Suchergebnisse

Book reviewed in this article: THIS IS THE ABC: The Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932–1983. By K. S. lnglis assisted by Jan Brazier. STRATEGY AND DEFENCE: Australian Essays. Edited by Desmond Ball. SIR THOMAS PLAYFORD: A Portrait. By Walter Crocker. THE YOUNG MAN FROM HOME: James Balfour 1830–1913. By Andrew Lemon. THE DEMON OF DISCORD: Tensions in the Catholic Church in Victoria, 1853–1864. By Margaret M. Pawsey. SOLID BLUESTONE FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER MEMORIES OF A MELBOURNE GIRLHOOD, 1908–1928. By Kathleen Fitzpatrick. THE HALF‐OPEN DOOR: Sixteen modern Australian women look at professional life and achievement. Edited by Patricia Grimshaw and Lynne Strahan. HELEN PALMER'S OUTLOOK. Edited by Doreen Bridges. THE ETHNIC DIMENSION: Papers on Ethnicity and Pluralism by Jean Martin. Edited by S. Encel. AUSTRIA TO AUSTRALIA: The Autobiography of an Australian Jew from birth to emigration 1904–1938. By Walter Krauss. THE FRENCH IN AUSTRALIA. By Anny P. L. Stuer. COLONIAL CASUALTIES: Chinese in Early Victoria. By Kathryn Cronin. A NEST OF HORNETS: The Massacre of the Fraser Family at Hornet Bank Station, Central Queensland, 1875 and Related Events. By Gordon Reid. BLACK DEATH, WHITE HANDS. By Paul Wilson.AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES IN THE NEWS. THE OTHER AUSTRALIA: The Crisis in Aboriginal Health. By Peter D. Osborne. SERVICE DELIVERY TO REMOTE COMMUNITIES. Edited by P. Loveday. SERVICE DELIVERY TO OUTSTATIONS. Edited by P. Loveday. SERVICE DELIVERY TO REMOTE COMMUNITIES. Edited by P. Loveday. CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS IN AUSTRALIA. By Chris Chamberlain. OPEN CUT: The working class in an Australian mining town. By Claire Williams. DEMOCRACY IN TRADE UNIONS: Studies in Membership Participation and Control. By Mary Dickenson. FROM SUBSERVIENCE TO STRIKE: Industrial Relations in the Banking Industry. By John Hill. A FRACTURED FEDERATION? AUSTRALIA IN THE 1980s. Edited by Jennifer Alfred and John Wilkes. A LIBERAL NATION: The Liberal Party and Australian Politics. By Marian Simms. STABILITY AND CHANGE IN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS. Second Edition. By Don Aitkin. THREE CORNERED CONTESTS IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND STATE SEATS. By David Hamill and Paul Reynolds. THE TEAM AT THE TOP: Ministers in the Northern Territory. By Patrick Weller and Will Sanders. THE AUSTRALIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM AFTER THE CAMPBELL REPORT. By J. O. N. Perkins. TEACHING HUMAN RIGHTS: An Australian Symposium. Edited by Alice Erh‐Soon Tay in collaboration with Graeme Connolly and Roger Wilkins. STUCK! Unemployed people talk to Michele Turner. By Michele Turner. ASIA–THE WINNING OF INDEPENDENCE. Edited by Robin Jeffrey. LOMBOK: Conquest, Colonization and Underdevelopment, 1870–1940. By Alfons van der Kraan. LAWYER IN THE WILDERNESS. By K. H. Digby. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. By Willy Kraus. WESTERN REPORTS ON THE TAIPING: A selection of documents. By Prescott Clarke and J. S. Gregory. THE ORIGINS OF SOCIALIST THOUGHT IN JAPAN. By John Crump. THE HIRI IN HISTORY: Further Aspects of long distance Motu trade in Central Papua. Edited by Tom Dutton. THE UNION OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND WORKERS. By Les Waters. THE CREATION OF THE ANGLO‐AMERICAN ALLIANCE, 1937–41: A Study in Competitive Cooperation. By David Reynolds. LORD LOTHIAN AND ANGLO‐AMERICAN RELATIONS, 1939–1940. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge, Vol. 73, Part 2, 1983. By David Reynolds. SUPERPOWERS IN COLLISION: The Cold War Now. By Noam Chomsky, Jonathan Steele and John Gittings. CONGRESSMEN, CONSTITUENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS: Determinants of Roll Call Voting in the House of Representatives. By James B. Kau and Paul H. Rubin. A FLANNEL SHIRT AND LIBERTY: British Gentlewomen in the Canadian West, 1880–1914. Edited by Susan Jackel. THE JACOBITE ARMY IN ENGLAND 1745: The Final Campaign. By F. J. McLynn. AUGUSTAN ENGLAND: Professions, State and Society, 1680–1730. By peoffrey Holmes. NEWMAN. By Owen Chadwick. BRITAIN AGAINST ITSELF: The Political Contradictions of Collectivism. By Samuel H. Beer. CROMWELLIAN SCOTLAND 1651–1660. By F. D. Dow. SCOTTISH CULTURE AND SCOTTISH EDUCATION 1800–1980. Edited by Walter M. Humes and Hamish M. Paterson. REBIRTH OF A NATION: Wales 1880–1980. By Kenneth O. Morgan. IRELAND AND SCOTLAND 1600–1850: Parallels and Contrasts in Economic and Social Development. Edited by T. M. Devine and David Dickson. A NEW HISTORY OF IRELAND. III. EARLY MODERN IRELAND, 1534–1691. Edited by T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne. THE MAKING OF THE SANS‐CULOTTES: Democratic ideas and institutions in Paris, 1789–92. By R. B. Rose POLICY AND POLITICS IN FRANCE: Living with Uncertainty. By Douglas E. Ashford. ALPHONSE DE LAMARTINE: A Political Biography. By William Fortescue. NIDROITE NI GAUCHE: L'ideologie fasciste en France. By Zeev Sternhell. FRANCE IN THE 1980s: The Definitive Book. By John Ardagh. THE MAKING OF RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM, 1613–1801. By Paul Dukes. KHRUSHCHEV. By Roy Medvedev. KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV AS LEADERS: Building Authority in Soviet Politics. By George W. Breslauer. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE USSR: A Guide to the Soviet Constitutions. By Aryeh L. Unger. GOD'S PLAYGROUND: A History of Poland. Volume II: 1795 to the Present. By Norman Davies. THE MINANGKABAU RESPONSE TO DUTCH COLONIAL RULE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. By Elizabeth E. Graves. COMINTERN ARMY: The International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War. By R. Dan Richardson. STUDIES ON THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF GAETANO MOSCA: The Theory of the Ruling Class and its Development Abroad. Edited by Ettore A. Albertoni. PEREIASLAV 1654: A Historiographical Study. By John Basarab. EUROPE SINCE HITLER: The Rebirth of Europe. By Walter Lacqueur. THOMAS MORE: History and Providence. By Alistair Fox. MARX AND MARXISM. By Peter Worsley. MAX WEBER. By Frank Parkin. EMILE DURKHEIM. By Kenneth Thompson. THE HISTORY OF MARXISM. Volume One: Marxism in Marx's Day. Edited by Eric J. Hobsbawm. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY: The Contemporary Debate. By Richard A. Higgott. LEGAL RIGHT AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: Essays in Legal and Political Philosophy. By Neil MacCormick THE END OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY? Class, Status and Power Under State Socialism. By David Lane. LIMITED NUCLEAR WAR: Political Theory and War Conventions. By Ian Clark MEN AT WAR: Politics, Technology and Innovation in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Timothy Travers and Christon Archer. Chicago, Precedent, 1982. OPEC BEHAVIOR AND WORLD OIL PRICES. Edited by James M. Griffin and David J. Teece. THE CHALLENGE OF ENERGY: Policies in the Making. Edited by Mohammad W. Khouja. ARGUMENTS FOR DEMOCRACY. By Tony Benn. SOCIALISM WITH A HUMAN FACE: The political economy of Britain in the 1980s. By Michael Meacher. BROADCASTING AND SOCIETY 1918–1939. By Mark Pegg. THE HEALTH OF NATIONS: A North‐South Investigation. By Mike Muller. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BIG BUSINESS. By M. A. Utton HOW TO TELL THE LIARS FROM THE STATISTICIANS. By Robert Hooke.

