Suchergebnisse

Missing its most important ingredient, the televised Louisiana gubernatorial
debate sponsored by media outlets and interest groups provided few useful
glimpses into the contest.

Republican Atty. Gen. Jeff Landry, the inarguable front
runner, didn't participate over concerns the Urban League as a sponsor which has
demonstrated outright hostility to some actions he has taken in his job. Five
others lined up: Democrat former cabinet member Shawn Wilson who is the only candidate
within shouting distance on Landry in the polls, independent lawyer Hunter Lundy, and Republicans state
Sen. Sharon Hewitt, Treas. John Schroder, and former gubernatorial
assistant Stephen Waguespack.

Without Landry, it's pointless to compare and
contrast candidate issue preferences uttered. Instead, winners and losers in
certain aspects will be described.

Best performance: Waguespack. A former Republican Gov.
Bobby Jindal adviser, he came off as a paler and slightly-slower speaking
version of his old boss, meaning he packed a lot of information into making
salient and convincing points.

Least impressive: Lundy. Maybe he's good in court,
but not so much on the political stage. He came off as, even for a politician, making
overly simplistic and broad statements, unaware that viewers will catch that
his promising so much stuff means quite a bit higher taxation levels than he's
willing to admit.

Most botched issue: teacher pay increases. All
pledged this, which at the level would cost about $200 million annually, but the
state faces starting
in fiscal year 2025 the headwind of deficits approaching $500 million yearly.
Where will the money come to pay for this, especially as the Republicans
essentially argued for no net tax increases, including not renewing the 2016/18
sales tax hike of 0.45 percent?

Least credible answer: Wilson came off fairly
polished, but anybody knowing his history knows he has no credibility in saying
he wouldn't back a gasoline tax hike after
he stumped for one for the past few years.

Biggest mistake: Schroder, after over more than
one answer touting the need for a better business climate, then torpedoed his credibility
when he said a minimum wage hike that destroys jobs and impairs commerce was in
order.

Best turnaround: Perhaps the most ridiculous
question of the night (see below) asked the candidate's response to the NAACP's
declaring a fatwa on Louisiana's tourism industry, warning visitors
away, after the Legislature – overriding
Democrat Gov. John Bel
Edwards' veto – enacted a law protecting children from irreversible and
often harmful medical interventions to produce a sex change, often the product
of transitory feelings of immature children bolstered by adult ideologues. The
Republican candidates batted that away, Hewitt the most effectively, in emphasizing
the law was to protect children and didn't deal with adults who for whatever
reason wanted to alter surgically or chemically their sex.

Most disappointing: Differing from all the others,
Wilson, who appeared comfortable in placing blame for the fatwa on the
Legislature rather than leftist ideologues, backed expanding legal abortion in
describing it as a choice to be decided among the unborn's mother, her family,
and medical confidants. Conspicuously absent from that was consideration of the
life that an abortion would kill, which says much about his lack of character.

Biggest tool: That wasn't earned by any
participant, but generally by the organizers who paraded several loaded, if not
stupid, questions such as about the fatwa, and specifically WWL-TV New
Orleans reporter Eric Paulsen, who not only shilled for these but also at times
felt compelled to add his own commentary that in one instance lasted longer
than any candidate was given to answer it.

This week another debate, which Landry will
attend, will occur. It's unlikely to be as meaningless as this one, yet also
not likely to be too much more informative.

