Suchergebnisse

Indigenous people often occupy different overlapping or co-existing food environments that include market-based foods, land and water based foods, and combinations of the two. Studying these food environments is complicated by the cultural and geographic diversity of Indigenous people and the effects of colonialism, land dispossession, relocation and forced settlement on static reserves, and increasing migration to urban areas. We conducted a scoping study of food insecurity and Indigenous peoples living in urban spaces in Canada, the United States, and Australia. The 16 studies reviewed showed that food insecurity among urban Indigenous populations is an issue in all three nations. Findings highlight both the variety of experiences of urban Indigenous peoples within and across the three nations, and the commonalities of these experiences.

Abstract
Since Nigeria's return to competitive multiparty democracy elections have been held regularly. However, the costs of conducting the elections have been increasing such that Nigeria's elections have been described as the most expensive in Africa and one of the most expensive in the world. Despite their huge costs, the quality of elections continues to dwindle thus most of the elections have been regarded as flawed. This article examines the paradox of increasing elections cost and the dwindling quality of elections in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. It argues that the rising cost of elections borne out of the desire to conduct quality elections has impacted negatively on the country's electoral processes. While elections cost keeps increasing, elections quality continues to ebb such that elections held since 1999 have lost their democratic essence. The article further contends that experiences of poorly conducted elections have eroded the trust of the people in the nation's electoral process which is inimical to democratic sustenance. The article is qualitative and descriptive drawing data from annual reports of INEC, reports of local and international election observers and extant secondary literature.

AbstractA computable general equilibrium model is applied to evaluate the opportunity costs of not adopting Bt cotton, a genetically‐modified (GM) insect resistant cotton, in Benin, Burkina‐Faso, Mali, Senegal, Togo, Tanzania, and Uganda when it is adopted in other countries. Our model uniquely employs country‐specific partial adoption rates and factor‐biased productivity shocks in the cotton and oilseed sectors of all adopting regions. Assuming a 50% adoption rate, the opportunity cost of not adopting Bt cotton in the seven surveyed countries amounts to $41 million per year, which is a significant but lower cost than that suggested by the results of previous studies. Trade liberalization only marginally increases this estimate.

This article reports on research into the development of a website (Caregiverspro-MMD) intended for carers and people living with dementia. Carers, people living with dementia and healthcare practitioners were invited to explore a prototype of the website. Information was sought about: whether they thought the website would be useful; the functions and resources they would require; and their views about using an online resource. Interviews and focus groups identified support for engaging with peers online and accessing information. Concerns about online safety and the tone of websites were also indicated. Support for learning was also highlighted as a need for some.

AbstrakPengaturan pengupahan minimum terhadap tenaga kerja di Indonesia sebelumnya diatur melalui Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 78 Tahun 2015 dimana pengaturan pengupahan terhadap hak penerima upah yang dirasakan oleh tenagakerja. Namun,yang terbaru pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang pengupahan bahwa "setiap Pekerja/Buruh berhak memperoleh Upah yang sama untuk pekerjaan yang sama nilainya". Arti secara perkembangan pengaturan pengupahan terus dilakukan demi mampu menerima pembaruan baik aspek sosial maupun ekonomi. Indonesia hingga saat ini tidak meratifikasi ILO Convention Number 131, 1970 tentang Pengupahan minimum. Standar penetapan upah sesuai konvensi 131 adalah kebutuhan dari pekerja dan keluarganya, dengan mempertimbangkan tingkah upah secara umum di negara bersangkutan, biaya hidup, jaminan perlindungan sosial, dan standar kehidupan relatif dari kelompok sosial lainnya. ancaman dari era revolusi industri 4.0 memiliki dampak yang cukup signifikan terhadap tenaga kerja minim kemampuan atau terkalahkan dengan tenaga automasi. Pemerintah Indonesia dengan momen ini di saat revolusi industri 4.0 terjadi untuk membuat suatu kebijakan cepat dalam memberikan pengupahan secara batas minimum untuk diratifikasi pada ILO Convention 131, 1970 tentang pengupahan minimum sehingga prinsip dari minimum wages mengalami perubahan menjadi living wages di sistem pengaturan pengupahan di Indonesia.Kata kunci: pengupahan; revolusi industri 4.0; tenaga kerjaAbstractMinimum wage arrangements Workers in Indonesia were previously regulated through Government Regulation No. 78 of 2015 where wages were set on the rights of wage recipients felt by workers. However, the latest in Government Regulation Number 36 of 2021 concerningstates that "Wagesevery Worker/Labourer has the right to receive the same Wage for work of the same value". In terms of development, wage arrangements continue to be made in order to be able to receive updates in both social and economic aspects. Indonesia has not yet ratified the ILO Convention Number 131, 1970 concerning Minimum Wages. The standard for setting wages according to Convention 131 is the needs of workers and their families, taking into account the general behavior of wages in the country concerned, the cost of living, social protection insurance, and the relative living standards of other social groups. The threat from the industrial revolution 4.0 era has a significant impact on a workforce with minimal capabilities or is defeated by automation. The Indonesian government at this moment when the industrial revolution 4.0 occurred to make a quick policy in providing minimum wages to be ratified at the ILO Convention 131, 1970 regarding minimum wages so that the principle of minimum wages changed to living wages in the wage regulation system in Indonesia.

