Search results

In 2010, the South Indian state of Kerala's Communist-led coalition government, the Left Democratic Front (LDF), unveiled a policy to convert the entirety of the state to organic farming within ten years; some estimates claim that approximately 9,000 farmers were already participating in certified organic agriculture for export at the time of the announcement. Kerala is oftentimes hailed as a "model for development" by development practitioners and environmentalists because of such progressive environmental politics (e.g., McKibben 1998). Recent scholarship from Political Ecology, however, has christened organic farming as a neoliberal project, and much like globalized, conventional agriculture (e.g., Guthman 2007 and Raynolds 2004). Drawing from fourteen months of fieldwork in Kerala between 2009-2011, I explore this tension between Kerala as a progressive, political "model," and globalized, corporatized organic agriculture. I utilize Kerala's experiences with organic farming to present another story about North-South relations in globalized organic farming. In contrast to recent Political Ecological work surrounding alternative food systems, I contend that organic agriculture can actually offer meaningful possibilities for transforming the global agricultural system in local places. Using Polanyian (1944) and Gramscian (1971) understandings of civil society and social change, I argue that Kerala's agrarian crisis of the 1990s, stemming from the commodification of Kerala's agrarian environment and the intensification of chemical-based, cash crop agriculture, stimulated an ecological countermovement in the late twentieth century. This crisis included several farmer suicides and pesticide-poisoning from Endosulfan. Kerala's civil society and political institutions actively developed this countermovement by relying on an existing institutional structure that supports redistributive reforms, and a history of political organizing by Kerala's Left. This ecological countermovement is now comprised of organic farming institutions (e.g., vanguard certification-centered bodies such as the Indian Organic Farmers Producer Company Limited (IOFPCL)) and policies (e.g., Kerala's 2010 Organic Farming Policy), that are re-embedding market-driven agriculture ecologically and socially. To augment my Polanyian analysis, I also utilize analytics from Global Commodity Chain and Global Value Chain scholarship, and rely on Cultural Political literature and the work of several Kerala scholars (e.g., Heller 1999 and Herring 1983), to argue that Kerala's organic farming movement is promoting the civic engagement of organic farmers in agricultural governance. Kerala's Organic Farming Policy, for example, represents an alternative form of state-led development that prioritizes local-level decision making. Finally, I explore the bifurcation of Kerala organic farming countermovement between proponents of Kerala's Organic Farming Policy and certified organic farming for export; each defines organic farming differently. I contend that this divide is not "natural," but the result of a conjuncture of agrarian cultural politics, an "imaginary" of Kerala as a biodiverse "hotspot," existing political priorities, and political economic and geographic changes in places like Wayanad District. This evidence illustrates that countermovements occur on and are shaped by terrains with history, and are far from monolithic. These findings also trouble the idealization of Kerala as a "model," and demonstrate that organic farming politics can take on different forms throughout the world, contingent on local and global factors and dynamics. I conclude, however, that Kerala's organic movement does not have a predetermined future: it is neither destined to be a "model" nor homogenized and conventionalized by the forces of globalization. Evidence from Kerala instead elucidates that organic agriculture can offer a valid critique of chemical-dependent capitalist agriculture, but not necessarily in the way that current Political Ecological thought would prescribe.

If we had to choose one individual who most inspired us to undertake this historical project about sustainable agriculture, it would be Bob Scowcroft, currently the executive director of the Organic Farming Research Foundation. In 2005, as we were beginning to explore the roots of this movement, we came across the transcript of a speech that Scowcroft had recently made at the Ecological Farming Conference (Eco-Farm). Scowcroft challenged the audience:One can't focus on the future until one has a solid grasp of the past. One of our collective failures has been the lack of attention paid to our written and oral history. Only two or three of the participants in the "Asilomar Declaration" [a statement in support of sustainable agriculture that was drafted at a three-day congress immediately before the 1990 Eco-Farm Conference and ratified by the 800 individuals who attended that conference] discussion are here today. Several have passed away. Others have left the sustainable-agriculture universe. Who has collected their papers? Where is the Center for Organic [Farming] History Research? Who is collecting the oral histories of these and many other important attendees?Who is Bob Scowcroft? we wondered, and the rest is history, or rather the documentation of history.An activist, Bob Scowcroft first joined the environmental movement to work on the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in the early 1970s, and later became a national organizer on pesticide issues for Friends of the Earth (FOE). As organizer for FOE, he set up a table at the Natural Foods Merchandiser Trade Show, advocating a ban on Agent Orange because of the drift of that herbicide onto nearby farms. Barney Bricmont (also the subject of an oral history in this series) and two other organizers from the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) paid a visit to his table, and introduced Scowcroft to the organic farming movement. Scowcroft soon became the first professional environmentalist to attend and present at the Ecological Farming conference, then held at a muddy church camp in the Santa Cruz Mountains.Scowcroft moved from the Bay Area to Santa Cruz, and in 1987 was hired as executive director for CCOF. He led that organization through tremendous expansion during the exponential growth of the organic industry over the next few years. In 1992, Scowcroft left CCOF to found and direct a spin-off organization, the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF), whose goals are to "sponsor research related to organic farming practices, to disseminate research results to organic farmers and to growers interested in adopting organic production systems, and to educate the public and decision-makers about organic farming issues." He has served as executive director of OFRF for the past seventeen years.In 2006, the Ecological Farming Association awarded Scowcroft the prestigious "Sustie" award for lifetime achievements in sustainable agriculture. He has been engaged in nearly every political development in the national organic and sustainable agriculture movement in the past twenty years—from the controversy over the contamination of apples with the pesticide Alar in the late 1980s, to the fight to pass the California Organic Foods Act of 1990, to battles over federal standards for organic certification in the 1990s, to recent lobbying efforts to secure more funding for organic farming research in the Farm Bill. This in-depth oral history with Scowcroft, conducted by Irene Reti on December 18, 2007, and January 11, 2008, at her house in Capitola, California, provides a vivid, "in-the-trenches" perspective on the history of this social movement that is transforming the agricultural and cultural landscape of the United States.