Indonesia has experienced strong economic growth over the last forty years. At the same time, the proportion of Indonesians living below the poverty line has fallen dramatically. Nonetheless, around 12 percent of Indonesians remain in poverty and another 30 percent remain highly vulnerable to falling into poverty in any given year. In addition, Indonesia has experienced a number of crises in the last two decades, and such shocks are likely to continue in the future in an increasingly integrated global economy. Over the last fifteen years the Government has been developing social assistance programs designed to promote the poor out of poverty and protect poor and vulnerable households from both individual and more widespread shocks. The coverage, design and implementation of these programs continue to be improved as social protection in Indonesia matures, but a number of issues remain. One of the most important, and difficult, is how these programs can accurately target households who need those most. The challenge is to develop a targeting approach which includes most of the poor and vulnerable while minimizing leakage to the rich. At the same time, the system must be feasible, affordable, and accepted and used by all. Furthermore, identifying which households are poor is a difficult task in any developing country, but is particularly so in Indonesia, which has a very large population, a high degree of geographic dispersion, decentralization of much budgetary and operational governance, and frequent entry and exit of households into and from poverty. This evidence-based report builds in part on innovative research done collaboratively with the Government of Indonesia. In this respect Indonesia is contributing to the frontier of global knowledge on targeting, while also drawing on the experience of other countries. Moving from a thorough assessment of the current effectiveness of targeting in Indonesia, the report contains practical and detailed recommendations for the future. In particular, a National Targeting System is proposed, which envisages developing a single registry of potential beneficiaries to target social assistance to the right households, resulting in more accurate and cost-effective targeting outcomes, and ultimately stronger program impacts.

