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Over the last few years, the UK government has sought to assist more effectively small and medium-sized enterprise (SME)-sector firms through the creation of Training and Enterprise Councils and Business Links. These organisations undertake assessment of client satisfaction. Most of their measurement tools, however, do not permit determination of the factors which are key influences of client attitudes. Research on customer behaviour both in industrial markets and in service environments has caused some academics to posit that, in many situations, the application of traditional transactional-market-research tools is often ineffective. Accordingly, they propose that satisfaction measurement should encompass the influence of a relationship-management orientation because the processes designed to build long-term customer loyalty may be a more appropriate philosophy through which to gain understanding of SME-sector attitudes to services delivered by suppliers. The aim, therefore, is to examine the relevance of applying a relationship-management research tool to assess client satisfaction in small-business-advisory scenarios. Interviews with advisors and owner/managers have been used to construct a qualitative model of factors influencing the client-advisor relationship. The implications of the study are discussed in relation to the future operation of not-for-profit support agencies seeking to optimise the effectiveness of service provision. Proposals are made concerning the need for further research.

This paper presents a test of an important implication of Becker's theory of employer discrimination: when institutional change enhances labor mobility, employer discrimination falls because it becomes more costly for employers to indulge tastes for discrimination. The test case is the National Basketball Association (NBA). This paper specifically addresses the following question about the NBA: why did black/white player salary differentials vanish by the early 1990s? Previous studies claim that NBA wage gaps in the 1980s are attributable to customer discrimination and monopsonistic wage discrimination. This study argues that employer discrimination was an important source of those gaps and that one reason they vanished was because reduced monopsony power eradicated employer discrimination. Monopsony power fell because the 1988 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement and the entry of four new teams in the league enhanced player mobility and increased the amount of labor market competition. Using data for the 1985‐86 and 1990‐91 seasons, employer discrimination was proxied by the race of the team's general manager. Empirical results strongly suggest that a major reason the NBA wage gap vanished in the later period was because of a reduction in employers' ability to discriminate. This is in contrast to earlier literature on the NBA, which has tended to emphasize the role of customer discrimination. (JEL J71)

Este artículo da cuenta de una investigación comprendida en el cruce de las áreas de filosofía de la educación e historia de la educación argentina reciente. La delimitación temática abarca las implicancias del Personalismo en el plano educativo durante la última dictadura militar. Se aborda la articulación entre la teoría general de la educación (educación personalizada) y la filosofía que la fundamenta (personalismo perennialista). Se analizan orientaciones de estilos personalizados en América Latina y especialmente en Argentina. Se profundiza en uno de ellos la Pedagogía de los valores, como un peculiar estilo personalizado, diseñado durante la primera etapa del "Proceso". ; This article reports on a research within the intersection of the areas of philosophy of education and history of recent Argentina education. The theme definition covers the implications of personalism in the field of education during the last military dictatorship. The articulation between the general theory of education (individualized education) and philosophy that based (perennialist personalism) addresses. A guidelines custom style in Latin America and especially in Argentina is analyzed. Pedagogy of values, as a peculiar custom style, designed during the first phase of the "Process" delves into one. ; Kaufmann, Carolina. Facultad de Humanidades y Artes. Centro de Estudios e Investigación en Historia de la Educación Argentina Reciente (HEAR). Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.

Robert E. Park's sociology of race & ethnic relations takes the civilization process as its central concern. His well-known formulation of the four stages through which a race relations cycle would pass -- contacts, competition, accommodation, & assimilation -- though not without considerable difficulties as a theory describing the order & direction taken by the several races' actual experiences, postulates the ultimate victory of modern market civilization over all traditional modes of social organization. Park contended that modern societies -- with their centers in multiracial & multiethnic cities -- are characterized by sudden & dramatic changes of fortune, atomization, flexible rather than fixed social forms, & by a polis in which fashion & public opinion replace custom as a means of social control. Modern mobile societies have an inexorable tendency to attract tradition-oriented peoples & convert them from their custom-bound ways of life into civic-minded citizens of a new Occidental socioeconomic order, which, in turn, shifts them away from their membership in collective, family-based primary groups into individuated, impersonal, & secondary associations of persons who must struggle for necessarily scarce material & spiritual rewards in a society built around commerce & competition. Park focused on how US blacks fit into this universal process, a case that proved to be the most difficult & ambiguous instance of the operation of his postulated race relations cycle. Modified AA

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Treaty as evidence of current practice in international law — Whether binding on non-ratifying State — Statement of executive as evidence of custom — The law of France
States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — International convention signed but not yet ratified by State — Executive statement that convention embodies principles of customary international law — Whether courts should take notice of this statement — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of France
Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether codification of existing international law — Whether binding on non-ratifying States as evidence of current practice — The law of France
Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Envoy a national of receiving State — Action for eviction from private residence — Whether envoy entitled to immunity from jurisdiction — Immunity limited to acts performed in exercise of diplomatic functions — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 38(1) — Whether codification of existing international law — Whether Convention binding on non-ratifying States as evidence of current practice in international law — Statement of Executive as evidence of custom — The law of France

