Suchergebnisse

This book offers a legal understanding regarding the core elements of SGEI (Services of General Interest), and of how the post-Lisbon constitutional framework on SGEI affects the application of the EU market rules by the EU Court of Justice, including procurement rules, to public services. It is built up of three parts, namely Part I: No Exit from EU Market Law for Public Services, Part II: SGEI as a Constitutional Voice for Public Services in EU Law, and Part III: The cost of loyalty, the relationship between EU procurement and state aid legislation on social services and the Treaty rules on SGEI, ending with a case study of Swedish systems of choice. Analyses are also provided on how the EU legislator engages in the Europeanisation of social services through EU procurement and state aid rules that have an ambiguous relationship to the Treaty framework on SGEI. Some explanation to this ambiguity is proposed by studying how the application of EU state aid rules could hinder the development of Swedish systems of choice liberalizing publicly-funded elderly care and school education. Included are propositions on crucial but yet unsettled legal questions, in particular what the legal meaning and relevance of the notion of economic activity in EU market law are and which core elements characterize SGEI. This book is therefore mainly aimed at legal academics and practitioners but may also be of interest to political scientists. Caroline Wehlander studied at Umeå University and holds the title of Doctor of Laws. She lives and works in Sweden

As of 25 August, of the 99 political prisoners in detention, 54 were detained on charges under the National Security Law. Of these, the majority were arrested under Article 7, which punishes membership of organizations deemed to "benefit the enemy", improving relations with North Korea prompted debate on reform of the National Security Law. President Kim Dae-Jung apparently encouraged by his award of the Nobel Peace Prize, announced his support for revisions to the National Security Law, but opposition to reform in the National Assembly from both the GNP and the ULD prevented significant revisions. (Amnesty International Report 2001)

"'Unity in Diversity' was the fortunate motto of the otherwise unfortunate Draft Constitutional Treaty. The motto did not make it into the Treaty of Lisbon. It deserves to be kept alive in a new constitutional perspective, namely the re-conceptualisation of European law as new type of conflicts law. The new type of conflicts law which the paper advocates is not concerned with selecting the proper legal system in cases with connections to various jurisdictions. It is instead meant to respond to the increasing interdependence of formerly more autonomous legal orders and to the democracy failure of constitutional states which result from the external effects of their laws and legal decisions on non-nationals. European has many means to compensate these shortcomings. It can derive its legitimacy from that compensatory potential without developing federal aspirations.
The paper illustrates this approach with the help of two topical examples. The first is the conflict between European economic freedoms and national industrial relations (collective labour) law. The recent jurisprudence of the ECJ in Viking, Laval, and Rüffert in which the Court established the supremacy of the freedoms over national labour law is criticised as a counter-productive deepening of Europe's constitutional asymmetry and its social deficit. The second example from environmental law concerns the conflict between Austria and the Czech Republic over the Temelin nuclear power pant. The paper criticises the reasoning of the ECJ, but does not suggest an alternative outcome to the one the Court has reached.
The introductory and the concluding sections generalise the perspectives of the conflicts-law approach. The introductory section takes issue with max Weber's national state. The concluding section suggests a three-dimensional differentiation of the approach which seeks to respond to the need for transnational regulation and governance." (author's abstract)

Die Autoren gehen einleitend auf die Bedeutung des vergleichenden Rechts bei strafrechtlichen Verfolgungen am Beispiel der USA und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als rechtsexportierende Nationen sowie auf die Strafverfolgungen vor dem Hintergrund des NS-Regimes Hitlers im Dritten Reich und der stalinistischen Diktatur in der ehemaligen DDR ein. Im ersten Teil ihres Beitrages untersuchen sie das Strafrechtsverfahren und die Bundesverfassung in Deutschland, indem sie u. a. die Statuten der Konformität innerhalb der Verfassung interpretieren. Im zweiten Teil setzen sie sich ausführlicher mit der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten auseinander und kommentieren jüngste Entscheidungen des Europäischen Gerichtshofs. Im Anhang ihres Beitrags dokumentieren sie grundlegende Gesetze aus der deutschen Bundesverfassung und der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutz der Menschenrechte. (ICG)

Abstract
Judicial reliance on foreign law has been hotly debated since the early 2000s, with commentators staking out competing positions on the role of foreign sources in con­stitutional interpretation. While the literature has been normative in focus, authors fre­quently incorporate empirical assumptions about how judges have used foreign law in practice. Yet scholars have done little empirical work to ground the debate and have fo­cused so predominantly on the Supreme Court that the US Courts of Appeals have been largely ignored. This study analyzes findings from a newly created database containing Courts of Appeals decisions relying on foreign law in deciding constitutional rights issues from the earliest cases to the present day. The surprising results include the low number of overall cases, the dearth of cases using foreign law to challenge accepted principles, and the absence of cases engaging the reasoning behind foreign judicial determinations. The findings serve as a jumping off point for the examination of normative concerns, including the risk of arbitrariness in judges' decisions to rely on foreign law in particular cases.

Indem es Lehren aus der Doktrin der Verfassungsmäßigkeitskontrolle zieht, befasst sich das Buch hauptsächlich mit der Konventionalitätskontrolle durch gerichtliche Adjudikatoren. Diese Monographie schließt die Lücke im vergleichenden internationalen Menschenrechtsrecht, indem sie die Praxis der Konventionalitätskontrolle in Europa und Lateinamerika analysiert. Basierend auf den empirischen Daten stellt sich der Autor normativ ein "Trapez"-Modell der Konventionalitätskontrolle mit den Merkmalen Offenheit, Substantivismus und Humanzentrierung vor, das die Grenzen des geschlossenen, formalistischen und staatszentrierten "Pyramiden"-Modells überwindet. Der Autor Yota Negishi ist außerordentlicher Professor für Völkerrecht, Seinan-Gakuin-Universität, Fukuoka, Japan.

This edited volume reports the antecedents, foundations, organization, basic principles, and challenges to fourteen European constitutions. They include countries with long-lasting and recently amended constitutions, decentralized or unitary, with different political systems and institutional settings.