Community-development development (CDD) programs require monitoring and evaluation (M&E) to tell those implementing and funding the programs whether they are on track to deliver, or have delivered, desired outcomes such as improved services, economic activity, and empowerment. The objective of this toolkit is to provide practical guidance to World Bank EAP operational task teams and other CDD practitioners (i.e. government/non-government organization (NGO) staff) on how to measure the gendered impact of CDD operations. First, this is necessary because CDD program reviews have found that gender indicators are not widely used. Second, several governments in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region have identified gender as an important pillar in poverty alleviation strategies, in the light of evidence suggesting that societies promoting more equal opportunities for men and women have higher growth, lower poverty, and better development outcomes. Third, gender mainstreaming is a critical facet of World Bank policy and programs. Fourth, as this toolkit demonstrates, it is straightforward to add gender indicators to a results framework. It involves disaggregating some of the indicators that will already be in the results framework by gender, as well as adding a limited number of specific gender indicators. This toolkit takes CDD practitioners and other interested readers through the necessary steps to identify where to track gender in the results framework, as well as suggesting possible indicators. This toolkit is organized in three sections: section one set out why gender matters for CDD mentoring and evaluation (M&E); section two provides an introduction (and pointers to further reading) on M&E topics that the non-specialist will find useful when constructing gender indicators. This includes a generic CDD results framework structure that provides convenient categories for incorporating gender M&E indicators; section three uses these categories to provide examples of indicators (and other evidence) from the EAP region and illustrates how gender M&E can be added to CDD program results frameworks.

A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Indonesia of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that global reform of trade policy in all commodities is a significant potential source of poverty reduction for Indonesia. The poor rural and urban have a strong interest in global trade policy reform. If Indonesia were to liberalize unilaterally, poverty incidence also will decline but the effect is small. If liberalization is confined to agricultural products, the effects are similar but the declines in poverty incidence within Indonesia are much smaller.

Recent data show that the institutional content of preferential trade agreements has evolved over time. Although pre-1990s preferential trade agreements mostly focused on tariff liberalization, recent agreements increasingly contain deep provisions in diverse areas, such as intellectual property rights, investment, and standards. At the same time, there has been a remarkable increase in the internationalization of production through foreign direct investment and outsourcing. This paper employs the Antràs and Helpman (2008) model of contractual frictions and global sourcing to study how deep trade agreements affect the international organization of production. The paper constructs new measures of the depth of preferential trade agreements and of vertical foreign direct investment to test the theory. Consistent with the model, the analysis finds evidence that the depth of trade agreements is correlated with vertical foreign direct investment, and that this is driven by the provisions that improve the contractibility of inputs provided by suppliers, such as regulatory provisions. Because this implication of the model is specific to the so-called "property rights" theory of the multinational firm, the findings provide empirical support to this approach vis-à-vis alternative theories of firm boundaries.

NTS Bulletin is a monthly periodical that discusses current issues concerning Climate change, Energy, food, water and Health security; Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

NTS Bulletin is a monthly periodical that discusses current issues concerning Climate change, Energy, food, water and Health security; Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

NTS Bulletin is a monthly periodical that discusses current issues concerning Climate change, Energy, food, water and Health security; Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

As Malaysia recorded its first deaths from Covid-19 in mid-March 2020, media coverage drew attention to the approximately four million undocumented migrant workers and over 160,000 refugees excluded from state-provided basic support services, including healthcare. The spread of the virus across informal settlements and marginalized populations severely tested Malaysia's governance capabilities. It underscored the importance of accounting for and supporting all Malaysian residents in order to successfully respond to the pandemic. The government's early response to the pandemic involved a lockdown and the provision of food and supplies to vulnerable communities via local distribution centres. Initially, these vital resources were delivered by the military because officials believed that the army was best placed to effectively distribute essentials while containing the spread of the virus. Unfortunately, however, military control over distribution centres discouraged many undocumented migrants and refugees from going to the centres out of fear of being arrested and potentially detained or deported. This fear of accessing food and supplies compounded the already precarious situation of many thousands of residents who also lacked adequate access to healthcare or social welfare services. Fortunately, local authorities swiftly recognized this error and allowed local civil society organizations (CSOs) that had established trust with migrant and refugee communities to take charge of food distribution at the centers. Shortly afterwards around 120 local CSOs collaborated with the Malaysian Welfare Department to provide food, essential supplies, and medical services.

Inclusive growth (IG) analysis involves analyzing the available data in a country to determine the best course of action for accelerating growth and or improving the distribution of the opportunities and benefits from the growth process. In economies in which international migration is a significant trend, that determination may be especially challenging. The international migration phenomenon can contribute to (or detract from) growth and its distribution through myriad number of complex and sometimes divergent channels, and these effects can change substantially over time. The ability to analyze these impacts, however, is often significantly handicapped by a lack of appropriate data. Moreover, because the migration decision is inherently a private decision made by households in the best interest of their welfare, determining the policy conclusions based on the results of inclusive growth analysis is often unclear. Governments are rightfully wary of interfering with the migration process. This paper examines the issue of international migration in inclusive growth. The aim is to provide the practitioners of inclusive growth diagnostics a useful framework for assessing the nature of the international migration phenomenon, and to highlight the key tools utilized in evaluating its current and potential impact on shared growth.