PurposeThe research investigates valuers' understanding of the value of sustainability in property and its' consideration in valuation practice in Australia. This paper explores valuers' perceptions of the relationships between sustainability and market values, sustainability and valuation variables, and the value influence of industry sustainability certification schemes. Further, this paper tracks prevalence of certified buildings in Australian commercial markets and the evolution of valuers' knowledge of sustainability certifications used in Australia.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports on the next rendition of a longitudinal study examining valuers' practice in Australia. This research explores the evolution of Australian valuers' perception and knowledge of sustainability in valuation practice. The survey data has been periodically collected from practising valuers from 2007 to 2021. The survey questions investigate valuers' knowledge development, understanding, reporting and consideration of the relationship between sustainability and market value.FindingsThe results have identified the evolution of the influence of normative research on valuers' perceptions of the relationship between sustainability and value; with a clearer understanding emerging over time of where the value relationships are identified in valuation variables. Greater alignment between empirical Australian studies and valuers' perceptions of the influence of sustainability ratings on value, demonstrate the value connection for higher rated buildings under NABERS (energy rating) and Green Star. Whilst only 41% of the study's participants are including sustainability in their valuation reports, they include a higher level of commentary on building descriptions and initiatives, building ratings, and reporting of owner and tenant objectives, than in previous studies. Knowledge development relating to sustainability certification tool, NABERS was identified. This is likely linked to the introduction of mandatory disclosure legislation. This has also led to increased awareness and valuers' knowledge of the differences between the two key rating tools used in Australia.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has several limitations: firstly, recruitment of valuers and the number of valuers' responses has varied over time; secondly, due to collection methods respondents have a greater likelihood of having an interest in and knowledge of sustainability creating potential for positive bias; thirdly, respondents may have responded to the survey in different years, but due to anonymity there has been no ability to track this. The results provide insights into the Australian valuation profession but may not be fully representative of the profession overall in Australia.Practical implicationsThe broader agenda of net zero, climate change, mitigation and carbon requirements, whether driven by market forces or government legislation, are generating changes in property markets as investors' reconsider their positions and model the implications of carbon emissions on their bottom lines. Introductions of policy and legislation over time in the Australian context have led to changes in valuation practice and increasing consideration of energy efficiency and ratings in the valuation of assets. However, further guidance and research still is required in Australia to assist in the knowledge development of valuers, and their ability to consider the emerging effects of sustainability, net zero and other market driven objectives including legislation, and how these may affect or influence their evaluation of market evidence and thus property values.Originality/valueThe research has tracked valuers' understanding, knowledge, and consideration of sustainability and energy efficiency in valuation practice since 2007. In that time the research has found that, as the market has evolved and more rated buildings are built (or retrofitted), so too has valuers' knowledge and consideration in valuation practices evolved. Valuers are more engaged with industry rating tools such as NABERS. This suggests that the Australian mandatory disclosure policies have contributed to changes in the market, which are then interpreted by valuers and reflected in their perceptions and consideration of energy ratings in valuation practice.

The European Journal of Family Business (EJFB) was founded in 2011 with the name Revista de Empresa Familiar, changing its name to the current EJFB in 2016. As a result, the year 2021 marks the 10th anniversary of this journal, which provides an appropriate occasion to share our vision for the direction of the journal, identifying some priorities for the coming years.
We inherit a journal that wants to be a platform through which to explore new perspectives of family business research, enhancing the communication between academia and practice. We aim to support rigorous research with practical interest for family firms and entrepreneurial families while also nurturing new and overlooked lines of research that might deepen our understanding of the family firm field. We envision EJFB as a point of convergence where the rich heterogeneity of the family business realm presents competing perspectives, from which scholars and practitioners can question, enrich and extend the dialogue between academia and practice. We are also committed to fostering conversations in different fields that work in the broad domain of family business, welcoming scholarship from affiliated fields.
In addition to research papers and reviews, we encourage the submission of articles that provide new ideas or perspectives by building upon existing or new theories to understand contemporary trends related to enterprises in general and family firms in particular, point/counterpoint debates, articles with a practical orientation and practitioner commentaries. Overall, we look forward to serving and bridging the gap between research and practice by facilitating communication in both directions. The journal will feature a new section entitled Commentary where family business practitioners can write about their experiences. We believe that their comments will help 'theorists and researchers keep practice in mind when they do their work' (Vought et al., 2008, p. 1112). The aim of this section is to enhance the research agenda by learning scientifically from practice and also applying 'the theoretical and empirical research findings back to practice' (Strike, 2012, p. 168).
We believe this new editorial team is particularly well suited to the tasks of supporting research of family firms for its applicability to practice and helping practitioners advance family firms' knowledge from a research perspective. We therefore look forward to working with a global community of family business scholars and practitioners.
In concluding this introduction, the Editorial Team of EJFB wants to thank the journal's founder and outgoing editor, Dr. Vanesa Guzman-Parra, who saw the need for a journal dedicated to advancing research on family firms. We also extend a heartfelt thank you to the Editorial Board for the trust they have placed in us as the new Editorial Team. We would also like to thank our Managing Editor J. Roberto Vila and UMA Editorial for their continued and substantial assistance that has enabled the journal to reach a significant milestone: its 10-year anniversary! We also extend our gratitude to all our reviewers, readers and authors, occasional and regular, whose support of EJFB is acknowledged and greatly appreciated. We look forward to reading your insights in future issues.
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Amaia Maseda, University of the Basque Country

