Suchergebnisse

Differences in blood pressure among individuals of African ancestry living in the United States compared with those living in Africa suggest that the high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans may be due in part to environmental factors. There are a number of environmental models that attempt to account for the high rate of hypertension among African Americans. One model proposes that a strong African self-concept protects African-American adolescents from the hypertensive effects of social stress. This model was tested during a blood pressure survey of 333 adolescents in three urban Los Angeles high schools. African self-concept was assessed using a three-item scale. The average score for the three items was strongly related to systolic blood pressure among African-American male adolescents. After controlling for age, body mass index, and parent's education in regression analyses, the relation was reduced, but an effect remained. The model suggests that the hypertensive effects of the environment will operate unless the pathway from environmental stress to hypertension is blocked by a strong African-American self-concept.

The global political map is undergoing a process of rapid change as former states disintegrate and new states emerge. Territorial change in the form of conflict over land and maritime boundaries is inevitable but the negotiation and management of these changes threaten world peace. The Americas offers a wide-ranging and original interpretation ofmatters relating to territory, boundaries, and societies in the American continent. World Boundaries is a unique series embracing the theory and practice of boundary delimitation and management, boundary disputes and conflict resolution, and territorial change in the new world order. Each of the five volumes—The Middle East and North Africa, Eurasia, The Americas, Maritime Boundaries and Global Boundaries—is clearly illustrated with maps and diagrams and contains regional case studies to support thematic chapters. This series will lead to a better understanding of the means available for patient negotiation and peaceful management of international boundaries. ; UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Geografía

A workshop paper on the nature and extent of urban poverty. ; The extent and nature of urban poverty in some of the developed economies has given rise to many conflicting analyses of its causes and consequences. Some approaches to the issue have been based more on political and ideological premises than on scientific research. Because of this, the subject has begun to enter the national mythology in the UK and also in the United States. One category of urban poor has given rise to special scrutiny. This category is now being referred to as the underclass. One of my hypotheses in this paper is that such a class may already exist in your societies as well as in ours and I hope to be able to suggest a developmental approach to tackle it. I hope also that we will find that we can develop a common model with which to engage the problems that emerge. ; Overseas Development Administration; British Development Division (Central Africa) (British Council.)

Famine, a complex phenomenon with multifactorial causes, produces starvation and associated diseases resulting in unusually high mortality from a lack of food. Devastating famines in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s may have provided an impetus for scholars to find additional analytical tools for predicting famines. Two predominant theories of famines causality are (1) food availability decline (FAD), a supply failure; and (2) the entitlement approach based on a demand failure. Findings from both theories are applied to specific examples from Ethiopian famines to analyze the composition and effects of famine. The limited success of contemporary famines studies in anticipating famine suggests the need for improved analytical tools. Risk factor analysis, used successfully in the social sciences and the medical sciences to predict the occurrence of complicated phenomena, is developed to identify controllable, uncontrollable, and contributing factors to famine. Based on the experience of Ethiopia in 1983-86, categorical cutoff values for identifying a high risk of developing famine are formulated.

While rates of socially recognized polygyny may be declining in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, de facto polygyny continues through informal or ephemeral unions. Though analytically ambiguous, these new forms of marriage hold an important key to explaining why polygyny & high fertility still proliferate. Here, it is argued that educated men are caught in a crunch between increasing economic problems & efforts to advance within the ranks of the elite. They respond less by decreasing their biological fertility or numbers of conjugal partners than by constricting the range of wives & children whom they are willing to recognize as legitimate. Unrecognized women, usually those with the least education or access to wealth & power, become "outside" wives & their children "outside" children. Female education, though it clearly benefits educated women, therefore erodes the welfare of uneducated women, by exacerbating inequities among de facto polygynous women who previously would have lived together, shared household resources, & acknowledged each other as co-wives. AA