Ante la alarmante situación de niveles de epidemia generalizada de VIH en Guinea Ecuatorial, y ante la urgente necesidad de llevar a cabo políticas eficaces, eficientes y efectivas en la prevención y en el tratamiento de la epidemia en el país, en el marco del convenio de cooperación al desarrollo entre España y Guinea Ecuatorial, se plantea la pertinencia de realizar el estudio de caso ESEVIGUE2. De modo que, en el año 2010 se inicia la investigación que, a continuación se expone, con la finalidad de proporcionar y generar evidencia científica para apoyar el diseño de planes estratégicos nacionales, así como orientar la toma de decisiones respecto a cómo implementar determinadas recomendaciones internacionales, y en concreto la extensión del diagnóstico precoz de VIH a toda la población guineana (OMS, 2002). El punto de partida de la investigación ha sido indagar, desde una perspectiva macrosociológica, la relación que se establece entre la globalización, con sus diferentes dimensiones, y la epidemia del VIH, para posteriormente descender a un nivel microsocial, a través de un trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado en Bata, y comprender desde una «perspectiva fenomenológica» (Schütz, 1962), cómo percibe y cómo vive la población el fenómeno de la epidemia. Las estrategias de investigación empleadas en el desarrollo de l «estudio de caso» (Stake, 2005) han sido fundamentalmente cualitativas. A través del desarrollo de diversas técnicas, como la observación no participante, la entrevista individual y el grupo de discusión, se recaba información para su posterior análisis, aplicando la teoría fundamentada como método. No obstante, en la descripción y comprensión del contexto social del objeto de estudio también se han empleado fuentes secundarias cuantitativas. En cuanto a los resultados más relevantes obtenidos en la investigación, en primer lugar se señala la pertinencia del modelo conceptual de «determinantes sociales de la salud» (OMS, 2008) para explicar la prevalencia del VIH en Guinea Ecuatorial. En este sentido, factores estructurales como las políticas públicas, el contexto político y económico, así como la cultura y los valores tienen una clara incidencia en los niveles de prevalencia en el país. Asimismo, el género, la etnia y el nivel educativo como ejes de desigualdad, también son factores que determinan una mayor vulnerabilidad por grupos sociales. La epidemia constituye, por tanto, un claro exponente de «desigualdad global en salud» (Ritzer, 2007). Ahora bien, estos factores determinantes y ejes de desigualdad, ayudan también a comprender y explicar por qué en el espacio de la cotidianidad, determinados grupos sociales no adoptan algunas prácticas preventivas para protegerse de la amenaza del VIH. Tal es el caso del empleo del preservativo masculino en la población femenina. Y, por último, con base al modelo conceptual de determinantes sociales de la salud, los resultados también nos advierten de la existencia de determinantes intermedios, como la cobertura y la accesibilidad de los servicios sanitarios guineanos de la medicina moderna, como condicionantes para el cuidado de la salud y protección ante el virus. En este sentido, algunas de las barreras de accesibilidad que se producen en la utilización de los servicios de diagnóstico y tratamiento del VIH en los servicios sanitarios modernos constituyen causas de abandono y no adherencia. Ahora bien, en relación a los motivos de abandono de los servicios sanitarios y la no adherencia al tratamiento, los resultados ponen de manifiesto que la medicina tradicional, a diferencia de otros países africanos donde sí tiene una mayor influencia (Asgary, Antony, Grigoryan, Aronson & 2014; Merten et al., 2010), no constituye la principal barrera para el diagnóstico precoz del VIH, ni tampoco la principal causa de abandono de los servicios de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Otros muchos aspectos, que desde una perspectiva fenomenológica configuran el «mundo intersubjetivo» (Schütz, 1962), tienen una mayor influencia para comprender el sentido y el significado de los comportamientos y acciones frente al VIH. A este respecto, se evidencia la coexistencia de diferentes significados sobre el virus, donde el contexto cultural local juega un papel clave en la configuración de dichas estructuras significativas. Tal es el caso de la percepción unánime que existe del virus como "enfermedad de hospital", en oposición a las enfermedades tradicionales. No obstante, un elemento transversal y común a todos los significados o percepciones que el virus adquiere, se halla en la identificación que se produce entre el VIH y la enfermedad del sida. De modo que, el VIH es finalmente percibido como la "enfermedad del sida", atribuyéndosele en última instancia significado de mortalidad, y configurándose en el imaginario colectivo como una "enfermedad mortal". Algunas de estas estructuras significativas, tales como "enfermedad de abuso sexual" y "enfermedad mortal", terminan reificándose en el «lebenswelt» (Berger & Luckmann, 1967). Y con base a estas estructuras se deriva la construcción de una «representación social» (Moscovici, 1979) del VIH poco positiva y desfavorable. Cabe resaltar la gran contribución de este resultado, por su fuerte valor explicativo en la comprensión de las formas de pensar, actuar y sentir de la población ante el virus. Ahora bien, debido a la representación social del VIH poco favorable, tener el virus adquiere la categoría social de «desviación secundaria» (Lemert, 1951), modificándose por tanto el «rol social» (Parsons, 1951); la «identidad social» (Tajfel & Turner, 1979); y, en última instancia, redefiniendo y reorganizando el «autoconcepto» (Mead, 1934) de la persona que lo padece. De modo que, y en consecuencia a esta consideración de desviación secundaria, se desencadenan determinados mecanismos de control social, tales como el congosá, el rumor, las risas, el estigma, el prejuicio que cristalizan finalmente en formas de rechazo social y discriminación en torno a las personas seropositivas. Por tanto, una primera conclusión que se deriva de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación, es la influencia que tienen los determinantes