Deputy Editors
Dr. Vanessa Diaz-Moriana, University of Balearic Islands
Dr. Remedios Hernández-Linares, University of Extremadura
Dr. Valeriano Sanchez-Famoso, University of the Basque Country

Problem setting. This article poses the problem of understanding and applying performance as a conceptual model of the functioning of an individual in a modern multi-layered reality. The study presents an analysis of popular actionist practices and the further development of the pure action ontology. The performance serves as an approbation of the dynamism technique and the principle of action in social, digital and artistic actions.
Recent research and publications analysis. The assertion of the principle of dynamism and activity in the modern cultural space explains the popularity of performative topics in a parallel scientific and philosophical discourse. At the same time, the bulk of works on performance relates to the field of theory and methodology of art. These are the works of such authors: G. Elshevskaya, E. Krylova, E. Andreeva, J. Kostincova, D. Filippova, Andrey and Yaroslava Artemenko, H. Petrovsky, S. Levitt, H. Downey and J. Sherry, A. Eckersley and C. Duff.
G Reingold, M. Cuellar-Moreno and J. Antonio Cubas-Delgado, A. Loskutov, O. Novoselova and E. Kurbanova and others have studied dynamic models of bodily expressiveness in social practices, including in the information space of culture and communication. In turn, the American philosophers J. Butler, J Dean and G. Standing develop the concept of performance in relation to political actionism. They view the gatherings of social rights agents as a performative practice of their relationship to power.
Paper objective. The aim of the study is to review and theoretically analyze modern creative practices of the subject's bodily expression in the field of art, politics, law and digital communication, as well as to further substantiate the methodological role of the performative concept in modern culture.
Paper main body. Today's popular installations, happenings, flash mobs and challenge explicates the very essence of modern human existence in the world. Art zones and other creative social spaces (workshops) use direct body language in their functioning and, at the same time, are highly attractive and effective in today's youth environment. Silent actions demonstrate the limited possibilities for a person to manifest themselves, despite the large number of rights, freedoms and technical means to improve life. Defective self-presentation expresses the one-sided and limited nature of the subject's existence in the social, legal, political and cultural space today.
The natural change of technological structures, cultural eras and political models in the world irreversibly modifies a person, his environment and the possibilities of self-realization in it. The creative space of action allows to express the conceptual ontological principle of modernity – the break between the physical and the semantic, the act and the commentary, the action and the word, the body and corporeality. In a stratified reality, a person cannot maintain integrity. His verbal-symbolic being is separated from the physical (body); they express themselves and communicate autonomously and independently. Desocialization and the dominance of virtuality led to the dismemberment and impoverishment of many human functions, in particular the localization of his speech and actions. Therefore, performance is becoming an irreplaceable alternative way of self-realization of the silent body. While language remains a way of being a person as an agent of the information environment.
Conclusions of the research. Thus, the study refers to the art experience of bodily subjects as a manifestation of their anthropological authenticity, social significance, legal usefulness, epistemological activity and political will.

The thesis begins by exploring the main UK tax law definitions of those legal persons which are relevant for direct tax purposes. In particular, it explores the law, practice and tax authority guidance (such as it is) for classifying entities formed outside the UK. In so doing, it considers in detail the distinction between a "partnership" and a "company" for UK tax purposes, and the problems this raises. The thesis then considers the UK criteria for defining certain kinds of trust for UK tax purposes, including non-UK entities with trust-like characteristics such as foundations. It then considers to what extent the UK direct tax regime treats trusts and similar non-UK arrangements as "transparent". It also analyses the different kinds of "transparency" which may apply in relation to such trusts and arrangements for UK direct tax purposes. The next part of the thesis begins with a more general discussion of what "transparency" may mean in the context of taxation (not just direct taxation) and taking into account the new "transparent entities" provision in Article 1(2) of the OECD Model 2017, and the related OECD Commentary. It concludes that there is no single concept of "transparency" for tax purposes (a conclusion already foreshadowed in the first two chapters) and that it may legitimately mean different things in different contexts. This conclusion paves the way for a detailed analysis of the varying degrees to which "transparency" is a relevant concept in relation to UK taxes which are not taxes on income and gain (notably Inheritance Tax, VAT and Stamp Duty Land Tax). The fourth part of the thesis explores the concepts of tax "transparency" and entity classification as they relate to double tax treaties and EU law. It begins with a survey of the strengths and weaknesses of the new Article 1(2) of the OECD Model 2017. It then goes on to discuss how, from limited beginnings, UK treaty policy has attempted to tackle these issues since the 1980's in its treaties relating to income and gain. It notes how the UK has been something of a follower, rather than a leader in this regard (see in particular the UK's last two treaties with the US and the latest UK treaty with France). This section then explores a number of areas where UK double tax treaties still raise problems of entity classification which are not addressed by rules resembling Article 1(2) of the OECD Model 2017 (e.g. some of the issues surrounding the Employment Income Article). Suggestions are made for improvements. The largely unaddressed problems of entity classification and tax "transparency" in the UK's estate and gift tax treaties are also considered. Lastly this part of the thesis considers the impact of EU law on questions of "entity classification" and "tax transparency". It concludes that in some respects the UK tax rules for classifying non-UK entities are not compliant with EU law. The fifth part of the thesis compares and contrasts the UK tax rules for classifying entities with the (very different) approach of the US Federal income tax, as well as the Dutch approach (which is more akin to that of the UK). It seeks to pinpoint strengths and weaknesses of both the US and Dutch approach, when compared to the UK. The last part begins by exploring why issues of entity classification and tax "transparency" matter, and not just in relation to the taxation of income and gain. This picks up themes discussed earlier. It then sets out the answers to key research questions. It ends by proposing some more general reforms of the existing UK rules.

