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Researchers in the field of social psychology have noticed the importance of image cognition and inherent experience for a person's position on the political and social issues .They tried to define their characteristics, influences and development. Social psychologist Walter Lippmann (1992) put forward the concept of image cognition for the first time on the public opinions and pointed out that human beings must define the real world through image cognition measures owing to the finiteness of cognition and limitation of ability. Borjars (1999) set the standard of scientific cognition for the masses to discriminate oneself from other people and made efforts to apply the said standard to a group of Americans aiming at the experiment of differentiating people from England, Poland, Korea and Sweden four years .Scientists in the field of psychological research emphasize the image cognition is gotten from direct experience of a person by contacting with other individuals and organization or from media indirectly, thus indicating communicate between individuals and among groups are main factors constructing image cognition. The term "image" refers to the close link between communication and image cognition. Various definitions emphasize the function of intercourses in the formation of image cognition. In this regard we can interpret that the mental picture is the final product of impressions of the self on things with certain amount of information by the organization or the masses. Accordingly, the attention on the research on image was diverted to media study from 1960s. "Lee Bristol (1960)" published Development of Image Cognition and made an important contribution to the spread of the concept of media, trading and political ground. With the publication of International behavior: A social-psychological analysis, the works of Herbert Kelman (1965) and his colleagues, the attention on image cognition was extended to the field of international relations. The book discussed the function of communication in the formation of conceptual image in the heart of a nation or a country or people of other countries and generated the term as "national image".The image is interrelated with the intercultural communication. The intercultural communication is a critical factor constructing self-image cognition of the masses and social groups. Similarly, the fixed image cognition plays an important role in the successful communication of culture. There are many avenues for intercultural communication today. In this regard, tourism can be seen as one of the avenues for intercultural communication.War makes intercultural contacts. Travel note introducing also make bridges between cultures.Film is one of the most important means of cultural exchange and contacts. It can build a positive or negative image in the audience. Internet has become a very important means of cultural exchange. Education makes contact with many of host cultures. It is one of the main approaches for a group to form image cognition.Language carries the cultural factors. Each society fixes its cultural image through language. Language becomes the means of transmitting the culture, such as the popularity of French in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, etc…Exchange visits and communication activities among missions of governments and civil missions are important means of cultural exchange, strengthen diplomatic relations between two countries and are beneficial to the exchange visits and seminar between two countries. Economic and trade links make great contribution to the cultural exchange. Sales of Chinese goods in African area bring the cultural links between China and Africa and form the image cognition on Chinese people far away in the hearts of African people.In recent years, people pay more attention to the research on image cognition in the world. Countries and governments hope to establish a good picture internationally and promote the development by utilizing the results of this research. Miscommunication is not only a causing factor to damage the country's image but also damages the contacts with other countries and sometime raises clashes with them.

"The present volume discusses cultures and disciplines that often are kept in fixed categories, and one of its aims is to show significant collaborations in cultural and media studies in Basque and European contexts"--Provided by publisher

Moved by Aboriginal or indigenous understandings of tracks, Norie Neumark's 'Voicetracks' seeks to deepen understandings of voice through listening to a variety of media and contemporary art works from Australia, Europe, and the United States. The author aims to bring voice studies into conversation with new materialism to broaden thinking within both