sociales de la salud para explicar la prevalencia de la epidemia en Guinea Ecuatorial así como su distribución por grupos sociales. Una segunda conclusión, es el fuerte valor explicativo que tienen los distintos constructos sociales creados en torno al VIH para comprender las formas de pensar, actuar y vivir el fenómeno y, por tanto, en la adquisición o no de prácticas preventivas. ; Given the alarming situation of the generalised HIV epidemic levels in Equatorial Guinea, and given the urgent need to implement effective and efficient policies for the prevention and treatment of the epidemic in the country, the relevance of conducting the ESEVIGUE case study arises, within the framework of the development cooperation agreement between Spain and Equatorial Guinea. So, in 2010 the research began with the purpose of providing and generating scientific evidence to support the development of national strategic plans and guiding decision-making about how to implement certain international recommendations, and in particular the expansion of early diagnosis of HIV across the Equatorial Guinean population (WHO, 2002). The starting point of the research has been to investigate what relationship exists between globalisation and the HIV epidemic from a macro-sociological perspective, then to subsequently descend to a micro-social level, through ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Bata, with the objective of understanding how the Equatorial Guinean population perceives and lives with the phenomenon of the epidemic from a «phenomenological perspective» (Schütz, 1962). The research strategies employed in the development of the «case study» (Stake, 2005) have been fundamentally qualitative. However, in the description and understanding of the social context of the object of study, quantitative secondary sources have also been used. Specifically, the data collection techniques applied have been non-participant observation, individual interviews and discussion group. As for the most relevant results obtained in the investigation, firstly it is noted that the HIV epidemic in Equatorial Guinean society responds to the «social determinants of health» (WHO, 2005) conceptual model. It therefore constitutes a clear exponent of «global health inequality» (Ritzer, 2007). In this sense, structural factors such as public policy, political and economic context and culture and values have an impact on prevalence levels in the country. Also, gender, ethnicity and education level as axes of inequality, are also factors that determine greater vulnerability for social groups to the virus. These determinants and inequality axes also help to understand and explain why in the space of everyday life; certain social groups do not adopt some preventive measures to protect themselves from the threat of HIV. Such is the case of male condom use amongst women. And finally, as for the conceptual model of social determinants of health, it is noted that the intermediate determinants, such as the coverage and accessibility of modern Equatorial Guinean health services, also represent a determining factor for health care and protection from HIV. In this sense, the existing accessibility barriers are causes of abandonment and non-adherence to HIV diagnostic services and treatment. In relation to the grounds of abandonment of the services and non-adherence to the treatment, the results show that traditional medicine, unlike other African countries where it has a greater influence (Asgary et al., 2014; Merten et al., 2010), it is not the main barrier to early diagnosis of HIV nor the main cause of abandoning health and diagnostic services. Many other aspects, which from a phenomenological perspective constitute significant structures, i.e. the «intersubjective world" in the terms of Schütz (1962), have a greater influence on the understanding of the meaning and the significance of the behaviours and actions against HIV. So the coexistence of different meanings regarding HIV is evident, where the local cultural context is key in shaping said significant structures. For example, such is the case of the existing unanimous perception of a «hospital disease» , as opposed to traditional diseases. However, a transversal and common element to all the meanings or perceptions that the virus acquires is in the identification that occurs between HIV and the AIDS disease, ultimately being perceived as the "AIDS disease" and therefore the meaning of "deadly disease» ultimately being connotated. Some of these significant structures, such as "a disease of sexual abuse" and "a deadly disease", making it real in the «lebenswelt» (Berger & Luckmann, 1967), ultimately result in the construction of a «social representation» (Moscovici, 1979) of HIV as negative and unfavourable. The major contribution of this result is emphasised given that it has a strong explanatory value in the ways in which people think, act and feel regarding HIV. However, because HIV has acquired an unfavourable social representation, having the virus acquires the social category «secondary deviation» (Lemert, 1951), thus modifying the «social role» (Parsons, 1951); «social identity» (Tajfel & Turner, 1979); and, ultimately, redefining and reorganising the «self-concept» (Mead, 1934) of the person who has it. Therefore the consideration of secondary deviation, triggers certain mechanisms of social control, such as local gossip, rumours, laughter, stigma and prejudice that ultimately crystallise into forms of social rejection and discrimination around HIV-positive people. This consideration of HIV as secondary deviation also affects the social perception of risk, as long as it is mediated, in part, by «exogroup discrimination» (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Therefore, in view of the results obtained, one of the main conclusions obtained from the research is the influence of social determinants of health on an increased vulnerability before the HIV epidemic. As well as the explanatory value that different social constructs have, created around the virus in the acquisition of preventive practices and in the ways of thinking about, acting on and living with the phenomenon of the epidemic in the country.