ÖZETEnerji, her gün daha fazla duymaya başladığımız, çevresel, finansal etkileri olan ve toplumların refah seviyesi ve üretim için en temel girdidir. Gelişimin unsuru olan enerjinin kullanımında, küresel eğilimler kamuoyu oluşturmakta ve çevresel etkileri nedeniyle fosil yakıtların tüketimi ve verimsiz kullanıma baskı artmaktadır.Bizim konumuz olan enerji verimliliği ulusal rekabet gücümüze katkı sağlamanın ve çevresel baskılar sonucu ileride oluşacak uluslararası yaptırımlara hazırlıklı olmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır.Hükümetler tarafından yapılan kanuni düzenlemeler ile tüm hukuksal altyapı uluslararası hukuğa ve ulusal ihtiyaca uygun hale getirilmiştir.Tüm bu unsurlar bir araya getirildiğinde ülkemizde yer alan tüm işletmelerin enerjiyi daha verimli kullanmaları, kanuni yükümlüklerini yerine getirmelerine, maliyet avantajı aracılığıyla rekabet güçlerini artırmalarına ve geleceğin en önemli pazarlama unsuru olan çevreci şirket imajlarına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı enerji kavramı, enerji verimliğinin çevresel ve ekonomik boyutta öneminin tanımlanması, uluslararası uygulamalar ile ulusal durumun karşılaştırılmasının yapılmasıdır. Bu karşılaştırma ve analizler enerji kullanımı yoğun, ulusal ekonomideki payı büyük olan hizmet sektörü özelinde incelenmiştir.Bu çalşma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır, ilk bölümde enerji tanımı, kaynakları, kullanım alanları, verimlilik ve uygulamaları, uluslararası uygulamalar ve sonuçları, şirketler için maliyet muhasebesi kavramlarını içermektedir. İkinci bölümde ise hizmet sektörünü oluşturan en önemli alt gruplardan konaklama tesisleri üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Antalya bölgesinde yer alan 5 yıldızlı oteller ile yapılan bir anket çalışması ile bu anketin analizi ikinci bölümde yer almaktadır. Son bölümde ise uygulama ile ortaya çıkan sonuç açıklanmaktadırBu çalışma hem kavramsal olarak enerjiyi, kaynakları, tüketimini, çevresel sonuçlarını, finansal etkilerini açıklamakta hemde saha çalışması ile sonuçlarını göstermektedir.ABSTRACTEnergy is the most important input required for the production and increasing the welfare level of the communities and which we hear much more every passing day and has environmental and financial affects. The global trends form the public opinion while the usage of energy which is an element of development and the enforcements over the consumption of fossil fuels and against ineffectual usage is increasing. Energy productivity which is our issue here, form the basic for the contribution in our national competitive power and being ready for the international enforcements that will arise in the future as the result of environmental pressure. The legal regulations prepared by the government and all legal infrastructure were made proper into international laws and national requirements. When all these elements are put into together, more productive energy usage of all enterprises exist in or country contributes to performing their legal obligations, increasing their competitive power through cost advantages and their environmentalist company image which is the most important marketing element of the future. The purpose of this study is to make the definition of energy concept and defining the energy productivity in accordance with the environmental and economic dimensions and performing the comparison of international applications with national situation. These comparisons and analysis were performed specially at service sector, whose share in national economy is great and at which energy usage is intensive. This study is formed of three chapters. In the first chapter includes the definition of energy, energy resources, energy usage and application areas, international applications and their results and the cost accounting concepts for the companies. In the second chapter, the study is focused on accommodation facilities which are ones among the most important sub groups that form the service sector. A survey study performed with the 5 star hotels located in Antalya region and analysis of this survey also take place in the second chapter. And in the last chapter, the results achieved at the end of the application are explained. This study both explain the energy, resources, energy consumption, environmental results, financial affects conceptually and also shows the results by means of the field study.

