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BACKGROUND: The contributions that community-based primary health care (CBPHC) and engaging with communities as valued partners can make to the improvement of maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) is not widely appreciated. This unfortunate reality is one of the reasons why so few priority countries failed to achieve the health-related Millennium Development Goals by 2015. This article provides a summary of a series of articles about the effectiveness of CBPHC in improving MNCH and offers recommendations from an Expert Panel for strengthening CBPHC that were formulated in 2008 and have been updated on the basis of more recent evidence. METHODS: An Expert Panel convened to guide the review of the effectiveness of community-based primary health care (CBPHC). The Expert Panel met in 2008 in New York City with senior UNICEF staff. In 2016, following the completion of the review, the Panel considered the review's findings and made recommendations. The review consisted of an analysis of 661 unique reports, including 583 peer-reviewed journal articles, 12 books/monographs, 4 book chapters, and 72 reports from the gray literature. The analysis consisted of 700 assessments since 39 were analyzed twice (once for an assessment of improvements in neonatal and/or child health and once for an assessment in maternal health). RESULTS: The Expert Panel recommends that CBPHC should be a priority for strengthening health systems, accelerating progress in achieving universal health coverage, and ending preventable child and maternal deaths. The Panel also recommends that expenditures for CBPHC be monitored against expenditures for primary health care facilities and hospitals and reflect the importance of CBPHC for averting mortality. Governments, government health programs, and NGOs should develop health systems that respect and value communities as full partners and work collaboratively with them in building and strengthening CBPHC programs - through engagement with planning, implementation (including the full use of community-level workers), and evaluation. CBPHC programs need to reach every community and household in order to achieve universal coverage of key evidence-based interventions that can be implemented in the community outside of health facilities and assure that those most in need are reached. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger CBPHC programs that foster community engagement/empowerment with the implementation of evidence-based interventions will be essential for achieving universal coverage of health services by 2030 (as called for by the Sustainable Development Goals recently adopted by the United Nations), ending preventable child and maternal deaths by 2030 (as called for by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and many countries around the world), and eventually achieving Health for All as envisioned at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978. Stronger CBPHC programs can also create entry points and synergies for expanding the coverage of family planning services as well as for accelerating progress in the detection and treatment of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. Continued strengthening of CBPHC programs based on rigorous ongoing operations research and evaluation will be required, and this evidence will be needed to guide national and international policies and programs.

Many democratic governments recognize a duty to conserve environmental resources, including wild animals, as a public trust for current and future citizens. These public trust principles have informed two centuries of U.S.A. Supreme Court decisions and environmental laws worldwide. Nevertheless numerous populations of large-bodied, mammalian carnivores (predators) were eradicated in the 20th century. Environmental movements and strict legal protections have fostered predator recoveries across the U.S.A. and Europe since the 1970s. Now subnational jurisdictions are regaining management authority from central governments for their predator subpopulations. Will the history of local eradication repeat or will these jurisdictions adopt public trust thinking and their obligation to broad public interests over narrower ones? We review the role of public trust principles in the restoration and preservation of controversial species. In so doing we argue for the essential roles of scientists from many disciplines concerned with biological diversity and its conservation. We look beyond species endangerment to future generations' interests in sustainability, particularly non-consumptive uses. Although our conclusions apply to all wild organisms, we focus on predators because of the particular challenges they pose for government trustees, trust managers, and society. Gray wolves Canis lupus L. deserve particular attention, because detailed information and abundant policy debates across regions have exposed four important challenges for preserving predators in the face of interest group hostility. One challenge is uncertainty and varied interpretations about public trustees' responsibilities for wildlife, which have created a mosaic of policies across jurisdictions. We explore how such mosaics have merits and drawbacks for biodiversity. The other three challenges to conserving wildlife as public trust assets are illuminated by the biology of predators and the interacting behavioural ecologies of humans and predators. The scientific community has not reached consensus on sustainable levels of human-caused mortality for many predator populations. This challenge includes both genuine conceptual uncertainty and exploitation of scientific debate for political gain. Second, human intolerance for predators exposes value conflicts about preferences for some wildlife over others and balancing majority rule with the protection of minorities in a democracy. We examine how differences between traditional assumptions and scientific studies of interactions between people and predators impede evidence-based policy. Even if the prior challenges can be overcome, well-reasoned policy on wild animals faces a greater challenge than other environmental assets because animals and humans change behaviour in response to each other in the short term. These coupled, dynamic responses exacerbate clashes between uses that deplete wildlife and uses that enhance or preserve wildlife. Viewed in this way, environmental assets demand sophisticated, careful accounting by disinterested trustees who can both understand the multidisciplinary scientific measurements of relative costs and benefits among competing uses, and justly balance the needs of all beneficiaries including future generations. Without public trust principles, future trustees will seldom prevail against narrow, powerful, and undemocratic interests. Without conservation informed by public trust thinking predator populations will face repeated cycles of eradication and recovery.Our conclusions have implications for the many subfields of the biological sciences that address environmental trust assets from the atmosphere to aquifers.

