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Universities have crucial importance in producing and transmitting knowledge, and formulating an effective and critical public sphere that meets the public with the university population. Their spatial characteristics of universities also refer to an important position within the urban fabric: with dense students' and academicians' population, they occupy a considerable amount of spaces in cities. Their spatial formations change over time as new buildings are added and student numbers increased. In that respect, this article seeks to explore how the spatial configurations of university campuses have evolved over time in Turkey. In order to explore the changes in spatial layout of university campuses, especially the organization of public spaces and their relations with the campus buildings, we have narrowed our focus through a chronological reading. Two methods of collecting data are used: First, we reviewed design articles about university campuses in architectural periodicals and online architecture databases. Second, the Five Year Development Plans of Turkish State Planning Organization (DPT 5 Yıllık Planları), have been examined to follow the governmental considerations. In addition, we made interviews with some of the architects who took part in the campus planning process of the cases that are selected for this article. In conclusion, analysis of the spatial configuration of campuses in Turkey reveals some unexpected insights about particular design approaches of universities. The analysis of specific campuses in chronological order shows that it is possible to trace specific campus design tendencies that are peculiar to specific periods. © 2021, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Faculty of Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract
In many countries, including the U.S. and the U.K., there is ongoing concern about the extent to which young people from lower-income backgrounds can acquire a university degree. Recent evidence from the U.K. suggests that for a given level of prior achievement in secondary school a disadvantaged student has as much chance of enrolling in a university as a more advantaged student. However, simply participating in higher education is not sufficient—graduation is important. Therefore, this paper investigates whether students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds have a higher rate of university dropout when compared to their wealthier counterparts, allowing for their differential prior achievement. Using a combination of school and university administrative data sets, we show that there is indeed a sizeable and statistically significant gap in the rate of withdrawal after the first year of university between advantaged and disadvantaged English students. This socioeconomic gap in university dropouts remains even after allowing for their personal characteristics, prior achievement in secondary school and university characteristics. In the English context, at least, this implies that retention in university of disadvantaged students is arguably a more important policy issue than barriers to entry for these students.

This volume proposes a reconsideration of ecological and environmental aspects of the work and ideas of various heterodox authors and traditions in the history of economic thought, including the field of economic development. Many of the contributors to this book focus on thinkers and works which are not typically considered as part of the ecological sphere, while others consider such economists in a new light or domain. Thus, the book elucidates a new and useful research field of reconsidering ecological dimensions in the traditional history of economic thought as well as helping to delineate alternative views for ongoing debates on ecological themes. Did Veblen, Keynes, Sraffa, C. Furtado and other key economists and schools of thought of our age have relevant and useful insights with respect to environmental issues? Which aspects of their intellectual legacies should eventually be discarded in the face of our new environmental challenges? On the contrary, what aspects of their economic theories can be updated and adapted to a better interpretation of our present ecological concerns? How do they differ, and why? The essays contained in this book will help to answer these questions, by means of recovering, analysing and updating the work of some of the most relevant heterodox economists and schools of thought of our time. This book will be of great interest for readers in the history of economic thought, ecological economics, environmental economics and economic development