If we had to choose one individual who most inspired us to undertake this historical project about sustainable agriculture, it would be Bob Scowcroft, currently the executive director of the Organic Farming Research Foundation. In 2005, as we were beginning to explore the roots of this movement, we came across the transcript of a speech that Scowcroft had recently made at the Ecological Farming Conference (Eco-Farm). Scowcroft challenged the audience: One can't focus on the future until one has a solid grasp of the past. One of our collective failures has been the lack of attention paid to our written and oral history. Only two or three of the participants in the "Asilomar Declaration" [a statement in support of sustainable agriculture that was drafted at a three-day congress immediately before the 1990 Eco-Farm Conference and ratified by the 800 individuals who attended that conference] discussion are here today. Several have passed away. Others have left the sustainable-agriculture universe. Who has collected their papers? Where is the Center for Organic [Farming] History Research? Who is collecting the oral histories of these and many other important attendees? Who is Bob Scowcroft? we wondered, and the rest is history, or rather the documentation of history. An activist, Bob Scowcroft first joined the environmental movement to work on the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in the early 1970s, and later became a national organizer on pesticide issues for Friends of the Earth (FOE). As organizer for FOE, he set up a table at the Natural Foods Merchandiser Trade Show, advocating a ban on Agent Orange because of the drift of that herbicide onto nearby farms. Barney Bricmont (also the subject of an oral history in this series) and two other organizers from the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) paid a visit to his table, and introduced Scowcroft to the organic farming movement. Scowcroft soon became the first professional environmentalist to attend and present at the Ecological Farming conference, then held at a muddy church camp in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Scowcroft moved from the Bay Area to Santa Cruz, and in 1987 was hired as executive director for CCOF. He led that organization through tremendous expansion during the exponential growth of the organic industry over the next few years. In 1992, Scowcroft left CCOF to found and direct a spin-off organization, the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF), whose goals are to "sponsor research related to organic farming practices, to disseminate research results to organic farmers and to growers interested in adopting organic production systems, and to educate the public and decision-makers about organic farming issues." He has served as executive director of OFRF for the past seventeen years. In 2006, the Ecological Farming Association awarded Scowcroft the prestigious "Sustie" award for lifetime achievements in sustainable agriculture. He has been engaged in nearly every political development in the national organic and sustainable agriculture movement in the past twenty years—from the controversy over the contamination of apples with the pesticide Alar in the late 1980s, to the fight to pass the California Organic Foods Act of 1990, to battles over federal standards for organic certification in the 1990s, to recent lobbying efforts to secure more funding for organic farming research in the Farm Bill. This in-depth oral history with Scowcroft, conducted by Irene Reti on December 18, 2007, and January 11, 2008, at her house in Capitola, California, provides a vivid, "in-the-trenches" perspective on the history of this social movement that is transforming the agricultural and cultural landscape of the United States.

The paper tackles the phenomenon of the urban expansion through two concepts: metropolitan area and sprawl. The first, heir of the rational and positivist tradition of development, would lead to orderly and efficient metropolis; the second, son of the capitalist individualism and of the environmentalist emergency, considers the expanded city as one of the symbols of the process of unlimited appropriation of the space. Between these two concepts there is the short period of last crisis of the city, the two decades from 1970s to 1980s. From this moment the city is emerged acting out towards three main directions: the first is the expulsion of activities considered unessential; the second is the repossession of abandoned parts of the city and their transformation into high quality urban districts; the third is the search for new meanings and new perspectives, with the following marketing actions that appear to be central in the city's policies. In this process it is interesting to observe that the actions regarded as positive are physically positioned in different places from the negative ones: when one talk about urban rehabilitation the mind runs to downtown or to semi-central urban areas; the same when one talk about actions on the image of the city. The final section of the paper examines the metropolitan area of Naples. The analysis is conducted by a qualitative point of view (in relation to the functional character of the metropolitan area) and by a quantitative point of view (in relation to the changes of the population structure over the past 150 years). In this regard, the "analytical metropolitan area" has nothing to do with the potential administrative boundaries. ; Il paper affronta il fenomeno dell'espansione urbana analizzando due concetti, quello di area