Female circumcision has existed for over two thousand years & continues to be practiced today in over forty countries. It is estimated that, in 1982, there were 74 million circumcised females in Africa alone. Nine out of ten females in Somalia & Sudan are subjected to infibulation, the most severe & mutilating form of circumcision. Those who support the practice argue that the decision to engage in such a custom is the prerogative of a society, & that others have no right to interfere. Opponents stress the adverse physical & emotional effects of the practice on babies, young girls, & women. Thus, a balance must be found between a society's right to cultural self-determination, & the protection of individuals from the violation of their human rights. There is a growing consensus that female circumcision should not be performed on babies & young girls who are incapable of informed consent, & that the more severe forms, which are accompanied by serious medical complications, should be eliminated. 1 Map. AA

The British Empire established itself and expanded largely through its incorporation of existing indigenous political structures. A single British Resident or Political Agent, controlling a regional state through 'advice' given to the local prince or chief, became the norm for much of the Empire. India's princely states, where from the mid-eighteenth century the British first employed and developed this system of indirect rule, stood as the conscious model for later imperial administrators and politicians who wished to extend the Empire without the economic and political costs of direct annexation. In dealing with Malaya, East and West Africa from the mid-nineteenth century onward, officials in the field and notables in London sought to justify imperial expansion and to establish indirect rule efficiently by drawing upon the Indian example.Thus, during a century of empirical learning from relations with India'sprincely states, the British established a body of theory and policies about indirect rule which then spread throughout the rest of the Empire.

Comunicació presentada al AFRICACRYPT 2020: 12th International Conference on Cryptology in Africa, celebrat del 20 al 22 de juliol de 2021 al Caire, Egipte. ; Zero-knowledge proofs of satisfiability of linear equations over a group are often used as a building block of more complex protocols. In particular, in an asymmetric bilinear group we often have two commitments in different sides of the pairing, and we want to prove that they open to the same value. This problem was tackled by González, Hevia and Ràfols (ASIACRYPT 2015), who presented an aggregated proof, in the QA-NIZK setting, consisting of only four group elements. In this work, we present a more efficient proof, which is based on the same assumptions and consists of three group elements. We argue that our construction is optimal in terms of proof size. ; The second author was supported by a PhD grant from the Spanish government, co-financed by the ESF (Ayudas paracontratos predoctorales para la formación de doctores 2016).

THE "third world" of the developing and, for the most part, newly independent nations is, for Communists of all brands and allegiances, both a crucial arena of political competition against the "imperialists" and the center of their hopes for new victories. Yet there are important differences in the way Moscow and Peking view these opportunities. The Soviet leadership believes that the many poor and ambitious countries will, later if not sooner, decide that Communism offers them the best prospects for raising their status in the world. Chinese Communist propaganda, on the other hand, calls for an ever more militant struggle of "national liberation" to expel the "imperialists" from Asia, Africa, and Latin America and to unite the developing countries under Peking's leadership. Thus, in addition to being a principal focus of Communist hopes and efforts, the question of the "correct" policy toward the third world has unleashed deep-set rivalries and antagonisms between and within ruling and nonruling Communist parties alike.

In the wake of Russia's annexation of the Crimean Autonomous Republic, some scholars and analysts of international relations rushed to proclaim the inauguration of the new world order. In this paper, I argue that such claims are mistaken and groundless. Further, Russia's actions in the peninsula do not represent a stratagem of geopolitical expansion and pose no implications for the global balance of power. Of course, Russia's annexation of Crimea was in severe violation of international law. Nevertheless, only careful and informed analysis of the political coup that ousted the government of Yanukovych and familiarity with Crimea's history can illuminate one's understanding of the causes of the territory's decision to secede from Ukraine's authority and reunite with Russia.