Among students of Latin America, the existence of sizable Indian communities within the region has provoked a lively debate about the relationship between ethnicity and social class. Such communities have failed to become part of class society, it is often said, because they retain those customs and traditions which arose under colonialism, because in some sense they remain encapsulated to this day within the feudal social order. A few experts even claim that these customs have themselves become the primary agent of economic and political exploitation in various rural areas.1According to this view, native people have accepted more or less passively a culture which was designed for them by Spanish missionaries and administrators, a culture which emphasized ethnic difference at the expense of class solidarity.2In contrast to these ideas, contemporary events provide us with many indications that such people did not simply resign themselves to the fate which colonial authorities elected for them, Of primary importance, native uprisings and rebellions, messianic movements and religious heresies occurred in Latin America with astonishing frequency throughout the centuries which preceded Independence. By analyzing these movements, then, and particularly the convictions which moved their participants to action, we may formulate a more coherent view of Spanish colonialism — a view which also helps us to understand the question of ethnicity among Indians today.

Those individuals following the historical approach contend that the reception of foreign law in Turkey involved only the introduction of foreign codes; whereas, those following the rationalistic interpretation believe that a foreign legal system was adopted. According to the view of S's of the sociol of law, the Swiss Civil Code was received in Turkey not because of its superior quality but because of a chance factor. Moslem nations must incorporate & integrate principles from both the West & from Islamic law, otherwise legal stagnation may result. Among serious resulting legal problems in Turkey are a number presented by informal marriages, the form of marriage (religious or civil), & illegitimate children. Most Turkish polygamous marriages concluded in religious form are in fact bigamous. Among the causes of polygamy in Turkey are the need for additional F labor in some households, the fact that there are no other refuges for women without families, the religious custom that any woman entering a family for any menial task must marry the head of the family, & finally as a means of preserving family continuity in situations of sterility. The need for polygamous families is decreasing. The reception of the Swiss Civil Code in Turkey & its influence on soc & family customs is evidence that laws can create morals. B. J. Keeley.

A study of the beginnings of national representation inevitably brings to the surface details which in their time were part or parcel of mediæval practices. One cannot expect that these usages, even as connected with representative institutions, can be of concern in our more complex modern circumstances, since the Middle Ages had comparatively few and simple problems for legislative solution. In those days the questions of relationship between the administrative and the legislative, and between the local and the central or national, had not emerged clearly. Nevertheless, such details and questions are interesting as examples of mediæval theory and efficiency, and, moreover, some of them are not entirely devoid of connection with present-day difficulties.The custom of making in advance a decision which was imposed by the electors upon their chosen representative, a custom known as the imperative mandate, was an important factor in early representative government. It was sound in legal theory, and some of its practice will be seen in the pages which follow. Also, its connection is with that early stage in popular government in which the development of representative institutions corresponded somewhat to one phase of the present. I refer to what is apparently a need to ask from the electors themselves their opinion on large, general questions of principle—for example, in our time, the referendum in Germany on the adoption of the Young Plan.

Book reviewed in this article: Capital Punishment in the Tæcnticth Century. By E. Roy CalvertLAW AND CUSTOM IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC.: Crime and Custom in Savage Society. By Bronislaw MalinowskiMENTALITY AND CRIME.: Delinquents and Criminals, their Making and Unmaking. By William Healy, M.D., and Augusta F. Bronner, Ph.D. An Introduction to Forensic Psychiatry. By W. Norwood East, M.D., Medical Inspector H.M. Prisons Mind and Personality. By William Brown, M.D., D.Sc. Criminology and Penology. By John Lewis Gillin Crime and the Criminal. An Introduction to Criminology, By Philip ArchibaldTHE PSYCHOLOGY OF MURDER.: The Psychology of Murder: a Study in Criminal Psychology. By Andreas Bjerre. Translated from the Swedish by Dr. E. Classen, M.A., Ph.D., M.R.S.L.A NEW INDISPENSABLE.: The Criminal Justice Acts. By A. Lieck, Chief Clerk of the Marlborough Street Police Court, and A. C. L. MorrisonTOURISTS, THIEVES AND GOOD SAMARITANS.: The Convict of To‐day. By Sydney A. Moseley Punishment and Personality. By Harold Begbie My Own Story. By Fremont Older You Can't Win. By Jack Black Vagabonds All. His Honour Judge Edward Abbott PartyJOHN HOWARD.: John Howard, Prison Reformer, By John G. Rowe"A PENNY DREADFUL FOR THE RICH."Sir Richard Muir, A Memoir of a Public Prosecutor. Written by Sidney Theodore Felster and edited by Lady Muir Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology.