metropolitana e quello di sprawl. Il primo, erede della tradizione razionale e positivista dello sviluppo, avrebbe dovuto portare a metropoli ordinate ed efficienti; il secondo, figlio dell'individualismo capitalistico e dell'indifferenza nei confronti dell'ambiente, modella la città estesa come uno dei simboli del processo di appropriazione illimitata dello spazio. In mezzo vi è il breve periodo dell'ultima crisi urbana, a cavallo degli anni '70 e '80; da questa crisi la città è uscita agendo verso tre direzioni principali: la prima è stata l'espulsione di funzioni ritenute non primarie; la seconda è stata la riappropriazione di ambiti urbani in stato di abbandono e la loro trasformazione in distretti di elevata qualità; la terza è stata la ricerca di nuovi significati, di nuove prospettive e di conseguenti azioni di marketing che sembrano essere divenute fondamentali per ogni politica urbana. È interessante osservare in questo processo che quelle che vengono considerate come azioni positive sono fisicamente localizzate in quadranti urbani diversi da quelle ritenute negative: quando si parla di riqualificazione della città si ha a che fare con aree urbane centrali o semicentrali, così come quando si parla di azioni sull'immagine della città. In questo senso la macchia espansa della residenza e delle funzioni ad essa connesse sembra estranea a questi fattori di qualità e viene catalogata come processo negativo inevitabile; su di essa, infatti, si ragiona o come conseguenza di comportamenti individualistici o come conseguenza della forza dei soggetti economico-territoriali. La parte finale del paper si incentra sull'area metropolitana di Napoli; l'analisi è svolta da un punto di vista qualitativo (in relazione ai caratteri funzionali dell'area) e da un punto di vista quantitativo (in relazione ai cambiamenti nella distribuzione della popolazione nel corso degli ultimi 150 anni).

The paper tackles the phenomenon of the urban expansion through two concepts: metropolitan area and sprawl. The first, heir of the rational and positivist tradition of development, would lead to orderly and efficient metropolis; the second, son of the capitalist individualism and of the environmentalist emergency, considers the expanded city as one of the symbols of the process of unlimited appropriation of the space. Between these two concepts there is the short period of last crisis of the city, the two decades from 1970s to 1980s. From this moment the city is emerged acting out towards three main directions: the first is the expulsion of activities considered unessential; the second is the repossession of abandoned parts of the city and their transformation into high quality urban districts; the third is the search for new meanings and new perspectives, with the following marketing actions that appear to be central in the city's policies. In this process it is interesting to observe that the actions regarded as positive are physically positioned in different places from the negative ones: when one talk about urban rehabilitation the mind runs to downtown or to semi-central urban areas; the same when one talk about actions on the image of the city. The final section of the paper examines the metropolitan area of Naples. The analysis is conducted by a qualitative point of view (in relation to the functional character of the metropolitan area) and by a quantitative point of view (in relation to the changes of the population structure over the past 150 years). In this regard, the "analytical metropolitan area" has nothing to do with the potential administrative boundaries. ; Il paper affronta il fenomeno dell'espansione urbana analizzando due concetti, quello di area metropolitana e quello di sprawl. Il primo, erede della tradizione razionale e positivista dello sviluppo, avrebbe dovuto portare a metropoli ordinate ed efficienti; il secondo, figlio dell'individualismo capitalistico e dell'indifferenza nei confronti dell'ambiente, modella la città estesa come uno dei simboli del processo di appropriazione illimitata dello spazio. In mezzo vi è il breve periodo dell'ultima crisi urbana, a cavallo degli anni '70 e '80; da questa crisi la città è uscita agendo verso tre direzioni principali: la prima è stata l'espulsione di funzioni ritenute non primarie; la seconda è stata la riappropriazione di ambiti urbani in stato di abbandono e la loro trasformazione in distretti di elevata qualità; la terza è stata la ricerca di nuovi significati, di nuove prospettive e di conseguenti azioni di marketing che sembrano essere divenute fondamentali per ogni politica urbana. È interessante osservare in questo processo che quelle che vengono considerate come azioni positive sono fisicamente localizzate in quadranti urbani diversi da quelle ritenute negative: quando si parla di riqualificazione della città si ha a che fare con aree urbane centrali o semicentrali, così come quando si parla di azioni sull'immagine della città. In questo senso la macchia espansa della residenza e delle funzioni ad essa connesse sembra estranea a questi fattori di qualità e viene catalogata come processo negativo inevitabile; su di essa, infatti, si ragiona o come conseguenza di comportamenti individualistici o come conseguenza della forza dei soggetti economico-territoriali. La parte finale del paper si incentra sull'area metropolitana di Napoli; l'analisi è svolta da un punto di vista qualitativo (in relazione ai caratteri funzionali dell'area) e da un punto di vista quantitativo (in relazione ai cambiamenti nella distribuzione della popolazione nel corso degli ultimi 150 anni).