The current regional development strategies require mountain regions to specialise in their landscape resources and to value them independently. The hypothesis is that this strategy has to be questioned in view of increasing spatial inequality in Europe. In the peripheral areas, this inequality is mainly due to differences in development opportunities. It finds its expression in an increasing social cleavage, which in turn is expressed in polarized voting practices of the population: Rich regions are acting regionalist in order to leave the larger community of solidarity of the nation state. Poor regions see nationalist and openly racist currents spreading. Cities, including those in the Alps, attract an educated and more prosperous population and are able to handle social conflicts more generously. The gap between the large core cities and their hinterlands is widening. In the interest of cohesive societies, it does not seem very expedient in this situation to further intensify regional competition by selectively valorising landscape resources. On the one hand, not all regions are in a position to do so. On the other hand, the valorisation of landscape resources, especially in the Alps, means that it must be profitable for their inhabitants so that they do not out-migrate. However, average benefits are only achievable through large economic structures. In turn, they fuel global mobility, are problematic for ecological reasons and often exclude the local population from use. The current division of European societies confirms the historical work on the resource character of social relations (Bourdieu's concept of capital, interpreted as territorial capital) and the positive effect of many but flat lines of conflict in a society (Rokkan's cross-cutting cleavages). In this light, the focus of regional development on a narrowly defined Alpine identity, which refuses to serve the interests of the neighbouring metropolitan regions, appears increasingly counterproductive. On the one hand, because it cancels out the many conflicts in favour of one single deep conflict between extra-Alpine metropolitan regions and an alpine pseudo-rurality, and on the other hand, because it cuts off the peripheral regions from external knowledge, which they need if they want to be "sustainable". Social innovations, which are particularly important for sparsely populated regions, only arise if there is an open mind towards external knowledge in addition to regional self-confidence. This is the only way to defend structures and ways of life worth preserving against the majority of the population living outside the Alps. The concept of European macro-regions could offer a way out of the tension between identity and openness, provided that these macro-regions seriously attempt to bridge prosperity gaps and national borders with their geographically wide demarcation. In order to do so, they need sufficient competence and the willingness to shape the relationship between the Alps and the plain in such a way that the interests to work and live in the mountain regions under the special conditions of topography are safeguarded. This will not be possible without cross-subsidisation; to achieve this, mountain areas will have to some extent respond to the needs of urban areas. The task remains to renegotiate relations between the Alps and the plains in order to redefine complementarity between them on the basis of a new territorial solidarity. ; Die heute vorherrschenden Regionalentwicklungsstrategien verlangen von den Gebirgsregionen, sich auf ihre Landschaftsressourcen zu spezialisieren und diese selbständig in Wert zu setzen. Angesichts zunehmender räumlicher Ungleichheit in Europa, so die Hypothese, muss diese Strategie in Frage gestellt werden. In den peripheren Gebieten besteht diese Ungleichheit hauptsächlich in unterschiedlichen Entwicklungschancen. Sie findet ihren Ausdruck in einer zunehmenden gesellschaftlichen Spaltung, die sich wiederum in polarisiertem Abstimmungsverhalten der Bevölkerung äussert: Reiche Regionen agieren regionalistisch, um die grössere Solidargemeinschaft des Nationalstaates zu verlassen. In ärmeren Regionen machen sich nationalistische und offen rassistische Strömungen breit. Städte, auch in den Alpen, ziehen eine gebildete und wohlhabendere Einwohnerschaft an und sind in der Lage soziale Konflikte grosszügiger zu handhaben. Es vertieft sich der Graben zwischen den grossen Kernstädten und ihren Hinterländern. Im Interesse kohäsiver Gesellschaften erscheint es in dieser Situation wenig zielführend, den regionalen Wettbewerb durch eine selektive Inwertsetzung von Landschaftsressourcen weiter zu verschärfen. Zum einen sind nicht alle Regionen dazu in der Lage. Zum andern bedeutet die Inwertsetzung von Landschaftsressourcen, insbesondere in den Alpen, dass sie für die Bevölkerung rentabel sein muss, damit sie nicht in andere Regionen abwandert. Durchschnittliche Rentabilität lässt sich aber in der Regel nur durch Grossstrukturen erreichen. Sie treiben die globale Mobilität an, sind aus ökologischen Gründen problematisch und oft schliessen sie die einheimische Bevölkerung von der Nutzung aus. Die aktuelle Spaltung der europäischen Gesellschaften bekräftigt die historischen Arbeiten zum Ressourcencharakter sozialer Beziehungen (Bourdieus Kapitalbegriff, interpretiert als territoriales Kapital) und der positiven Wirkung von vielen, dafür aber flachen Konfliktlinien in einer Gesellschaft (Rokkan's cross-cutting cleavages). Die Fokussierung der Regionalentwicklung auf eine eng begrenzte Alpenidentität, die sich den Interessen der angrenzenden Metropolregionen verweigert, erscheint in diesem Licht zunehmend kontraproduktiv. Zum einen, weil sie die vielfältigen Konflikte aufhebt zugunsten eines einzigen tiefgehenden Konflikts zwischen ausseralpiner Metropolregion und alpiner Schein-Ruralität; zum andern, weil sie die peripheren Regionen von externem Wissen abscheidet, das diese jedoch brauchen, wenn sie «nachhaltig» sein wollen. Soziale Innovationen, die für dünn besiedelte Regionen besonders wichtig sind, entstehen nur, wenn neben regionalem Selbstbewusstsein eine Öffnung zu externem Wissen besteht. Nur so lassen sich erhaltenswerte Strukturen und Lebensweisen gegenüber der Bevölkerungsmehrheit ausserhalb der Alpen verteidigen. Einen Ausweg aus dem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Identität und Öffnung könnte das Konzept der europäischen Makroregionen bieten, sofern diese ernsthaft versuchen, mit ihrer geographisch weiträumigen Abgrenzung Wohlstandsgräben und nationale Grenzen zu überbrücken. Damit sie dies auch tatsächlich tun, bedarf es ausreichender Kompetenzen und die Bereitschaft, das Verhältnis zwischen Alpen und Ebene so zu gestalten, dass die Interessen der Bergbevölkerung, unter den besonderen Bedingungen der Topographie in den Berggebieten zu arbeiten und zu leben, gewahrt bleiben. Dies wird nicht ohne Quersubventionierung gehen und dafür müssen die Berggebiete auch bis zu einem gewissen Grad auf die Bedürfnisse der urbanen Gebiete eingehen. Es bleibt die Aufgabe, die Beziehungen zwischen den Alpen und den Ebenen neu zu verhandeln, um die Komplementarität zwischen ihnen auf der Grundlage einer neuen territorialen Solidarität neu zu definieren. ; Les stratégies de développement régional actuelles exigent des régions de montagne qu'elles se spécialisent dans leurs ressources paysagères et qu'elles les valorisent de manière indépendante. L'hypothèse est que cette stratégie doit être remise en question compte tenu de l'accroissement des inégalités spatiales en Europe. Dans les zones périphériques, cette inégalité est principalement due aux différences dans les opportunités de développement. Elle trouve son expression dans un clivage social croissant, qui s'exprime à son tour dans les pratiques de vote polarisé de la population : les régions riches agissent de façon régionaliste afin de quitter la communauté plus large de solidarité de l'État-nation. Les régions pauvres voient se répandre des courants nationalistes et ouvertement racistes. Les villes, y compris celles des Alpes, attirent une population éduquée et plus prospère et sont capables de gérer plus généreusement les conflits sociaux. L'écart entre les grands villes centres et leur arrière-pays s'élargit. Dans l'intérêt des sociétés cohésives, il ne semble pas très utile dans cette situation d'intensifier davantage la concurrence régionale en valorisant sélectivement les ressources paysagères. D'une part, toutes les régions ne sont pas en mesure de le faire. D'autre part, la valorisation des ressources paysagères, notamment dans les Alpes, doit être rentable pour leurs habitants afin qu'ils n'émigrent pas. Cependant, des bénéfices moyens ne peuvent être obtenus que par le biais de grandes structures économiques. En retour, celles-ci alimentent la mobilité mondiale, sont problématiques pour des raisons écologiques et excluent la population locale de leur utilisation. Le clivage actuel des sociétés européennes confirme le travail historique sur le caractère de ressource des relations sociales (le concept de capital de Bourdieu, interprété comme capital territorial) et l'effet positif des différences nombreuses mais plates dans une société (les clivages transversaux de Rokkan). Dans ce contexte, l'accent mis par le développement régional sur une identité alpine étroitement définie, qui refuse de servir les intérêts des régions métropolitaines voisines, apparaît de plus en plus contre-productif. D'une part, parce qu'elle annule les nombreux conflits en faveur d'un seul conflit profond entre les régions métropolitaines extra-alpines et une pseudo-ruralité alpine, et d'autre part, parce qu'elle coupe les régions périphériques des connaissances externes, dont elles ont besoin si elles veulent être "durables". Les innovations sociales, qui sont particulièrement importantes pour les régions faiblement peuplées, n'apparaissent que si, outre la confiance en soi régionale, il existe une ouverture d'esprit à l'égard des connaissances extérieures. C'est la seule façon de défendre des structures et des modes de vie dignes d'être préservés contre la majorité de la population en dehors des Alpes. Le concept de macro-régions européennes pourrait offrir un moyen de sortir de la tension entre identité et ouverture, à condition que les macro-régions tentent sérieusement de combler les écarts de prospérité et de dépasser les limites des frontières nationales par leur large périmètre géographiques. Pour ce faire, elles ont besoin d'une compétence suffisante et de la volonté de façonner les relations entre les Alpes et la plaine de telle sorte que les intérêts de travailler et de vivre dans les régions de montagne dans des conditions topographiques particulières soient protégés. Cela ne sera pas possible sans subventions croisées ; pour y parvenir, les zones de montagne devront, dans une certaine mesure, répondre aux besoins des zones urbaines. Il reste à renégocier les relations entre les Alpes et les plaines afin de redéfinir la complémentarité entre elles sur la base d'une nouvelle solidarité territoriale.