During the pre-construction phase of an investment project, a construction plan is usually prepared by the building contractor. It contains financial plans, schedules, technical regulations with working procedures and proposals for the deployment of construction machinery and work teams. These items are then optimised in order to save money, shorten construction time and increase the quality of the final work while ensuring environmental and safety standards are maintained at the site. The ecological aspects of building work include compliance with the hygiene limits for building site noise, which is caused in particular by the simultaneous operation of machines. In the Czech Republic, limit values are set by Government Regulation 272/2011 Coll., as amended, on the protection of health against the adverse effects of noise and vibrations. The evaluation of construction site noise is not usually performed by contractors themselves and noise is usually measured only at the construction site, where work is limited or additional measures are taken in the case of values that exceed the stipulated limits. As the values in the construction plan should be as close as possible to reality during the implementation of the plan, it would seem appropriate to include such noise assessments within it. The purpose of this paper is to present an example of such an evaluation from the formal and material standpoint. The assessment has been conducted in the form of a specific noise study, expanded by a commentary on the treatment of the hypotheses. It shows how to obtain input data for evaluation, divide sub-calculations and use the supporting SW of the Hluk plus product for the purposes of construction information modelling, as well as how to correctly set noise sources and the positions of measured points for evaluation by the model within this programme. Subsequently, options for the evaluation of appropriate measures are listed, including their inclusion in reassessments. ; Ve fázi před výstavbou investiční akce obvykle zhotovitel stavby připraví stavební plán. Obsahuje finanční plány, plány, technické předpisy s pracovními postupy a návrhy na nasazení stavebních strojů a pracovních týmů. Tyto položky jsou poté optimalizovány tak, aby šetřily peníze, zkracovaly dobu stavby a zvyšovaly kvalitu finálních prací a současně zajišťovaly dodržování ekologických a bezpečnostních standardů na staveništi. K ekologickým aspektům stavebních prací patří dodržování hygienických limitů hluku na staveništi, který je způsoben zejména současným provozem strojů. V České republice jsou mezní hodnoty stanoveny nařízením vlády 272/2011 Sb., Ve znění pozdějších předpisů, o ochraně zdraví před nepříznivými vlivy hluku a vibrací. Hodnocení hluku na staveništi obvykle neprovádějí samotní dodavatelé a hluk se obvykle měří pouze na staveništi, kde jsou práce omezené nebo jsou přijímána dodatečná opatření v případě hodnot překračujících stanovené limity. Jelikož by hodnoty v plánu stavby měly být během provádění plánu co nejblíže realitě, zdálo by se vhodné zahrnout do něj taková posouzení hluku. Účelem tohoto příspěvku je představit příklad takového hodnocení z formálního a materiálního hlediska. Hodnocení bylo provedeno ve formě specifické hlukové studie, rozšířené o komentář k zpracování hypotéz. Ukazuje, jak získat vstupní data pro vyhodnocení, rozdělit dílčí výpočty a použít podpůrný SW produktu Hluk plus pro účely modelování stavebních informací, a také jak správně nastavit zdroje hluku a polohy měřených bodů pro vyhodnocení pomocí model v tomto programu. Následně jsou uvedeny možnosti pro hodnocení příslušných opatření, včetně jejich zahrnutí do přehodnocení.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