If thinking about weapons, one generally thinks about lethal technology. However, an abundance of so-called non-lethal weapons, a technology not aimed at killing but merely incapacitating the human target or military objective, is also being deployed both within and outside the ambit of armed conflict. Since non-lethal weapons do not necessarily implicate a zero chance of mortality, but often lead to severe wounds and tremendous suffering, the use and deployment of such weapons raise strong humanitarian and human rights concerns. The prohibition to cause superfluous injuries and unnecessary suffering, as well as the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks are, amongst others, one of the most relevant provisions potentially having an influence on the deployment of nonlethal technology in armed conflict. However, the invocation of the principle of proportionality may lead to the justification of the use of non-lethal weapons on the grounds that the military advantage anticipated was greater than the human suffering caused. Insofar, one must ask whether there is a "red-line"; where the almost inflationary invocation of the principle of proportionality may defeat the object and purpose of the Geneva Conventions and therefore render the deployment and use of non-lethal technology illegal. Apart from the battlefield, non-lethal weapons are also being deployed in lawenforcement scenarios, where human rights law plays a pivotal role. In this regard, one must not look merely at the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading suffering and the right to life but also at the right to health, a presumably underestimated principle curbing and shaping the use of non-lethal technology outside the ambit of armed conflict. ; Kada se govori o oružju, obično se pod njime podrazumijeva primjena smrtonosne tehnologije. S druge strane, u i izvan oružanih sukoba, često se koristi i tzv. nesmrtonosno oružje, kojemu svrha nije ubijanje, već oneposobljavanje pojedinaca ili vojnih ciljeva. Budući da nesmrtonosno oružje ne mora nužno uzrokovati smrt, ali uzrokuje ozbiljna ranjavanja i velike patnje, korištenje takvih sredstava otvara brojna humanitarna pitanja i pitanja zaštite ljudskih prava. Zabrana uzrokovanja suvišnih ozljeda i nepotrebne patnje, kao i zabrana neselektivnih napada su jedne od najznačajnijih zabrana u međunarodnom ratnom pravu, a koje se mogu primijeniti i na korištenje nesmrtonosnog oružja u oružanom sukobu. Međutim, primjena načela razmjernosti može dovesti do opravdavanja korištenja nesmrtonosnog oružja. To se opravdava očekivanim prednostima njegove primjene u oružanom sukobu, koje pretežu u odnosu na uzrokovane ljudske patnje. Stoga se postavlja pitanje postoji li "crvena linija" njegove primjene. Učestalo pozivanje na primjenu načela razmjernosti može poništiti cilj i svrhu Ženevskih konvencija te dovesti do opravdavanja nezakonitog korištenja nesmrtonosnog oružja. Osim u oružanim sukobima, nesmrtonosno se oružje može koristiti i u policijskim postupanjima. U tim slučajevima osobito značenje ima zaštita ljudskih prava. Pri tomu se u obzir ne smije uzeti samo zabrana mučenja i uzrokovanja nečovječnih ili ponižavajućih patnji te pravo na život, već i pravo na zdravlje. Pravo na zdravlje ograničava i postavlja granice uporabe nesmrtonosnog oružja izvan okvira oružanog sukoba.