The original intent was to publish this treatise as a portion of a general work on Indian ethnography, but a delay in publishing the larger work made it desirable to prepare this material as a separate publication. ; This work is based on Dr. Washington Matthews studies of the Hidatsa Indians while stated at a military post and serving as a medical officer of the Army. This work presents what Matthews learned by observing manners, customs, and other characteristics, as well as making a close and careful study of their language. ; Prefatory note -- Ethnography. Pt. 1. Village at Fort Berthold -- Ethnography. Pt. 2. The Hidatsa Tribe -- Philology -- Hidatsa grammar -- Letters -- Nouns -- Pronouns -- Verbs -- Adjectives -- Adverbs -- Hidatsa dictionary -- Local names -- English-Hidatsa vocabulary. ; The original intent was to publish this treatise as a portion of a general work on Indian ethnography, but a delay in publishing the larger work made it desirable to prepare this material as a separate publication. ; This work is based on Dr. Washington Matthews studies of the Hidatsa Indians while stated at a military post and serving as a medical officer of the Army. This work presents what Matthews learned by observing manners, customs, and other characteristics, as well as making a close and careful study of their language. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Mishcàt-ul-maśábih́, or, A collection of the most authentic traditions, regarding the actions and sayings of Muhammed : exhibiting the origin of the manners and customs : the civil, religious and military policy of the Muslemans. Muḥammad, Prophet, -632—Teachings [Browse] Islam [Browse] Muslims—Social life and customs [Browse] Matthews, Arnold N. [Browse] Related work(s) Baghawī, al-Ḥusayn ibn Masʻūd, -1117?. Maṣābīḥ al-sunnah [Browse] ; The Mishcàt-ul-Masábìh (niche for lamps) by al-Khatib al-Tabrizi (also known as Wali al-Din, d. 741 AH or 1340/41 CE), a revised and expanded version of the Masábìh al-Sunnah by al-Baghawi, adding approximately 1500 hadith. This important Sunni text was first translated into English by Capt. Matthews of the Bengal Artillery. Although some of the original hadith are not included and others incorrectly translated, this attempt to publish a translation from the Arabic was a noted accomplishment for its time. The list of subscribers accounts for 122 copies, with an additional 100 copies noted as being published on order of the Governor General in Council for the Honourable Company. A statement in a 1848 issue of the Journal of Sacred Literature suggests that most copies of the work were destroyed at sea, yet it was still advertised for sale in 1817 in the Literary panorama (at the price of £4.4s).

"Airline business models continue to be shaped by powerful forces relating to customers, complexities and regulators. However, at the same time, there are emerging technologies that can help airlines cater to the needs of their changing customer bases and manage the complexities of the business. In his previous books, Nawal Taneja has deliberated on these forces and how the airline industry is poised for disruptive change that could come from within or outside of the industry. He also discussed the point that the airline planning systems and process in use are neither contemporary nor sufficiently integrated to meet the changing needs of customers who now are looking for outcomes, not products. In Re-platforming the Airline Business: To Meet Travelers' Total Mobility Needs, Taneja not only reiterates the need for transformation of the airline business but provides a map of the transformational process. This book proposes that different sectors of the aviation industry, particularly airlines and airports, should consider using not just a wide array of technologies (Artificial Intelligence, biometrics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things), but also specifically-designed customer-centric platforms to make informed decisions and to develop and implement transformative strategies to meet travelers' total mobility needs. These technologies and platforms can enable airlines and airports to achieve scale and scope as well as agility and flexibility (through strategic partnerships) to offer intelligently aggregated travel-related services right now. Subsequently, they will enable various members in the travel chain to provide solutions to travelers' global mobility requirements, effectively and with better experiences."--Provided by publisher

Grenville Goodwin was one of the leading field anthropologists during a crucial period in American Indian research—the 1930s. His letters from the field provide original source material on Western Apache beliefs and customs. They also reveal the attitudes and methods which made him so effective in his work. A dedicated and thorough ethnographer, Goodwin became familiar with every aspect of Western Apache culture. During this same period, Morris Opler was studying the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache in New Mexico. In order to exchange information about their studies, Goodwin and Opler began corresponding. Both men were convinced that a long-overdue, systematic comparison of Apachean cultures would yield significant results.

History of Nigeria (1969) was first published in 1929 and completely revised by its author, and gives the history of Nigeria from before its first encounters with the British, through colonial rule, and up to independence in 1960. It describes the peoples of Nigeria and the British conquest and colonial administration, and is full of detailed and valuable information relating to trade and industry, transport, housing, land tenure, education, religion and tribal customs. Appendices feature royal genealogies and the texts of treaties.

The standard belief in books about Lean initiatives and value stream mapping (VSM) is that VSM works well on transactional processes (which are primarily linear processes where handoffs are well defined and the outcome is known) and it is useful for repetitive projects or products. This book counters these statements by clearly demonstrating how a VSM exercise can be successfully performed in complex, multifunctional environments involving nonrepetitive work, such as aircraft new product development, custom engineering, software development and project management.