El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America, and one of the most densely populated in the world. El Salvador is among the countries most affected by weather-related events and other hazards, incurring annual losses of around 2.5 percent of GDP. Worldwide, it ranks second highest for risk exposure to two or more hazards and highest for the total population at a relatively high risk of mortality. Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of weather, related events. The new Administration is committed to making El Salvador more 'productive, educated, and safe' by promoting inclusive growth and resilience. The World Bank Group's (WBG) proposed new CPF intends to promote inclusive growth and to foster resilience, with a focus on policy levers that could contribute to break the vicious circles in a sustainable manner. The proposed CPF is aligned with the Government's priorities and informed by the WBG's recent SCD. To strengthen the mutually-reinforcing foundations of inclusive growth, the proposed WBG engagement would support objectives which seek to: (i) build capacity to create safer communities for economic development; (ii) improve secondary-school attainment; (iii) enhance youth employability and skills; and (iv) increase access to finance. To foster sustainability and resilience, the proposed CPF seeks to: (v) promote the efficiency of public spending; and (vi) build capacity to manage disasters and environmental challenges. Taking into account the challenges faced by El Salvador, the WBG wishes to provide a modest but catalytic role through the implementation of these six objectives.

"Projecting Nation explores the ways in which national and transnational forces have shaped the representation of race and nation in South African films produced after the transition to a multiracial democracy"--