Changing predator communities have potential to complicate management focused on ensuring sustainable white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Recent research reported that predation on neonates by coyotes (Canis latrans) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) can limit recruitment. However, no research has been conducted in areas of the southeastern United States with 3 sympatric neonate predators such as coyote, American black bear (Ursus americanus), and bobcat. Our objectives were to estimate neonate survival rates, identify causes of neonate mortality, and determine which biological and landscape characteristics were related to neonate survival. During 2013-2015, we captured 70 neonates with the aid of vaginal implant transmitters on Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Louisiana, USA. We monitored neonates every 8 hours until 6 weeks of age and daily until 12 weeks of age, and assigned cause of death from field and DNA evidence. Survival of neonates to 12 weeks was 0.271 (95% CI=0.185-0.398). Of 51 mortalities, 45 (88%) were attributed to predation, 4 (8%) to starvation, 1 (2%) to other causes, and 1 (2%) to unknown causes. We used an information-theoretic approach to compare Cox proportional hazards models containing various combinations of biological and habitat covariates. Our best-supported model contained sex, mass at birth, distance to cropland, young reforestation (planted 2000-2009), and old reforestation (planted 1980-1989). Based on hazard ratios, survival was 81% higher for males than females, and survival increased 81% with every 1-kg increase in birth mass. Survival increased 8% for every 100-m increase in distance from cropland or young reforestation, and decreased 11% with every 100-m increase in distance from old reforestation, which may be a result of spatial variation in predator distribution. Our results emphasize the importance of site-specific monitoring of neonate recruitment rates in areas with burgeoning predator communities. We conclude, however, that although predation pressure was high, survival rates were similar to those observed in 2-predator systems in the region, suggesting the possibility that an upper limit to predation rates may exist for white-tailed deer neonates. (C) 2017 The Wildlife Society. ; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; Northeast Louisiana chapter of the Quality Deer Management Association; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia; Central Louisiana chapter of the Quality Deer Management Association ; We thank M. T. Biggerstaff, Z. A. Haakoson, J. E. Graham, C. A. Kupar, K. A. McLean, C. D. Stelly, J. J. Thompson, and N. A. Yeldell for their assistance with field work. We thank D. A. Osborn for providing logistical support and M. A. Vukovich for aiding in statistical analysis. We thank Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge for in-kind support. Funding was provided by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, the Central Louisiana and Northeast Louisiana chapters of the Quality Deer Management Association, and the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of infectious mor­bidity and mortality in children under five years of age. This study aimed at identifying the most common parasites and potential risk factors for diarrhoea among children 0-5 years attending Abia State Specialist hospital and Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, in south east­ern Nigeria. We used 400 faecal samples from children with diarrhoea –and 200 without– in combination with hospital-based case control and a questionnaire Stool samples were processed with direct normal saline and formal-ether sedimentation method for parasitological stud­ies. More males than females were infected in nearly all age groups in both diarrhoeal and control groups (X2=23.04, df=1, P<0.05: X2=11.52, df=1, P<0.05 respectively). Amachara had more infections (X2=0.15, df=1, P< 0.05). January had the highest rate of infection (22.5%). Main clinical features were watery depositions over 3 times a day, diarrhoea lasting for days, fever, vomiting, and dehydration. Mothers learned about the problem through health workers, television and in medical centers. Risk correlated with mother's education, occupation, latrine type, waste water disposal, hand washing, kitchen cleaning; sources and storage of water; and bottle milk (P< 0.05).Ignorance greatly con­tributed to the spread of parasitic disease in the area: the government should improve education and other strategies to alleviate the spread of the disease. ; La diarrea es la segunda causa principal de morbilidad y mor­talidad infecciosa en niños menores de cinco años de edad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los parásitos más comunes y los posibles factores de riesgo para la diarrea entre niños de 0 a 5 años que acuden al hospital especializado del estado de Abia y al centro médico federal Umuahia, al sureste de Nigeria. Se utilizaron 400 muestras fecales de niños con diarrea y 200 sin ella, en combinación con el control de casos hospitalarios y un cuestionario. Las muestras de heces se procesaron con solución salina normal directa y método de sedimentación formal-éter para estudios parasitológicos. En los grupos de diarrea y control se infectaron más hombres que mujeres en casi todos los grupos de edad (X2 = 23.04, df = 1, P <0.05: X2 = 11.52, df = 1, P <0.05 respectivamente). Amachara tuvo más infecciones (X2 = 0,15, df = 1, P <0,05). Enero tuvo la mayor tasa de infección (22,5%). Las principales características clíni­cas fueron deposiciones acuosas más de 3 veces al día, diarrea durante días, fiebre, vómitos y deshidratación. Las madres aprendieron sobre el problema a través de los trabajadores de la salud, la televisión y en los centros médicos. El riesgo está correlacionado con la educación de la madre, ocupación, tipo de letrina, eliminación de aguas residuales, lavado de manos, limpieza de la cocina; fuentes y almacenamiento de agua y la leche en botella (P <0.05). La ingesta contribuyó en gran medida a la propagación de enfermedades parasitarias en el área: el gobierno debe mejorar la educación y otras estrategias para aliviar la propagación de la enfermedad.