The article introduces a new concept of the Associative Dictionary of Media Events of the Early XXI Century. The project continues the traditions of common lexicography. As a rule, common lexicography is part of a special problem field described by various antinomies, e.g. objective vs. subjective in the language, individual vs. collective, descriptive vs. prescriptive approaches to the lexical representation in dictionaries, etc. The new dictionary represents a snapshot of everyday media consciousness and thus belongs to descriptive lexicographic projects. The dictionary is based on an associative experiment that involved Russian and French speakers. While traditional associative dictionaries contain the most frequent vocabulary, this project represents the conceptual meanings of various media events that exist in the everyday collective consciousness. The new dictionary belongs to media linguistics, descriptive lexicography, and interpretive linguistics. The present article describes the technology of its compilation, substantiates its relevance and novelty, and offers a sample entry using the case of the COVID-19 pandemic and its representation in the Russian language. Each media event consisted of two associative nests: one was based on the reactions of respondents who were familiar with the stimulus, whereas the other demonstrated reactions of participants unfamiliar with the media event. The epidemic being global, such key lexemes as "covid" and "coronavirus" lost their agnonymity for Russian speakers, and the media event appeared to have a zero agnonymous associative nest. The paper also provides a linguistic commentary on the covid entry, which summed up all the reactions received during the associative experiment. The lexicographic project can be of interest to specialists in media, political, cognitive, and cultural linguistics. ; Представлена концепция нового для лингвистики словаря – «Ассоциативного словаря медиасобытий начала ХХI века». Названный проект продолжает традиции обыденной лексикографии, для которой характерна включенность в особое проблемное поле, описывающееся антиномиями объективного и субъективного в языке, индивидуального и коллективного, описательного и предписательного подходов к представлению лексических единиц в словарях. Предлагаемый словарь представляет срез обыденного медийного сознания и потому по своей направленности относится именно к описательным лексикографическим проектам. Создание словаря основывается на ассоциативном эксперименте, проводимом с рядовыми носителями русского и французского языков. В отличие от традиционных ассоциативных словарей, словник которых, как правило, представлен самой частотной лексикой языка, предлагаемый нами проект лексикографического издания представляет концептные значения различных медиасобытий, существующих в коллективном обыденном сознании. Концепция представляемого проекта позволяет говорить о его отнесенности к целому ряду направлений современной лингвистики: медиалингвистике, описательной лексикографии, интерпретационной лингвистике. В настоящей публикации описана технология создания нового словаря, обосновывается его актуальность и новизна, предлагается образец словарной статьи (на примере русского языка) по значимому для современного мира событию – «Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19». При построении описываемой словарной статьи соблюдается принятый коллективом подход, заключающийся в демонстрации двух ассоциативных гнезд по каждому медиасобытию, включенному в словник. Первое ассоциативное гнездо составляется на основе реакций участников ассоциативного эксперимента, для которых стимул (медиасобытие) является знакомым, второе ассоциативное гнездо демонстрирует реакции тех участников эксперимента, для которых называемое медиасобытие является неизвестным. Поскольку распространение коронавирусной инфекции имеет мировой масштаб и, как показали результаты проведенного эксперимента, такие ключевые лексемы, как ковид, COVID, коронавирус, в настоящее время потеряли свою агнонимичность для носителей русского языка, названное медиасобытие имеет нулевое агнонимичное ассоциативное гнездо. В публикации также представлен лингвистический комментарий названной словарной статьи с учетом всех полученных реакций в ходе проведения ассоциативного эксперимента. Как показал опыт работы над словарем, представляемый лексикографический проект интересен для специалистов в области массмедийного дискурса, политической лингвистики, когнитивной лингвистики и лингвокультурологии.