Os anos pós-Guerra Fria possibilitam uma renovação do debate latino-americano sobre as tensões entre meio ambiente, ética e política internacional. Defensores da idéia de que as relações internacionais emergem exclusivamente da interação entre entidades políticas soberanas e independentes contrapõem-se aos que sustentam a centralidade na agenda ecopolítica de muitos outros atores para além do Estado. Ou seja, os princípios da soberania incondicionada e da não-ingerência – ordenadores tradicionais do sentido das "relações internacionais" – são questionados pela crescente transnacionalização das reivindicações, por redes e movimentos ambientalistas, de condutas éticas e responsáveis no campo ambiental. É com base nesses pressupostos que o presente artigo se estrutura em duas partes: (1) uma discussão sobre o processo de internacionalização da problemática ambiental e das tensões contemporâneas entre meio ambiente, ética e política internacional na América Latina; (2) uma análise dos questionamentos trazidos pelo campo do ambientalismo latino-americano operando no seio da contestação transnacional do Fórum Social Mundial. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ecologia política, movimentos ambientalistas, contestação transnacional, relações internacionais, América Latina. POLITICAL ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTALIST MOVIMENTS AND TRANSNATIONAL CONTESTATION IN LATIN AMERICA Carlos R. S. Milani In the aftermath of the Cold War, there has been a renewal in the Latin American academic debate on tensions between environmental protection, ethics and international politics. Those who defend the idea that international relations stem from an exclusive interaction between sovereign and independent political entities are confronted with those who reaffirm the relevance of many other players beyond the state in the global ecopolitics. That means that the tenets of unconditioned sovereignty and non-intervention, which have traditionally built the sense of 'international relations', are questioned by the growing transnationalization of political demands by environmental movements in favor of ethical and responsible patterns of action and behavior. Rooted in these premises, the present article is structured in two parts: (1) a discussion on the process of internationalization of the environmental problematique, and contemporary tensions between environment, ethics, and international politics in Latin America; (2) an analysis of political demands by Latin American environmental movements associated with transnational antiglobalization contention in the World Social Forum. KEYWORDS: political ecology, environmental movements, transnational contention, international relations, Latin America. L'ÉCOLOGIE POLITIQUE, LES MOUVEMENTS ENVIRONNEMENTAUX ET LA CONTESTATION TRANSNATIONALE EN AMÉRIQUE LATINE Carlos R. S. Milani Les années de l'après-Guerre Froide ont permis le renouvèlement du débat latino-américain sur les tensions entre l'environnement, l'éthique et la politique internationale. Les défenseurs de l'idée selon laquelle les relations internationales émergent exclusivement de l'interaction entre des entités politiques souveraines et indépendantes s'opposent à ceux qui soutiennent l´importance de bien d'autres acteurs outre l'Etat sur la scène écopolitique mondiale. Autrement dir, les principes de la souveraineté inconditionnée et de la non-ingérence (qui ont traditionnellement construit le sens des « relations internationales ») sont remis en cause par une croissante transnationalisation des revendications politiques des réseaux et des mouvements écologistes en faveur de conduites éthiques et responsables à l´égard de l'environnement planétaire. Partant de ces présupposés, cet article se structure en deux parties: (1) une discussion concernant le processus d'internationalisation de la problématique écologique et des tensions contemporaines entre l'environnement, l'éthique et la politique internationale en Amérique Latine; (2) une analyse des questions soulevées par les réseaux de mouvments écologistes latino-américains agissant au coeur de la contestation transnationale du Forum Social Mondial. MOTS-CLÉS: ecologie politique, mouvements écologistes, contestation transnationale, relations internationales, Amérique Latine. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; It's important to indicate that in the investigation project, which I have not modified since it was approved, that it precedes this document, has varied considerably in the measurement of the information sources are having their natural desired effects, that is when I developed the investigation we can observe that the hypothesis that was initially raised, that was focused to the inattention to the popular denunciations however we saw that the environmental problematic in our state goes further, because it's supported in the inefficiency of the justice application, by diverse structural and legislative factors that I will explain opportunity. Daily we see in the newscast and regional newspapers of the Michoacán State, notes related to the protection and conservation of the environment; in which they involved different society sectors such as public, economics, social groups, academics, etc. Facing this reality we know a few about who or whom they are the responsible for resolving the conflict and which norms should be held; what is obvious is that the social participation facing the environmental problematic depends a lot of the personal interests of each actor, which they can be of diverse kind as economic, political and in exceptional cases the genuine environmentalists arguments. About the economics sector they seeks to invest in places that represent him a smaller cost, without caring the environmental impact; likewise they also participate antagonistically in the project, other social groups that simple and clearly seek a personal financial gain, also without the most minimum interest or environmental worry. Before such situation the responsible participation for the competent institution is necessary, but we see that when some problem in the project exists to develop, whether politician, economic, social or cultural, the authorities untied of the problem filing the case. ; Es importante referir que el proyecto de investigación, el cual no he modificado desde que me fue aprobado, que antecede a este documento, ha variado considerablemente, en la medida de que la fuentes de información van surtiendo sus efectos naturales, es decir, que al desarrollarse la investigación podemos