En Latinoamérica existen 23 causas principales de defunción, siendo algunas de ellas evitables. Por ejemplo, la diabetes o el VIH/SIDA pueden ser prevenibles y, en estos casos como en otros, el acceso a información fiable y de calidad sobre salud y el asesoramiento médico adecuado, pueden contribuir a la reducción de las cifras de mortalidad en estos países. En relación al acceso a información sobre salud, en un contexto en el que existen numerosos productores de contenido con diferentes intereses, un exceso de información disponible –en ocasiones de dudosa calidad-, y diferentes métodos de acceso (medios de comunicación, motores de búsqueda en Internet, redes sociales, etc.), los gobiernos deben ser una de las fuentes de información de referencia para la ciudadanía. La presente tesis doctoral se enmarca en el contexto del acceso a información y uso de redes sociales en salud pública para Latinoamérica. Partiendo del estudio de algunas características de los sitios web de las autoridades nacionales de salud –incluyendo un análisis del posicionamiento web- y de la presencia y actividad institucional en las redes sociales, este trabajo revisa algunas de las funcionalidades relacionadas con los sitios web así como la actividad institucional en las redes sociales. A partir de una observación directa estructurada y de un análisis comparativo sobre recuperación de información, este estudio pretende analizar la disponibilidad de la información sobre las diez causas principales de defunción por parte de las autoridades nacionales de salud en 18 países de Latinoamérica, tanto en sus sitios web como en sus perfiles institucionales en las principales redes sociales. ; In Latin America, there are more than 23 leading causes of death, some of which are preventable. For example, diabetes or HIV/AIDS can be prevented and, in this case like in others, access to reliable and high-quality health information and proper medical advice can contribute to reducing mortality rates in these countries. In a world where there are numerous content producers with different intentions, there is too much information –sometimes of questionable quality–, and there are different ways to access the information (media, search engines, social media, etc.), governments should be one of the reference sources of information for citizens. This doctoral thesis is framed in the context of access to information and use of social media in public health in Latin America. Based on the study of some characteristics of the websites of the national health authorities, including an analysis of web ranking, and the study of their presence and institutional activity on social media, this study reviews some of the features related to websites and institutional activity on social media. Based on direct and structured observation and a comparative analysis of information retrieval, this thesis aims to analyze the availability of information about the ten leading causes of death by national health authorities in 18 countries in Latin America, both in their websites and their institutional profiles on the major social media platforms. ; Programa Oficial de Posgrado en Documentación: archivos y bibliotecas en el entorno digital ; Presidente: Mercedes Caridad Sebastián.- Secretario: María Fernanda Peset Mancebo.- Vocal: Francesc Saigí Rubió

This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Historical Networks in the Book Trade on 01-07-2015, available online: https://www.routledge.com/Historical-Networks-in-the-Book-Trade/Feely-Hinks/p/book/9781848935891 ; Because of the wealth of quantitative information and editorial opinion they provide, those researching British migration have often turned to newspapers and other periodicals; the use of shipping notices, advertisements, original reportage and editorial commentaries has provided historians with contemporary descriptions of changes in population composition, whether by immigration, natural growth, increased mortality or out-migration. Although requiring corroboration, these sources provide excellent indications of when changes occurred and when these became worthy of comment. However, the precise nature of these commentaries, the mechanics of their creation, transmission and evolution, remains unclear. While recent work in newspaper and media history have begun to trace information networks present in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, the lines of communication in the early empire remain unclear. Throughout the Georgian period, newspapers cited, borrowed and blatantly stole editorial content from other British and colonial papers. The question remains, however, whether this source material was manipulated by local editors to suit local prejudices or whether an uncritical inclusion of reprints shaped or utterly transformed local opinion. Since its official founding in 1787, the British colony of New South Wales had been home to a wide range of British immigrants including convicted prisoners, government and military personal, religious missionaries and free settlers. Nonetheless, this complex view of migration and settlement in Australia was not always appreciated by those who resided in sending communities within Britain. Rumours mixed with half-record fact to create an eclectic and fluctuating public conversation of Antipodean prospects. In recent years, historians have begun to rewrite imperial histories to better account for the fluctuating and multi-layered nature of identity within Britain's "white" colonies, encompassing class, faith, nationality and provincial status. Yet, there remains a fundamental disconnect between the study of public spheres within the colonies themselves and that of Britain. While the study of individual newspaper titles has a long history and imperial historians have now begun to compare perceptions of identity and empire between disparate regions, there has yet to be a close study of the tangible connections between metropolitan, provincial and colonial public spheres. This implies that the two did not intersect or that the spread of identity was mono-directional in nature. This article therefore traces the editorial history of the printed conversations and proclamations found in British and Australian newspapers between 1803 and 1842, the years in which the Sydney Gazette, Australia's most commonly cited periodical, was in operation. By examining Australia's public portrayal of immigration, settlement and the demographic composition of New South Wales and by tracing these descriptions through the reprints, abridgements and commentaries of British newspapers, this article compares and contrasts public notions of identity and nationalism within Australia with those who remained or had returned to Great Britain. From this, this article demonstrates the extent to which the Sydney Gazette acted as the gatekeeper and envoy of Australian identity in the early nineteenth century.