Упродовж низки проєктів, що їх останніми роками виконував Український центр вивчення історії Голокосту, було виявлено різноманітні історичні джерела, які загалом містять відомості про понад 140 місць загибелі ромів у зонах німецької окупації України. У цій статті подано п'ять карт, які є результатом пошукової роботи й заповнюють наявні на сьогодні у картографії та історіографії пробіли, дають змогу дати відповіді на такі запитання, що є нагальними при описі долі ромського населення України: 1) кількість і розташування місць страт ромів (що важливо для усвідомлення масштабу, регіональних особливостей і статистичних аспектів геноциду ромів на теренах України); 2) розподіл між кочовими та осілими ромськими жертвами за наявними джерелами (що важливо з огляду на концептуальні дискусії в історіографії щодо засад нацистської «циганської» політики, адже переважання жертв, які були осілими, переконливо демонструє, що у мотивації виконавців злочинів расово-ідеологічні чинники превалювали над уявленнями про «асоціальність» окремих ромів); 3) розподіл між німецькими виконавцями та місцевими співучасниками у злочинах щодо ромів (що важливо у контексті питання про ставлення місцевого населення до переслідуваних ромів та ступінь ініціативи місцевих органів врядування і допоміжної поліції у геноцидних акціях); 4) установа, яка задокументувала злочин (що важливо з погляду політики держави щодо документування злочинів проти ромів – зокрема, їхньої повноти та репрезентативності, – та особливостей формування суспільних уявлень про це); 5) наявність меморіальних об'єктів на місцях загибелі ромських жертв або зазначення наявності ромів серед жертв (що важливо у контексті формування соціальної пам'яті про геноцид ромів та наявності/відсутності механізмів «культурної пам'яті», що покликані увічнити пам'ять жертв). До кожної карти наведено опис методики її складання та аналіз наукової ваги поданих на ній відомостей. Узяті разом або окремо, карти мають потенціал для використання у науковій, освітній та музейній діяльності. ; Over recent years, during a number of projects carried out by the Ukrainian Center for Holocaust Studies, evidence have been identified about more than 140 sites of muss murder of Roma in the German-occupied areas of Ukraine. In result, five maps were compiled which are presented in the article. The maps fill up the gaps in the cartography and historiography on the subject of Roma genocide, and allow us to illustrate and answer the following questions that are urgent in describing the bitter fate of the Roma population of Ukraine: (1) Location of Roma killing sites (which is important to apprehend the scope, regional features and statistical aspects of the Roma genocide in Ukrainian territory); (2) The distribution between nomadic and settled Roma victims, according to available sources (which is important given the conceptual discussions in historiography on the principles of the Nazi "Gypsy" policies; the predominance of the settled victims convincingly demonstrates that in perpetrators' mindset the racial and ideological motivations prevailed over notions of "asociality" of individual Roma); (3) Distribution between German perpetrators and local accomplices in crimes against Roma (which is important in the context of the attitude of the local population towards the persecuted Roma, and the degree of initiative of local governments and auxiliary police in genocidal actions); (4) The institution that documented the crimes (which is important from the perspective of the agency and state policies on documenting crimes against Roma people – particularly, documentation completeness and representativeness – and thus shaping of public opinion about it); (5) Availability of memorials at the killing sites of Roma victims, or indication of Roma among the victims (which is important in the context of the formation of social memory of Roma genocide and the presence / absence of "cultural memory" tools to commemorate victims). Each map is accompanied by commentary of what method was used to compile it, as well as analysis of the scholarly meaning of the information presented. Be the maps used together or separately, they carry the potential for use in research, educational, or museum activities.