observar que la hipótesis planteada inicialmente iba enfocada a las desatenciones de las denuncias populares, sin embargo vemos que la problemática ambiental en nuestro estado va más allá, pues se vierte en la ineficacia de la procuración de justicia, por diversos factores estructurales y legislativos que señalaré oportunamente. Diariamente vemos en los noticieros y periódicos regionales del Estado de Michoacán, notas relacionadas con la protección y conservación del medio ambiente; en las que se ven relacionados los diferentes sectores de la sociedad como pueden ser el público, empresarial, grupos sociales, académicos, etc. Ante esta realidad poco sabemos acerca de quién o quiénes son los responsables de resolver el conflicto y bajo qué normas se deben sujetar; lo que es obvio es que la participación social ante la problemática ambiental depende mucho de los intereses personales de cada actor, los cuales pueden ser de diversa índole como económicos, políticos y en casos excepcionales los genuinos argumentos ambientalistas. Por su parte el sector empresarial busca invertir en lugares que le representen un menor costo, sin importar el impacto ambiental; asimismo también participan antagónicamente en el proyecto, otros grupos sociales que simple y llanamente buscan un beneficio económico personal, también sin el mínimo interés o preocupación ambiental. Ante tal situación es necesaria la participación responsable de la institución competente, pero vemos que cuando existe algún problema en el proyecto a desarrollar, ya sea político, económico, social o cultural, las autoridades se desligan del problema archivando el caso.

Nowadays, issues of social stability and environmental quality, overcoming environmentally conflicting situations through the search for acceptable environmentally friendly alternatives with taking into account different and sometimes opposite or antagonistic criteria have become as important to modern society as the economic or socioeconomic benefits derived from economic activities in the framework of the use of natural resources. In spite of engineers and environmentalists have still played an important role in the decision-making of the potentially threatening activities concerning the environment, life, and health of people, at present namely officials and politicians have responsibility for these decisions, providing the reach a compromise between different societal interests. At the same time, not only the role of environmental management decisions is increasing, but also their complexity, which requires the involvement of more stakeholders in decision-making. The Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Impact Assessment", adopted in 2017, has established clear legal and organizational frameworks and opened up new opportunities for environmental expertise and regulation of economic activities that can have a significant environmental impact, with the involvement of the general public in decision-making processes. However, often, the practical implementation of the Law and, accordingly, the adoption of objective decisions on the planned activity by the authorized state authorities on the basis of proper environmental expertise of plans and projects harming potentially the environment, are distorted due to insufficiently qualified and relevant environmental impact assessments of the planned activity. The main objective of our research was to analyze the report on the environmental impact assessment of the planned activity in the Gorodok village, Rivne district, Rivne region, "Reconstruction of the industrial complex of buildings and structures for the enterprise of woodworking industry". The report was developed by an entity that represents the interests of the famous international corporation "Kronospan". The analysis revealed a number of deviations from the requirements of the current Law. In particular, there is some insufficient consideration of obvious and probable threats to the livelihoods of the local population and the state of the environment too. As well as, there is incompleteness and ambiguity of information needed to substantiate objective conclusions. Also, some discussional estimates on consequences of the planned activity and other drawbacks were revealed. ; Наразі питання соціальної стабільності та збереження якості довкілля, подолання екологічно-конфліктних ситуацій на основі пошуку прийнятних екологічно безпечних альтернатив з врахуванням різних, зачасти протилежних або ж антагоністичних, критеріїв стали такими ж важливими для сучасного суспільства, як і отримувані економічні чи соціально-економічні вигоди від використання природних ресурсів. Незважаючи на те, що інженери та екологи відіграють важливу роль в процесі прийняття рішень, що стосуються потенційно небезпечної для довкілля, життя і здоров'я людей діяльності, наразі саме посадовці та політичні діячі мають відповідати за ці рішення, забезпечуючи досягнення компромісу між різними суспільними інтересами. Водночас зростає не тільки роль управлінських рішень, що стосуються довкілля, а і їх складність, яка потребує участі в прийнятті рішень більшої кількості зацікавлених осіб. Прийнятий в 2017 р. Закон України «Про оцінку впливу на довкілля» встановив чіткі правові та організаційні засади і відкрив нові можливості для проведення екологічної експертизи та регулювання господарської діяльності, яка може мати значний вплив на довкілля, з залученням в процеси прийняття рішень широкої громадськості. Втім, на заваді практичній реалізації Закону, і, відповідно, прийняттю об'єктивних рішень щодо планованої діяльності уповноваженими органами державної влади на основі належної екологічної експертизи планів та проектів, що можуть шкодити довкіллю, часто стоять недостатня якість та нерелевантність оцінок впливу на довкілля планованої діяльності. Основною задачею проведених нами досліджень був аналіз звіту з оцінки впливу на довкілля планованої діяльності в с. Городок, Рівненського району, Рівненської області, визначеної як «Реконструкція промислового комплексу будівель і споруд під підприємство деревообробної промисловості», розробленого суб'єктом господарювання, що представляє інтереси відомої корпорації «Кроноспан». В звіті було виявлено ряд відступлень від вимог чинного Закону, недостатньо повне врахування при оцінці впливу очевидних та ймовірних небезпек для життєдіяльності місцевого населення та стану довкілля, неповноту інформації, необхідної для обґрунтування об'єктивних висновків, а також деякі дискусійні оцінки щодо наслідків планованої діяльності та інші недоліки.