Introduction One of the most important ways to address some of the key factor associated with both maternal and neonatal mortality is assuring emergency obstetric and neonatal care with maximum quality of care at the time of labour, delivery and immediate after birth. However, improved quality outcomes are not delivered by health service providers alone communities and service users are the co-producers of health. Therefore, mothers have critical roles and responsibilities in identifying their own needs and preferences. Objectives: - To assess mothers" and provider"s perception on the quality of maternal and newborn care and associated factors during the time of labour, delivery and immediately after birth in the selected hospitals of Addis Ababa. Methodology: - Institution based cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study design was conducted. For quantitative part of the study, multistage stratified sampling technique was used to reach sample size of 633. Pretested structured questioner was used as the main tools for data collection from March to April 2016. Data coding and checking were done by using EpI Info version 7 and imported to STATA 12 for cleaning and analysis. To determine factors associated with perceived quality bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were applied at 95% CI and p value<0.05. For qualitative study focused group discussion was chosen as a tool for data collection the participant were purposely selected from the study hospitals four FGD were conducted (two from private, two from government hospitals). Finally, thematic analysis was used to generate themes. Result Five hundred seventy-six delivering mothers were included with 90.9% response rate. One hundred sixty four (28.4%) of the mothers get delivery service in private hospital and four hundred twelve 412(71.52%) in government hospital. 59.38% of the mothers were delivered by caesarian section while the rest (40.63%) were delivered vaginaly and assisted delivery. Only 8.33% of the mothers outcome were with complication and 2.78% of the newborns outcome were death (stillbirth and early neonatal death). About 259(51.22%) of the mothers score the overall quality above the mean score of 83.3 with SD±10.4. Perceived satisfaction score of the mothers were 46.01%. Health provider"s respect, comfortable labour and delivery room, active labour follow up and confidence and competency of health providers were predictors for mothers" perceived high quality in the process of care(p<0.05). Adequacy of health providers, adequacy of room and bed, availability of drugs and lab investigations in the health facility were a major structural predictors for mother"s perceived quality(p<0.05). Mothers and newborn health out came were not significantly associated with mother"s perceived quality. However, satisfaction of mothers with labour and delivery service was a strong predictor for mothers perceived quality (p<0.05). Conclusion This study shows that the overall mothers perceived quality of care at labour, delivery and immediately after delivery was satisfactory but still need improvement. All the three components of quality of care have an effect on perceived quality of care at labour delivery and immediately after birth therefore need special attention. The current quality of care is still behind the desired health care practice and outcome

Introduction One of the most important ways to address some of the key factor associated with both maternal and neonatal mortality is assuring emergency obstetric and neonatal care with maximum quality of care at the time of labour, delivery and immediate after birth. However, improved quality outcomes are not delivered by health service providers alone communities and service users are the co-producers of health. Therefore, mothers have critical roles and responsibilities in identifying their own needs and preferences. Objectives: - To assess mothers" and provider"s perception on the quality of maternal and newborn care and associated factors during the time of labour, delivery and immediately after birth in the selected hospitals of Addis Ababa. Methodology: - Institution based cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study design was conducted. For quantitative part of the study, multistage stratified sampling technique was used to reach sample size of 633. Pretested structured questioner was used as the main tools for data collection from March to April 2016. Data coding and checking were done by using EpI Info version 7 and imported to STATA 12 for cleaning and analysis. To determine factors associated with perceived quality bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were applied at 95% CI and p value<0.05. For qualitative study focused group discussion was chosen as a tool for data collection the participant were purposely selected from the study hospitals four FGD were conducted (two from private, two from government hospitals). Finally, thematic analysis was used to generate themes. Result Five hundred seventy-six delivering mothers were included with 90.9% response rate. One hundred sixty four (28.4%) of the mothers get delivery service in private hospital and four hundred twelve 412(71.52%) in government hospital. 