Abstract 1: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to implementing assisted dying: A qualitative evidence synthesis of professionals' perspectives. Background: Assisted dying frameworks are currently legal in thirteen jurisdictions worldwide and are becoming increasingly available as more countries move to legalise aid in dying. Assisted dying is a divisive topic and draws both lamenting and approving commentary from political, medical, legal, and philosophical domains. Safeguarding is considered the cornerstone of assisted dying frameworks. However, some reviews highlight that due care is not always adhered to resulting in potential harm being caused. Aims: This systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis aims to understand the factors that healthcare professionals experience when working within assisted dying frameworks. Moreover, we aim to understand the impact of these factors on service delivery. Method: PRISMA guidelines were used to develop a systematic search of ten databases. Search results yielded 15,426 papers with 39 papers meeting inclusion criteria for this review. These remaining 39 papers were subjected to critical appraisal and a thematic synthesis. Results: Thirteen themes were identified with some themes representing the dimensional nature of human interaction and falling into two different domains. Eight themes fell under the domain of 'barrier' and represent different personal and professional factors that hinder professionals from delivering assisted dying healthcare. These include the impact of 'poor training', 'communication', 'emotional challenges', 'manipulating time', 'protocols and procedures', 'assessment', 'conscientious objection', and 'alternative treatments'. Five themes came under the domain of 'facilitators' and represent factors that contribute to the smooth delivery of assisted dying services. These include 'communication', 'action from values', 'protocols, procedures, and legislation', 'multi-disciplinary teamwork', and 'getting a good assessment of due care'. Conclusion: Health professionals experience a range of factors that both impede and propel delivery of assisted dying frameworks. Legislators and educators should consider these factors when developing or updating their respective frameworks. Keywords: assisted dying; euthanasia; barriers; facilitators; health professionals Abstract 2: Assisted dying in Ireland: Psychologists' attitudes towards and perspectives of roles and best-practice guidelines. Background: Psychologists are becoming more involved in end-of-life healthcare provision including assisted dying frameworks. In some countries, psychologists are mandated to provide assessments of decisional capacity relating to requests to have a death hastened. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the perspectives of psychologists about assisted dying. This study aimed to glean a qualitative understanding of the attitudes towards assisted dying from psychologists working in Ireland. We also wanted to know how an assisted-dying framework could look like from the perspective of psychology. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten clinical psychologists recruited from two healthcare organisations in the Republic of Ireland. Transcribed interviews were analysed using an inductive thematic analytic approach. Results: Participants were broadly in favour of assisted-dying. However, mistrust and ambivalence appeared to function and mediating factors that regulated how participants discussed and grappled with the complexity assisted-dying. Thematic analysis resulted in the formation of three primary themes: (1) making sense of assisted-dying, (2) my fear would be…, and (3) the omnipresent psychologist. Subthemes under 'making sense' relate to lay-understanding, psychological understanding, complexity, and what assisted dying should not be. Subthemes related to fear include harm being caused and the emergence of stigma. Omnipresence was associated with how psychologists viewed their responsibilities including assessment, support, and safeguarding. Conclusion: Psychologists can be broadly supportive of assisted-dying frameworks and can provide nuanced information regarding the role psychology could have within the framework. However, further exploration of the potential impact that psychologists' world-view assumptions have on attitudes towards assisted-dying need to be further explored. Keywords: psychology; framework; assisted-dying; euthanasia; assisted-suicide

Розглянуто український проєкт Відкритої групи «Падаюча тінь "Мрії" на сади Джардіні» у фарватері кураторської концепції Ральфа Ругоффа «Щоб ти жив в цікаві часи!» 58-ї Венеційської бієнале 2019 року та здійснено аналіз тем, розроблених в інших проєктах, з урахуванням проекції цієї проблематики на український та світовий контексти. Співставлено контексти, з якими працює проєкт в Україні та в світі. Опрацьовано проблематику Венеційської бієнале щодо глобальних екологічних викликів, експансивного росту, війни та миру, протистояння демократичного і тоталітарного світів, міграційної кризи. Виявлено процес розкриття мистецькими засобами, як працює політична маніпуляція, з критичним коментарем щодо реальності, позначеної економічною та соціальною нерівністю, що провокує обурення і, як наслідок, — популізм. Визначено механізм роботи з травмою на території мистецтва. Виявлено мультивекторність проєктів і різні типи зв'язку з реальністю як прояв продуктивних мистецьких стратегій.Проаналізовано та співставлено теми та художні особливості фільмів, представлених на 76-му Венеційському міжнародному кінофестивалі 2019 року і його лауреатів. Описано особливості українського фільму-призера Венеційського кінофестивалю — 2019 Валентина Васяновича «Атлантида». Простежено хронологію розвитку кінематографічного доробку Валентина Васяновича.Визначено основні трендові теми, характерні для міжнародних Венеційських форумів 2019 року, серед яких загрози антропоцену і екологічної кризи, антиглобалізм в його економічному, соціальному і національному аспектах, стійкі ціннісні орієнтири в епоху постправди. Визначено вплив інтелектуальних вправ у справі формування смислів задля діалогу із соціумом як нагальність для світу мистецтва. Виявлено роль і місце українського сучасного мистецтва і кінематографу на міжнародній сцені. Окреслено проблеми і особливості культурної політики України і необхідність її переформатування задля сприяння розвитку сучасного мистецтва. ; The Ukrainian project of the Open Group «The Shadow of Dream (Mriya) cast upon Giardini della Biennale» is researched in the fairway of Ralph Rugoff's curatorial concept «May You Live in Interesting Times» of the 58th Venice Biennale 2019 and the themes developed in the other projects, taking into account the projection of these issues on the Ukrainian and world contexts are analyzed. The contexts with which the project works in Ukraine and in the world are compared. The issues addressed within the Venice Biennale on global environmental challenges, extensive growth, war and peace, ongoing confrontation of democratic and totalitarian worlds, migration crisis are studied. The process of revealing by artistic means how political manipulation works is revealed with a critical commentary on the reality marked by economic and social inequality that provokes indignation, and as a result — populism. The mechanism of work with trauma on the territory of art is determined. The multi-vector projects and different types of connection with reality are identified demonstrating the productive artistic strategies.The themes and artistic features of the films presented at the 2019 Venice Film Festival and its winners are analyzed and compared. The features of the Ukrainian film-winner of the Venice Film Festival 2019 «Atlantis» by Valentyn Vasyanovych are described. The chronology of the development of Valentin Vasyanovich's film achievements is tracked.The main trend topics characteristic of the Venice Forums of 2019 are identified, such as the threats of the Anthropocene and the ecological crisis, anti-globalism in its economic, social and national aspects, and the orientation on the human values in the post-truth era. The influence of intellectual practice in the formation of meanings for dialogue with society challenging for the art world is determined. The role and place of Ukrainian contemporary art and cinema on the international stage are revealed. The problems and peculiarities of the cultural policy of Ukraine and the necessity of its reforme in order to support the development of contemporary art are outlined.