Waste is one of the causes of disturbance of natural biogeochemical cycles, it covers significant areas for storage, pollutes the atmosphere, soil, surface and groundwater with harmful and toxic substances, dust, gaseous emissions. Waste management is crucial in the protection of our natural surroundings. The impact of the situation in the field of waste generation on the overall environmental situation is critical which makes it necessary to take this factor into account when assessing economic development. The environmental situation in Russia is estimated by many environmentalists as critical but stable without any major improvements. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in the last decade annual discharges into wastewater have decreased (by 15.7% from 2005 to 2015) and so have air pollutants (by 12.7% over the same period), which is explained by the economic crisis (in 2008 and 2015) and some tightening of environmental legislation (increased payments for negative impact on the environment). The article examines methodical approaches to analysing and forecasting the processes in the sphere of handling production and consumption waste. The results of the forecast of the volume of accumulated waste based on the dynamic model of the interindustry balance are presented in the article. It also provides the indicators of total de-consumption by types of economic activity. ; Los desechos son una de las razones de la interrupción de los ciclos biogeoquímicos naturales; ocupan grandes áreas de almacenamiento, contaminan la atmósfera, el suelo, las aguas superficiales y subterráneas con sustancias nocivas y tóxicas, polvo, emisiones gaseosas y la regulación de sus flujos es una necesidad importante para garantizar un entorno humano favorable. El impacto de la situación en el campo de la generación de residuos en la situación ambiental general es crítico, lo que requiere tener en cuenta este factor al evaluar el desarrollo económico. Muchos ecologistas evalúan la situación ambiental en Rusia como establemente negativa, no experimentando mejoras importantes. Según el Servicio Federal de Estadísticas del Estado, en la última década, las descargas anuales en aguas residuales (en un 15.7% de 2005 a 2015) y sustancias contaminantes del aire (en un 12.7% durante el mismo período) disminuyeron, lo que se explica por la crisis en la economía (en 2008 y 2015) y un endurecimiento de la legislación ambiental (aumento de los pagos por impacto negativo en el medio ambiente). El artículo analiza enfoques metodológicos para el análisis y pronóstico de procesos que ocurren en el campo de la gestión de residuos de producción y consumo. Se presentan los resultados de pronosticar el volumen de residuos acumulados utilizando un modelo dinámico del equilibrio intersectorial. Se calculan los indicadores de consumo total de residuos por tipos de actividad económica ; Отходы являются одной из причин нарушения естественных биогеохимических циклов, занимают значительные территории для складирования, загрязняют вредными и токсичными веществами, пылью, газообразными выделениями атмосферу, почву, поверхностные и подземные воды, регулирование их потоков является важной необходимостью для обеспечения благоприятной среды обитания человека. Влияние ситуации в сфере образования отходов на общую экологическую обстановку критично, что обуславливает необходимость учета данного фактора при оценке экономического развития. Экологическая ситуация в России многими экологами оценивается как стабильно негативная, не претерпевающая серьезных улучшений. По данным Росстата за последнее десятилетие сократились ежегодные сбросы в водоемы сточных вод (на 15,7% с 2005 по 2015 гг) и загрязняющих атмосферу веществ (на 12,7% за этот же период), что объясняется кризисными явлениями в экономике (в 2008 и 2015 годах) и некоторым ужесточением природоохранного законодательства (повышением платежей за негативное воздействие на окружающую природную среду). В статье рассматриваются методические подходы к анализу и прогнозированию процессов, происходящих в сфере обращения с отходами производства и потребления. Приведены результаты прогноза объемов накопленных отходов с использованием динамической модели межотраслевого баланса. Рассчитаны показатели полной отходоемкости по видам экономической деятельности.