59.38% of the mothers were delivered by caesarian section while the rest (40.63%) were delivered vaginaly and assisted delivery. Only 8.33% of the mothers outcome were with complication and 2.78% of the newborns outcome were death (stillbirth and early neonatal death). About 259(51.22%) of the mothers score the overall quality above the mean score of 83.3 with SD±10.4. Perceived satisfaction score of the mothers were 46.01%. Health provider"s respect, comfortable labour and delivery room, active labour follow up and confidence and competency of health providers were predictors for mothers" perceived high quality in the process of care(p<0.05). Adequacy of health providers, adequacy of room and bed, availability of drugs and lab investigations in the health facility were a major structural predictors for mother"s perceived quality(p<0.05). Mothers and newborn health out came were not significantly associated with mother"s perceived quality. However, satisfaction of mothers with labour and delivery service was a strong predictor for mothers perceived quality (p<0.05). Conclusion This study shows that the overall mothers perceived quality of care at labour, delivery and immediately after delivery was satisfactory but still need improvement. All the three components of quality of care have an effect on perceived quality of care at labour delivery and immediately after birth therefore need special attention. The current quality of care is still behind the desired health care practice and outcome

В статье рассматривается феномен критически прикладной медицинской антропологии и основные итоги работы ведущего представителя этого направления, профессора калифорнийского университета в Беркли Нэнси Шейпер-Хьюз. Обсуждается предлагаемая новая модель медико-антропологического знания, в частности, предложение сделать антропологию воинствующей. Темы болезни, страдания и насилия проходят сквозь все творчество американской исследовательницы, соединившей в рамках медицинской антропологии критическую работу ученого и индивидуальную политику борьбы против насилия во всех его проявлениях. Внимание читателей фокусируется на итогах полевого исследования культурных и социально-экономических причин эпидемии шизофрении в сельской Ирландии периода вхождения страны в общеевропейский рынок. Кроме того, излагаются основные результаты предпринятого ею в трущобах северо-восточной Бразилии исследования детской смертности, обусловленной столетиями колониализма, дикими нравами на сахарных плантациях, нищетой и драматическим опытом материнства. Экспедиции Шейпер-Хьюз в страну «печальных тропиков» привели ее также к открытию феномена незаметных войн с беспризорниками, характерного как для Бразилии эпохи перехода от диктатуры к демократии, так и для других переходных обществ. В финальной части статьи освещаются некоторые итоги ее исследований о политико-экономической природе глобального трафика человеческих органов. Исследовательница выявила в этом явлении скрытые расовые, классовые и этнические измерения, а также общую логику неолиберального отношения к людям и их телам, отрицающую традиционную человеческую мораль в пользу риторики свободного рынка и автономии личности. ; The article critically examines the phenomenon of critically applied medical anthropology and the main results of work of the leading representatives of this trend, a professor of the University of California at Berkeley Nancy Scheper-Hughes. It is discussed her new model of medico-anthropological knowledge and suggestions regarding to make anthropology «militant». It is shown that the themes of illness, suffering and violence go through all the work of the American researcher, connected within medical anthropology the critical work of scholar and personal policy of the fighting against violence in all its manifestations. Readers' attention is focused on the results of its field research on the cultural and socio-economic causes of the epidemic of schizophrenia in rural Ireland, the country's period of entry into the European market. In addition, it is presented the main results of her investigations of the problem of child mortality in the slums of the north-eastern Brazilian due to centuries of colonialism, wild mores prevailing in the sugar plantations, poverty and dramatic experience of motherhood. Scheper-Hughes' expeditions in the country of «sad tropics» led her to the discovery of the phenomenon of invisible wars against street homeless kids, typical for Brazil at the period of transition from dictatorship to democracy, and for other transitional societies. In the final part of the article some of the results of her research on the political and economic nature of the global traffic of human organs are highlighted. The researcher has disclosed in this phenomenon the hidden racial, class and ethnic dimension, as well as the general logic of the neo-liberal attitude towards people and their bodies, denying the traditional human morality in favor of free-market rhetoric and autonomy of the individual.