The article deals with the notions of information rights and freedoms, which are the fundamental foundations of democratic social order. It is emphasized that the specified sphere of relations should be given special attention by the state as a guarantor of respect for fundamental human rights. A number of informational issues that remain unresolved have been identified. Among them were the poor implementation of legislation in the area of access to information, the lack of clear mechanisms and institutions regarding the procedure for protection of information rights. The content of the paper is analyzed and the legal nature of such phenomenon as the private life of an individual is determined. Its material and information manifestations have been clarified. It is established that the modern substantive law regulates social relations in such a way that eliminates direct interference with the sphere of personal life. However, there are cases where the public interest outweighs the personal needs and priorities of the individual. In the event of a conflict of interests, the proper regulation of the legal relationship to the exercise of each person's personal rights and their protection against unlawful encroachment should, in each case, determine the preference of which interests, whether public or purely private, should be given when applying the appropriate regulatory tools. In order to adapt international law enforcement practice to the national system, individual ECtHR decisions in the commentary field have been studied. It has been found that some purely private human rights can be restricted by the authorities, and such interference can, in principle, be recognized as legitimate in the presence of certain prerequisites, the main one being the admissibility and necessity of such interference in a democratic society. A major factor in this need is the overriding importance of social progress in regulated relationships. The Court's position in a particular case is outlined, where the urgent and important public interest outweighs the inviolability of a person's private powers. It is concluded that in this way the activity of the national law enforcement system and the research area should be built. ; У статті розглянуто поняття «інформаційні права і свободи людини», які становлять фундаментальні основи демократичного суспільного правопорядку. Наголошується, що вказаній сфері відносин особливу увагу має приділяти держава як гарант дотримання основоположних прав людини. Позначено низку проблем інформаційного характеру, які залишаються неврегульованими. Серед них відзначено неналежну практику реалізації законодавства у сфері доступу до інформації, відсутність чітких механізмів та інституцій стосовно порядку захисту інформаційних прав. У роботі проаналізовано зміст та визначено правову природу такого явища, як приватне життя фізичної особи. З'ясовано його матеріальні та інформаційні прояви. Встановлено, що сучасне матеріальне право регулює суспільні відносини у такий спосіб, який виключає пряме втручання у сферу особистого життя. Однак є випадки, коли суспільні інтереси переважають особисті потреби та пріоритети окремої людини. За наявності колізії інтересів для правильного унормування правовідносин щодо здійснення особистих прав кожної людини та їхнього захисту від протиправних посягань необхідно у кожному разі встановлювати, перевага яких інтересів – суспільних чи суто приватних – має надаватися у застосуванні відповідного регулюючого інструментарію. З метою адаптації міжнародної правозастосовної практики до національної системи вивчено окремі рішення ЄСПЛ у коментованій сфері. Виявлено, що окремі суто приватні права людини можуть обмежуватися владою, і подібне втручання в принципі може визнаватися правомірним за наявності певних встановлених передумов, головна з яких – допустимість та необхідність такого втручання в демократичному суспільстві. Головним чинником подібної потреби є переважне значення суспільного прогресу у відносинах, що регулюються. Наведена позиція Суду у конкретній справі, коли нагальний та важливий публічний інтерес переважає недоторканість певних приватних повноважень особи. Зроблено висновок, що саме у подібний спосіб має будуватися діяльність національної правозастосовної системи у досліджуваній сфері.