegenüber dem Abgeltungssteuersystem. Zudem stellt sich der Einbezug von globalen Banken als ein elementarer Bestandteil einer erfolgreichen Strategie gegen Steuerhinterziehung heraus. Der US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, der internationale Finanzinstitute in den Mittelpunkt stellt, leistet daher einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verhinderung der Steuerflucht

Western Sahara is a territory lying in North-Western Africa. It borders Morocco in the north, Algeria in the north-east, Mauritania in the east and in the south, and its north-western coast borders the Atlantic Ocean. The country was colonized by the Kingdom of Spain following the decisions of the Berlin conference held in 1884. After World War 2, it was a Spanish province. When it won the independence in 1956, Morocco demanded that Western Sahara should be "liberated", claiming that the territory belonged to it. In 1963,following the passing of the information by Spain, on the basis of Article 73 letter e) of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN entered Western Sahara in the list of areas which were not governed independently. On 14 April 1976, Morocco and Mauritania signed a convention on establishing their frontier line, on the power of which they executed a division of the territory of Western Sahara. Nowadays the western – the larger – part of Western Sahara's territory is controlled by Morocco. The main aim of this article is to provide an answer to the question of the present condition of the international legal status of Western Sahara.

The question of the absence of genocides where they might have been expected is an important one; answering this question successfully can help establish the empirical validity or instead, disconfirmation, of proposed explanations for genocide's occurrence. Affinity of populations or governments (ethnoreligiously similar or ideologically sympathetic) with the power and influence to actively intervene or to provoke intervention on behalf of the victims is understood to be a major genocide preventive. Cases examined include a contrast between Greek survival and genocide of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, the absence of the genocide of Jews in Poland at the time of the Partitions, absence of genocide of the Irish Catholics by the British after the First World War, and a contrast between the absence of the Holocaust in the early stages of the Nazi occupation of Europe, but its presence upon the German invasion of Russia in 1941. Protection of threatened populations in peacetime but their extreme vulnerability in time of war is a paradox of the affinity condition. Implications of affinity for R2P are developed in the international propagation of the R2P norm and the deft use of the diplomacy in the service of protecting threatened populations.

This analysis identifies two different categories of guerrilla organizations and the roles of women within each. Guerrilla movements with 'international' agendas typically oppose US imperialism, capitalist expansion, or Western culture in general. 'Domestic' guerrilla organizations usually take action against perceived forces of oppression within their own nation. These different agendas have a direct impact on the role of women within them. Internationally oriented guerrilla groups assign traditional, limited gender roles to their female members, while domestic guerrilla organizations challenge domestic prohibitions, including those imposed on women, and encourage full and active participation of female members at all levels of guerrilla activity. This hypothesis is supported by comparative case studies of the groups in question. The study of women's roles within guerrilla movements provides insight into modern political issues, such as insurgencies and other non-traditional methods of warfare. The support of half a population can enable a guerrilla organization to further its objectives considerably, and as female participation increases, the group itself gains power. Thus, an in-depth understanding of women and their relationship to guerrilla movements contributes substantially to peace and conflict studies as well as studies of non-traditional warfare.

The Third International Conference of American States, which was held in Rio de Janeiro in July and August, 1906, differed in some important respects from the two conferences which had preceded it. While it was left to the conferences of Washington and of Mexico City to arrange their own programs and to determine upon their rules and regulations, and while no limit was set to the length of their sessions, all these matters had, in the case of the last conference, been settled beforehand by arrangement of the diplomats representing the American States in Washington who constitute the council of the Bureau of American Republics. A complete program had been worked out, containing all the subjects upon which joint action was considered desirable. A set of rules and regulations also had been adopted and the length of the session had been fixed not to exceed six weeks. The conference when it convened was, therefore, saved all the trouble and loss of time which a discussion of these matters would have made necessary had they been left to the conference itself. As a matter of fact the discussion of these preliminary matters consumed several months at both the conferences of Washington and of Mexico.

The article substantiates the need to use new approaches in describing the regional economic security including the institutional theory. We argue the importance of economic security for overcoming governance imperfections. Moreover, it is significant to a new paradigm unifying various theories that differ from one another according to methodological features — substantive, functional and axiological ones. In the modern theory of socio-economic development, more attention has been paid to the regional economic security and its institutional explanation. The purpose of the article is to study the economic security of a region through the prism of institutional factors. These factors allow revealing internal features that determine the nature of regional economic security. However, studying these factors using traditional economic theory remains less accessible. The research hypothesis supposes that our method of studying the economic security increases the effectiveness of scientific analysis. Moreover, it allows to identify a region as a complex phenomenon where universal standards of market behaviour can be considered as the special cases of economy. In this regard, the research contributes to the concept of regional economic security. We consider a region using the French «theory of agreements». The application of the theory of conventions allows to re-formulate the concept of the interaction of regional government bodies with a multi-institutional object of regulation. This is a typical for addressing the issue of economic security of northern regions where the problem of market behaviour has more acute and painful form. The outcome of this work can be used as a guide for the modernization of regional governance. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ; Изложено становление теории экономической безопасности и ее институциональной интерпретации. Представлены основные задачи управления экономической безопасностью. Рассмотрены эволюция и особенности производственной структуры Республики Коми.

"Theories of International Norm Contestation: Structure and Outcomes" published on by Oxford University Press.