Развитие санаторно-курортной деятельности на территории Свердловской области – важный и противоречивый фактор, что отражается в низких темпах и существующих проблемах развития. Они связаны с особенностями развития региона, природными предпосылками, наличием федеральных и региональных программ. Необходимость организации санаторно-курортной деятельности связана с его весомым влиянием на социально-экономическое положение региона. Свердловская область является промышленной урбанизированной территорией, что, кроме плюсов, создает определенные проблемы для населения. К ним относится ухудшение качества здоровья, повышение смертности и заболеваемости, снижение естественного прироста населения, ухудшение работоспособности, что приводит к сокращению темпов экономического развития, именно поэтому для региона необходима организация санаторно-курортной деятельности. Рекреационный потенциал Свердловской области считается благополучным, и это обусловливается пограничным положением региона на территории Европы и Азии, политической стабильностью, которая гарантирует безопасность развития любого вида туристской деятельности. Кроме того, высокое культурное и историческое наследие территории определяет долгосрочную перспективу развития туризма в целом. Тем не менее автором статьи отмечается наличие значительного количества проблем, таких, например, как необходимость рекреационной деятельности в урбанизированных и промышленно развитых территориях, однако зоны гражданской и промышленной застройки ограничивают возможность развития рекреации. Отсутствующая система регулирования нагрузки на природные комплексы определенных зон отдыха приводит к тому, что она становится очень высокой, и это нарушает целостность экосистем. Низкое развитие транспортной инфраструктуры и недостаточно высокое качество подготовки кадров создают проблемы для дельнейшего развития рынка санаторнокурортных услуг. ; Development of the health resort activities on the territory of Sverdlovsk region an important and controversial factor, which is reflected in low rates and current problems of development. They are connected with the development peculiarities of the region, natural conditions, and availability of federal and regional programs. Necessity for the organization of health resort activities related to its significant impact on the social and economic situation of the region. Sverdlovsk region is an industrial urban area that, apart from the advantages, creates certain problems for the population. These include health deterioration, increasing of mortality and morbidity, reducing of natural population growth, deterioration of health, which leads to a reduction of the rate of economic development. That is why the region needs to organize health resort activity. Recreational potential of Sverdlovsk region is considered to be healthy, and it is caused by a boundary position of the region in Europe and Asia, political stability, which guarantees the security of any type of tourist activity. In addition, the high cultural and historical heritage of the area determines the long-term development of tourism in general. Nevertheless, the author of the article notes the presence of a significant number of problems, such as the need for recreational activities in urban and industrialized territories, but civil and industrial development area limit the possibility of recreation. Load regulation system on the natural systems of certain recreation areas is absent, and it causes a significant increasing of load and violation of the integrity of ecosystems. Low development of transport infrastructure and insufficient quality of personnel training creates problems for the future development of the market of heath resort services.

Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems.