'Tis the season of anniversaries in Germany. 2009 unfolded like a hitparade of history. March ushered in the sixtieth anniversary of the foundingof the Federal Republic and May witnessed the sixtieth anniversary ofthe end of the Berlin Blockade. After a summer lull, the seventiethanniversary of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland fell on 1 Septemberand in October, the twentieth anniversary of the first Monday demonstrationin Leipzig took place. Finally, the month of November offered up amajor date—the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall—and alesser one, suited more for the political connoisseur: the fortieth anniversaryof the Social Democratic Party's (SPD) ratification of the GodesbergerProgram. 2010, of course, culminates in October with the twentiethanniversary of unification.

Li Tana: A view from the sea : perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese coast

В статье автор анализирует литературную практику на основе материалов популярного либерального издания «Эдинбургского обозрения, или критического журнала». Это было издание, специально посвященное критическим обзорам книг, вышедших в Британии, Париже, Берлине и других городах мира. Их тематика охватывала широкий круг тем по политике, экономике, общественным пробле-мам и истории. Рецензии освещали либеральный взгляд на историю в контексте идей Просвещения. Авторы обзоров восприняли теоретическое осмысление исторического процесса шотландскими просветителями. Они предполага-ли, что все люди в своем развитии проходят одни и те же стадии: дикость, варварство и цивилизацию. В контексте идей о стадиях развития рецензенты рассматривали труды, где говорилось о путешествиях, встречах с иной культурой чиновников, миссионеров и военных. При несовершенстве предложенной схемы вслед за авторами книг рецензенты оценивали уровень развития народов и племен, населявших Африку, Америку и Азию. Как правило, они относили их к стадии дикости и варварства. Полагая, что британцы до-стигли высшего уровня — цивилизации, авторы ряда книг и рецензенты выдвигали планы по цивилизации этих народов.
The author analyses the literary practice liberal edition "The Edinburgh review, or critical journal". It was original special edition with review of books from Britain, Paris, Berlin and other towns of the world. Their problems spread all themes over economy, politics, civil problems, etc. and history from liberal opinions on them from enlightenment position. The authors of journal shared Scotland enlightenment's theo-retical opinion about historical development. They thought all people gone same stages: savage, barbarity and civilization. From that opinion the authors analyzes books wrote about travels meeting with another culture. As the author of books reviewers thought the tribes and people of America, Asia and Africa were at the stages of savage and barbarity. And Britons as civilized nation should bring civilization to them.

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Africa and India share a long history of trade, investment and slavery. The Portuguese alone brought up to 80,000 slaves from Mozambique to India since the 16th century. Unlike slaves in other parts of the world, African slaves, soldiers, and traders had a strong military and cultural influence on India's culture and society. Some of the slaves even held privileged positions. Today India competes with other global players, especially China, for African resources and markets. Growing racism and Afrophobia towards African migrants, however, could hamper the ambitions of the New-Delhi government. India's social networks and political leaders are increasingly looking for scapegoats and "strangers" to blame for their failures due to religious, racist and linguistic prejudice. Racism and Afrophobia did not appear first under Modi's administration, but they have become more daunting and contagious. The famous Indian writer and political activist, Arundhati Roy, rated Indian racism towards black people as almost worse than white peoples" racism. For example, Africans, who were often summarily disqualified as "Nigerians", were generally accused of being drug dealers and even suspected of "cannibalism". Yet, Indian authorities at all political levels did not effectively counter this. On the contrary, they not infrequently encouraged these prejudices. Modi, for example, compared breakaway Indian regions to "Somalia". --- RÉSUMÉ : L'Afrique et l'Inde partagent une longue histoire de commerce, d'investissement et d'esclavage. Les Portugais à eux seuls ont amené jusqu'à 80 000 esclaves du Mozambique en Inde depuis le XVIe siècle. Contrairement aux esclaves d'autres parties du monde, les esclaves, les soldats et les commerçants africains ont eu une forte influence militaire et culturelle sur la culture et la société indiennes. Certains d'entre eux occupaient même des postes privilégiés. Aujourd'hui, l'Inde est en concurrence avec d'autres acteurs mondiaux, en particulier la Chine, ...