"Dass die Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie organisationstheoretisches Rüstzeug braucht, wird heute kaum mehr bestritten. Das war nicht immer der Fall. So verstand sich die Industriesoziologie in der Nachkriegszeit, insbesondere in ihrer politökonomischen Ausrichtung und der intensiven Marx-Rezeption, eher als ein Fach mit gesellschaftsanalytischer und gesellschaftspolitischer Orientierung. Dementsprechend wurde die außerhalb des Faches und überwiegend auch außerhalb Deutschlands entstehende Organisationssoziologie teils ignoriert, teils wegen ihrer mangelnden gesellschaftstheoretischen Anschlussfähigkeit als Angebot zurückgewiesen. Allerdings wurde so eine Chance verpasst, die Eigensinnigkeit und Widersprüchlichkeit betrieblicher Prozesse und Strukturen erklären zu können. Mit dem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Organisationssoziologie auf der einen Seite sowie der Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie auf der anderen ist jedoch erst ein Problemfeld angesprochen. Denn schließlich wird die ungeklärte gesellschaftstheoretische Anbindung arbeits- und industriesoziologischer Forschung mit der Rezeption organisationstheoretischer Ansätze nicht beseitigt. Auch diese Frage ist neu aufzuwerfen. Die Beiträge des Sammelbandes greifen beide Themen auf mit dem Ziel, eine Zwischenbilanz der verstreuten theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit Organisationstheorien innerhalb des Faches zu ziehen. Neben reinen Theoriebeiträgen versammelt der Band auch Texte, die empirische Fragestellungen aus unterschiedlichen theoretischen Perspektiven bearbeiten. Dabei werden jeweils Verbindungen zwischen den Analyseebenen Arbeit, Organisation bzw. Betrieb/Unternehmen und Gesellschaft diskutiert." (Autorenreferat). Inhaltsverzeichnis: Michael Faust, Maria Funder, Manfred Moldaschl: Einführung: Hat oder braucht die Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie Organisationstheorien? (9-20); Hans J. Pongratz: Industriesoziologie als Institution. Eine organisationstheoretische Deutung ihrer organisationstheoretischen Defizite (21-42); Klaus Schmierl, Sabine Pfeiffer: Lego-Logik der kapitalistischen 'Netzwerkökonomie' - Theoretische Spekulationen zum Wandel von Betrieb und Technik (43-66); Ursula Holtgrewe (Kommentar zu Schmierl/Pfeffer): Ein Netzwerk aus Legosteinen? (67-72); Hermann Kotthoff: 'Call me Barney' (73-110); Stefan Kühl: Testfall Dezentralisierung. Die organisationssoziologische Wendung in der Diskussion über neue Arbeitsformen (111-146); Birgit Riegraf: Mikropolitische Analysekategorien und der Wandel vonVerhandlungssystemen in Organisationen (147-164); Arnold Windeler, Carsten Wirth: Strukturation von Arbeitsregulation: eine relationale Mehrebenenperspektive (165-194); Sylvia M. Wilz: Der Arbeitskraftunternehmer - Yeti oder Prototyp? Ein Plädoyer für aktive Grenzgängerei zwischen Arbeits-, Industrie- und Organisationssoziologie (195-226); Dorothea Jansen: Von Organisationen und Märkten zur Wirtschaftssoziologie (227-258); Katharina Bluhm: Institution, Organisation und Strategie. Konzepte institutioneller Einbettung von Unternehmenshandeln (259-282); Michael Bruch, Klaus Turk: Organisation als Regierungsdispositiv der modernen Gesellschaft (283-306); Thomas Kurtz: Arbeit, Organisation und Systemtheorie (307-320); Holger Lengfeld: Arbeitsstruktur und soziale Ungleichheit in der Organisationsgesellschaft. Eine Einladung zum Perspektivenwechsel (321-346); Andrea Maurer (Kommentar zu Lengfeld): Individuum - Organisation - Gesellschaft. Gesellschaftstheoretische Perspektiven der Organisationstheorien (347-354); Manfred Moldaschl: Institutionelle Reflexivität. Zur Analyse von 'Change' im Bermuda-Dreieck von Modernisierungs-, Organisations- und Interventionstheorie (355-382).