Resumen: Las proyecciones del envejecimiento tienden a ser cada vez mayores debido a los cambios demográficos provocados por el descenso de la mortalidad general, el incremento en la esperanza de vida y la disminución de la fecundidad; dando lugar a un aumento en el grupo social de adultos mayores quienes serán 22.2 millones para el 2030 y se espera que para la mitad del presente siglo alcancen 36.2 millones (Consejo Nacional de Población [CONAPO, 2015]) lo cual supone una participación creciente de este grupo de población en la estructura de México. Con el aumento de adultos mayores habrá un incremento en las necesidades de salud y una mayor prevalencia de uno de los problemas más comunes en la vejez: la dependencia funcional, dando inicio al envejecimiento patológico el cual se acompaña de fragilidad y enfermedades crónicas que conducen a discapacidad y deterioro de la independencia funcional, la cual conlleva serias implicaciones psicosociales y económicas a nivel individual, familiar, social y de políticas de salud. Objetivo: Identificar los aspectos relevantes conocidos, desconocidos y las controversias sobre las principales causas del envejecimiento patológico y la influencia que tiene sobre la dependencia funcional de los adultos mayores en México. Resultados: El envejecimiento patológico es generado principalmente por enfermedades crónicas que conducen a la dependencia y eventualmente a la muerte, situando entre las tres principales causas a las enfermedades cardiovasculares 33.3%, diabetes mellitus 18.6% y tumores malignos 14.4%. Conclusiones: Esta población seguirá en aumento y requiere estrategias adecuadas para mejorar las condiciones de salud. Abstract: The repercussions of aging are increasingly large due to demographic changes provoked by overall decrease of mortality, increase of life expectancy, and reduced fertility; this could lead to an increment of the social group of senior citizens, who would allegedly reach around 22.2 millions individuals by 2030, with a projection of 36.2 millions halfway through the century (Consejo Nacional de Población [CONAPO, 2015]). Consequently, senior citizens could constitute a major part of the Mexican population in the near future. The increased number of elderly might cause an increment of public health needs, as well as higher prevalence of typical aging health issues such as functional dependence. Functional dependence represents a main factor of pathological aging, commonly appearing together with fragility and chronic diseases. Main consequences of this process are incapacity and severe psychosocial and financial implications at personal, family, social, political, and health level. Objective: to identify known and unknown relevant aspects, as well as the controversies on the main causes of pathological aging; and to assess the influence that pathological aging has on functional dependence in Mexican elderly. Results: the main cause of pathological aspect was found to be the presence of chronic diseases, which conduct to dependence and occasionally to decease. The most frequent chronic diseases affecting aging are cardiovascular diseases (33.3%), diabetes mellitus (18.6%), and malignant tumors (14.4%). Conclusion: since this specific population is expected to grow in number in the next future, suitable intervention strategies are required in order to enhance health condition of senior citizens.

Madhya Pradesh is home to sizeable proportion of Socio Economically Disadvantaged population of India. Human Development Index of the state is 0.375 which depicts poor socioeconomic conditions. Infant Mortality Rates in some of the areas of the state have been compared to the Sub-Saharan countries as per the World Bank Report titled "India: Achievement and Challenges in Reducing Poverty" It depicts a challenging situation and calls for massive Educational Upliftment of the people working in rural and tribal areas. Government of India has sincerely prioritized these issues through successive five year plans, however the situation on the ground leaves a lot to be desired. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have placed renewed emphasis on the capacity building of these communities. India Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) which is the biggest role player of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in India has a mandate to bring such disadvantaged groups in to fold of Higher Education. However it has been a challenging job from several points of views as most of the target groups requiring immediate attention are too vulnerable, poorly capacitated to adopt new practices and nearly cut off from the urban centred educational facilities. The areas inhabiting such communities have low penetration of Newspapers, TV or Radios and ODL systems with their paradigmatically different ways of teaching learning are yet to take roots in these areas. It has been a big challenge for IGNOU to reach out to such Disadvantaged Communities, sensitize them through suitable Confidence Building Measures and involve them in the ODL Programmes to strengthen their livelihoods. Despite various initiatives taken up by ministry and other institutions, there is a vacuum of information among the disadvantaged communities. It is now well realised and understood that capacity building systems for such target groups need to be radically different from "Business as Usual Approach". Authors of this paper have the experience of working for the Promotion, Monitoring and Supervision of ODL programmes in these areas. During 2012-13 a series of "Out of Box Approaches" were initiated by the authors for sensitising these communities. Results have been overwhelming with sizeable participation of people from disadvantaged communities. This paper highlights such new participatory approaches to sensitise the communities and results of such interventions. The paper has been divided in to Four Parts. Part-I describes the socio economic conditions of these areas and the constraints by the people in accessing information. Part-II describes the Confidence Building Measures like "Khula Manch" [Open Interactive Sessions with Community] initiated by the IGNOU Regional Centre Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) and the response of the communities for such interventions. Part-III describes the initiatives taken by the Regional Centre to sensitise Slum Dwellers in Bhopal. This section also highlights Academic Support Services extended to Slum Dwellers in Slum Areas and the results of such interventions. Part –IV describes the experiences of joint initiatives with "Village Panchayats" in rural areas of District –Khandwa in Madhya Pradesh and lastly Part-V describes overall Conclusions and Recommendations. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p538