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The position of the German government at the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899 was to play an important role after WWI in the debate on the issue of "war guilt." While it very soon became apparent that the sweeping & pointed accusations made against Germany were not justified, Germany, especially Emperor William II, regarded the aims of the Conference with great skepticism. The reservations expressed as to the question of the limitation of arms & war budgets were largely based on the assumption that Russia & the other great powers were attempting to further weaken Germany's already inferior position. On the question of arbitration, however, Germany's reservations were largely a matter of principle. Adapted from the source document.

The "long 19th century" has seen a previously unknown acceleration of historic developments. European states both colonized most parts of the globe & opposed each other with severe long-term consequences. Yet, unlike the "brief 20th century," the 19th gave way to relatively few wars between great powers. The era of imperialism was characterized by increasing aggressiveness, on the one hand, & by self-containment in military actions, on the other. That was the setting for the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899 & for its endeavor of stopping the international arms race. It was not successful, but by creating the Hague Court of Arbitration, a first international institution of conflict resolution was founded. In 1907, the Second Hague Peace Conference came into being. It resulted in a comprehensive codification of the international law of war. 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

Die Friedens-Warte was founded during the First Peace Conference in The Hague (1899) by Austrian journalist Alfred H. Fried, who was eventually able to establish it as the leading journal of the peace movement in the German-speaking countries. In 1925, international lawyer Hans Wehberg became editor of the journal. Wehberg retained the journal's close connection with the peace movement, which was important for the financial viability of Die Friedens-Warte. In 1933, this link was disconnected, & Die Friedens-Warte, now published in Geneva, became a journal exclusively devoted to questions of public international law & international organization. After Wehberg's death in 1962, Die Friedens-Warte survived as a journal of international law but lost much of its former significance in this field. It was reestablished in 1996 as an interdisciplinary academic journal covering international law & international relations. Adapted from the source document.