Sustainable development and the protection of the environment are key issues in our society today. The building stock in Europe accounts for over 40% of the final energy consumption, CO2 emissions and generation of waste. A large part of the life cycle performance is determined early. Investigations show that when 1% of the project costs are spent, roughly 70% of the lifecycle cost of the building has been committed indicating that decisions taken early greatly affect the life cycle performance. The building's shape, selected materials, structural system, internal room distribution, and building services systems are some of the most important factors that influence the environmental and energy performance of a building throughout its lifecycle.The objective of the conducted research was to investigate what kind of energy analyses are possible to carry out in the early design phase to give the decision makers a more holistic view of the energy performance of a building over its life cycle. Three research questions have guided the research work; (1) What types of energy simulations are possible to make in the early design phase? (2) How reliable are early energy estimations compared to results when detailed models are available? (3) How does energy consumption affect the life cycle cost of a building?The research work is based on literature reviews, a theoretical framework for model based design of life cycle aspects in general and energy performance in particular developed in the European Union sixth framework project InPro. The study includes a number of energy performance calculations at different levels of information maturity in the early design phase. Different energy simulation programs were used for this purpose. The study was performed for an existing building where design parameters like window area, building envelope and indoor climate been changed. In total 28 cases were analysed using four different energy analysis tools at three levels of information maturity. The resulting life cycle costs were also estimated for the different cases with varying rates of interest and forecasts of the energy price. The result of this study shows that energy calculations usable for design decision can be made at different levels of information maturity. Depending on the maturity level more or less detailed design information is available which influences the estimated energy consumption. Therefore early estimations when the information maturity is low should only be used to compare different design alternatives at the same design stage. However, the result shows that these early estimations can give a clear tendency guiding the design in a more energy efficient direction. When the information maturity is higher and indoor climate simulations are possible to make at room level, the result gets more accurate. However, the use of more sophisticated energy simulations tools is time consuming and error prone since the amount of input data needed is much higher. This calls for better integration between the design and energy analysis especially when more advanced energy simulations are performed. The resulting life cycle costs of the different cases are strongly affected by the estimated energy consumption, the selected real rate of interest, the forecast of energy prices as well as the discount time.The conclusion of this study is that energy calculations are usable for the decision making of design alternatives in the early design phase. Also, life cycle cost estimates can support the decision makers in the analysis of different financial scenarios. ; Godkänd; 2009; 20090505 (jutsch); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Produktionsledning/Construction Engineering and Management Examinator: Professor Thomas Olofsson, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 4 juni 2009 kl 13.00 Plats: F 1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

Although building operating charges have turned out to be a major determinant of profitability for real estate investments, there is a noticeable lack of reports or studies that analyze these costs with state-of-the-art statistical techniques. Specifically, past studies usually assume linear relationships between costs and building attributes, they do not control for cluster-specific or longitudinal effects and do not account for the simultaneous structure of cost categories. Therefore, in this study we provide a novel approach to real estate cost benchmarking: We analyze the effects of building attributes on electricity, heating and maintenance costs for office buildings in Germany in a multivariate structured additive regression (STAR) model simultaneously, modeling potentially nonlinear effects as P(enalized)-Splines and controlling for cluster-specific and individual heterogeneity in a three-way random effects structure. This way, we gain insights into how building attributes influence costs, and how cost levels vary across cities, companies and buildings. We furthermore derive quality-adjusted time indices for the two major German submarkets, the former German Democratic Republic and the old West German states. The results obtained can be used to derive portfolio allocation strategies and for planning, constructing, operating and redeveloping real estate.

Previous research into the costs of publicly subsidized new housing developments has found that nonprofit developers and program requirements to pay construction workers prevailing wages significantly raise project costs. An extended ordinary least squares (OLS) model is specified that aims to better capture the influence of project-specific variable costs and geographically correlated fixed costs. The model is tested with data from a 2014 State of California-sponsored affordable housing cost study. The OLS models' estimates indicate that prevailing wages are associated with between 5 to 7% higher project costs. The cost effect associated with a developer's tax exempt status is half as large as estimated in prior studies and is not consistently a statistically significant driver of costs. The model revisions help to identify other more important sources of cost variation, including large business cycle effects, fair market rents, average county construction wages, local government impact fees, and above-average architecture and engineering costs.

Current paper analyzes the reservoir´s useful water volume for hydropower efficiency in water supply systems. Data, retrieved from the Guanabara Water Supply System of the municipality of Ananindeua, state of Pará, Brazil, were analyzed. Two useful volume sizes were determined following recommendations by NBR 12.217/1994 "Project on the water distribution reservoir for public supply". The former featured the time curve of water consumption and the latter the rate of maximum daily discharge. The latter stage assessed the most adequate useful water volume from the point of view of hydropower efficiency by Epanet 2.0. Dimensions with or without water consumption curve provided useful volumes of 838 m3 and 2.043 m3, respectively. In the case of the lowest volume, 47 hours/day of CMB functioning and 987 kWh/day of electric power consumption in EAT were detected. Volume increase to 2,043 m3 was positive, followed by 30 hours/day of functioning of CMB and consumption at 818 kWh/day in EAT. Hydropower costs were reduced by R$ 35,903.00/year, from R$ 143,108.00/year, with a useful volume of 838 m³, to R$ 107,205.00/year with 2,043 m³. Research revealed the importance of computerized simulation in decision-taking and the need for the updating of NBR 12.217/1994 by criteria of hydropower efficiency in the preparation of projects involving water supply reservoir systems.