Der transdisziplinäre Sammelband Law and Memory. Towards Legal Governance of History besteht aus insgesamt 19 Artikel zu nationalen und transnationalen Gesetzgebungen rund um kollektive gesellschaftliche Erinnerung. Verschiedene Rechtsprechungen zu Geschichte und Erinnerung werden kritisch diskutiert und somit ein innovativer Beitrag zu der Frage geleistet, in wie fern Gesetze zu Geschichtsschreibung und Gedächtniskonstruktion beitragen, ebenso wie diese regulieren können. Es werden sowohl Fragen nach Wissensproduktion durch Recht als auch nach der Bedeutung transnationaler Vorgaben von Erinnerungspraktiken, wie beispielsweise durch die EU, gestellt und somit überzeugend eine Verknüpfung zweier Themenfelder – Recht und kollektive Erinnerung – unternommen, die bisher noch selten zu finden ist. Eben diese Forschungslücke wollen die beiden Herausgeber*innen mit dem Band füllen, was zwar auch gelingt, jedoch trotz großer Interdisziplinarität noch umfassender hätte erfolgen können, wären Methodiken und Erkenntnisse aus dem Feld der Memory Studies stärker einbezogen worden. ; The multi- and interdisciplinary volume Law and Memory. Towards Legal Governance of History provides a variety of case studies in both national and international contexts to display the complexity and specificity of disputed laws dealing with historic memory. Tracing back legislations addressing different concerns about history and memory, from the Treaty of Westphalia to the current-day laws of the European Union, this volume contributes to debates on the ways in which law might interfere with or contribute to history writing and the construction of memory. Important questions on potentially prescribed practices of memorialization as well as the (in)compatibility of legal involvement in the shaping of knowledge of 'historical truth' are raised. Furthermore, it brings into conversation not only different viewpoints from History and International Law to Ethics, but also controversial issues on nationalism and the (dis)advantages of transnational legislations. While the volume successfully accomplishes its intent to fill a gap in the current research on memory laws, the analysis of practices of remembrance in the collected texts could have benefitted from integrating methods and theories from established concepts of the study of memory.

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of the revived Burkhanism formation in the Altai Republic. The authors came to the conclusion that the historical path of Burkhanism from the ban to the post-Soviet rehabilitation led it to the ambiguous comprehension. The main theories about Burkhanism given in the reports of the scientific conference held in the year of its one hundredth anniversary are highlighted. It is noted that modern Burkhanism is supported by the southern Altai people, namely the Altai-Kizhi that live in the Burkhanism places of the Ongudai and Ust-Kan regions of the Altai Republic. Against the background of the revival of the Oyrot heritage, the post of Zaisan as head of a clan, the confrontation between the adherents of Altai jan (Altai faith), that represent a mixture of "old" Burkhanism and Shamanism, and a group of Altai Buddhists, who interpret Burkhanism as the periphery of Lamaism, appeared. Based on the ethnographic data the ritual practice of «feeding» the fire of the hearth, sprinkling sacred objects with milk and cleansing by fumigation with juniper are represented, which expresses the key idea of Burkhanism ‒ the reverence of the upper heavenly world that gives life to man, the well-being to his family and his clan. It was revealed that Burkhanism consolidated the people spiritually and ethnically; therefore, observance of ritual symbolism in everyday life contributes to the preservation of the life values: peace, grace, happiness, luck. In ritual life, Burkhanism symbols and attributes are observed spatially and temporarily. The period of the young moon and sunrise, as well as the time of the birth of the sun (day), are considered the most "favorable" time to initiate ceremonies in honor of the living. Ritual actions are performed according to the sun and an even number of times. Everything connected with the "world of the living" honoring ritual should be white. The very existence of the world depends on proper observance. According to the norms of modern Burkhanism, it is considered that the one who observes the ritual symbolism approved by Burkhanism is one of the «True» Altaians and this certain standard of "Altai" based on the traditional worldview.

This book is about the history of the law faculty of the Roman Catholic (RC) University in Nijmegen, starting from its foundation in 1923. In addition to a description of the ups and downs of this faculty, it also contains portraits of the most important professors and lecturers. These portraits not only focus on their lives and work. They also deal with questions such as: What common motives did the professors and lecturers have? What role did the Catholic faith play in their work? How did they cope with the occupation in the 1940s and the secularisation in the 1960s? What methods did they use in practicing their profession? In addition to the history of the Faculty of Law in Nijmegen, the book also sketches a picture of the development of legal science and the impact of social developments on the functioning of the Faculty in the past century. It is therefore interesting for anyone interested in the development of law since the First World War

Universities are under ever-increasing political and commercial pressure to engage with industry to convert their research into viable value-adding products and services. A longitudinal study by the Scandinavian researchers examining 25 university-industry collaborations suggests that aligninggoals and creating a flexible setup between partners in the early stages of engagement is crucial for its success.