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Transient Voltage Analysis of a Hybrid Power System Model by Using Novel Symbiosis Organism Search Algorithm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Modelling of Isolated Hybrid Power System -- 3 Objective Function Formulation of the Present Problem -- 4 Brief Discussion on the Proposed Algorithm -- 4.1 Symbiosis Organism Search Algorithm -- 5 Simulation Result Analysis -- 6 Discussion on Results -- 6.1 Eigenvalue-Based Analysis -- 6.2 Analysis of Transient Voltage Response -- 6.3 Comparison of Convergence Profile Under Different Algorithms -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Defected Patch Surface for Miniaturization and Improved Polarization Purity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory, Parametric Studies, and Proposed Structure -- 2.1 Theory -- 2.2 Proposed Structure -- 2.3 Parametric Studies -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Numerical Analysis of a Wideband Rectangular to Square Waveguide Transition for X-Band Orthomode Transducer Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- A 2.45 GHz Harmonic Suppression Filtenna for Rectenna Application -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Antenna Configuration -- 3 Simulation Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Antenna Without Filter -- 3.2 Filter Characteristics -- 3.3 Antenna Design with Filter -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA) Based Current Mode Quadrature Oscillator -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CDTA Fundamentals -- 3 Proposed Current Mode Quadrature Oscillator -- 4 Effect of Nonideality -- 5 Simulation Results -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Metamaterial Substrate and Superstrate Based Circular Microstrip Antenna -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Homogeneous Modeling of Microwave MTM Media.

Canada has a rich heritage of English-language communication thought. For the first time "Canadian Communication Thought" assembles much of this erudition by introducing and examining the writings of ten foundational scholars: Graham Spry, Harold Innis, John Grierson, Dallas Smythe, C.B. Macpherson, Irene Spry, George Grant, Gertrude Robinson, Northrop Frye, and Marshall McLuhan. The author compares and critiques the thought of these ten sages, relates their writings to their biographies and to the Canadian physical and cultural environment, and compares their work to foundational American communication scholars. He finds that there is indeed a mode of theorizing that is 'quintessentially Canadian.' Compared with the work of foundational American writers, for instance, the Canadian literature is significantly more dialectical, ontological, holistic, and critical; it emphasizes to a much greater extent the impact of communication on social change; and it is more concerned with mediation and the formation and sustenance of culture and community. The Canadian writers are also much more engaged than their American counterparts with the question of power in communication - with what can generally be regarded as matters of political economy. Moreover, the wisdom of these ten experts is invaluable for understanding important issues of our day, for example: globalization, environmental deterioration, rapid technological change in the communication sphere, the erosion of privacy, the diminution of public space, the commodification of information and culture, growing disparities between rich and poor, identity and representation in the media, virtual realities, and the waning of democracy. The communication thought of these ten acclaimed scholars increases awareness of questions we should continually ask, provides important insight into how we can resolve current dilemmas, and invites us to consider possibilities for pursuing freedom, equality, justice, and peace in the early twenty-first century

Clear support is found in an Appalachian county for the same relationship Rogers found between antecedent and development variables in his Colombia study: mass media use is an 'pintervenor.'

Thriving on its long-term collective memory of possessing futurity, Shanghai resurges with large-scale ambitions of becoming the world center of trade and finance as well as the information and communication hub of the Asia-Pacific region with an Infoport advancing beyond the era of the Internet. This article ponders the relationship between memory and futurity in Shanghai, and suggests that in celebrating temporal coexistence, Shanghai offers the contours an alternate social ordering of retromodernity. In this media city, media forms constitute a backbone of the Shanghai imaginary, and the enthusiasm for new communication technologies in Shanghai today is reminiscent of the role that media forms played in modernizing Shanghai in the past. Probing how memories of media futures past may trigger digitalization, the author argues that temporal anchoring in Shanghai does not represent a refusal to partake in the fast-paced world; instead, it pursues a memory of modernity and anchors in a "Bergsonian terrain" where mobility is, in effect, its "natural tradition."

ObjectiveWe investigate why certain candidates for the U.S. Senate are more likely to use social media for mobilization and fundraising.MethodsThrough content analysis of nearly 15,000 Facebook posts made by candidates for the U.S. Senate, we examine how candidate and campaign characteristics shape social media use.ResultsWe find this type of campaigning is most common among challengers and Tea Party candidates who lack the name recognition and resources of more established candidates. Additionally, race characteristics, such as competitiveness and the relative positioning of candidates, influence social media posting strategies, with candidates in competitive races and candidates trailing their opponent more actively engaging in social media campaigning.ConclusionsWhile nearly all candidates engage in some level of campaigning on social media, candidates in competitive races, challengers, and underdog candidates adopt these types of strategies most frequently on Facebook.