Debido al crecimiento poblacional y al desarrollo económico que demanda la ciudad, se genera un conflicto entre dos bienes jurídicos de interés social como lo son el derecho al medio ambiente sano y el desarrollo urbanístico como garantía de una vivienda digna, que a la postre van a desencadenar una serie de efectos a nivel político, económico y ambiental. Por tanto, se deben generar medidas que garanticen el disfrute de dichos derechos incluyendo en su definición a la población, la administración y las autoridades ambientalistas, quienes han llevado la batuta en la materialización del desarrollo urbanístico en zona de la Reserva Forestal Productora Thomas Van Der Hammen. La teoría de la ponderación en la colisión de derechos fundamentales, ha sido desarrollada en Colombia por la Corte Constitucional a lo largo de su extensa jurisprudencia, no sólo frente a temas de derechos fundamentales, sino en conflictos que van más allá de una conexión de estos, con otro tipo de derechos que se posesionan de acuerdo a las exigencias de la sociedad actual. La ponderación de igual forma, ha sido objeto de estudio de grandes teóricos, que hoy permiten afianzar herramientas eficaces para la práctica de la teoría jurídica vs la realidad de un Estado Social de Derecho. Los estudios realizados en relación con la Reserva Forestal y las medidas preservadoras de la misma, han estado encaminadas a la cultura de desarrollo sostenible con esencia ambientalista donde es punto fundamental de exclusión la tendencia urbanística e industrial. Sin embargo, a razón del crecimiento poblacional, dicho argumento pierde vigencia y empieza a ganar terreno la necesidad de nuevas decisiones administrativas que garanticen la vida digna del ciudadano. Actualmente, las teorías de desarrollo enfocadas a la implementación de políticas económicas arrasadoras de riquezas naturales y culturales están siendo desplazadas por teorías de desarrollo amigable encaminado a la colaboración ciudadana con el fin de garantizar el desarrollo sostenible determinado en los objetivos declarados por las Naciones Unidas y el cual es acogido por el Estado Colombiano. ; Due to population growth and the economic development demanded by the city, a conflict is generated between two legal interests of social interest, such as the right to a healthy environment and urban development as a guarantee of decent housing, which ultimately will trigger a series of effects at a political, economic and environmental level. Therefore, measures must be generated to guarantee the enjoyment of said rights, including in their definition the population, the administration and the environmental authorities, who have taken the lead in the materialization of the urban development in the area of the Forest Reserve Producer Thomas Van Der Hammen The theory of the weighting in the collision of fundamental rights, has been developed in Colombia by the Constitutional Court throughout its extensive jurisprudence, not only in front of fundamental rights issues, but in conflicts that go beyond a connection of these , with other types of rights that are possessed according to the demands of today's society. The weighting of the same form, has been object of study of great theoreticians, that today allow to secure effective tools for the practice of the legal theory vs the reality of a Social State of Right. The studies carried out in relation to the Forest Reserve and the measures that preserve it, have been aimed at the culture of sustainable development with an environmentalist essence where the urban and industrial trend is the fundamental point of exclusion. However, due to population growth, this argument loses its validity and the need for new administrative decisions that guarantee the dignified life of the citizen begins to gain ground. Currently, development theories focused on the implementation of sweeping economic policies of natural and cultural wealth are being displaced by theories of friendly development aimed at citizen collaboration in order to guarantee sustainable development determined in the objectives declared by the United Nations and which is welcomed by the Colombian State.

Esta tesis analiza cómo los conflictos ambientales, durante la dictadura franquista en Aragón (1939-1979), se convirtieron en un componente de transformación social y política contral el régimen del General Franco en España. Mediante la combinación de fuentes locales, regionales y nacionales descubrimos cómo las primeras protestas legales contra la contaminación industrial en los años 1950 obligaron a la dictadura a regular las actividades industriales y a los expertos a examinar los daños ambientales. Los proyectos de grandes embalses y la frágil regulación de los años sesenta provocaron que ciertos conflictos se radicalizasen, coincidiendo con el inicio de una politización de los conflictos en el medio rural. A principios de los años setenta, el régimen tuvo que enfrentarse a unos poderes locales descontentos y a una opinión pública regional cada vez más crítica con los proyectos de transformación del medio ambiente en esta región. Especialmente el trasvase del Ebro y los grandes embalses pirenaicos, la instalación de centrales nucleares y la contaminación industrial de los polos químicos de Monzón, Sabiñánigo y de los barrios obreros de la periferia de Zaragoza. Desde 1972 hata las elecciones libres municipales de 1979, la oposición antifranquista, los afectados, los nuevos intelectuales y grupos ambientalistas preocupados por el medio ambiente movilizaron a la sociedad urbana y rural contra el «injusto reparto de los sacrificios ambientales», inscribiendo el «derecho al medio ambiente» en la agenda democratizadora. Desde entonces, el Estado tuvo que crear nuevas formas de control para canalizar esta emergente opinión pública ambiental, además de regular codo con codo y proteger a los industriales y lobbys. La subrogación o subordinación de estas reclamaciones ambientales respecto a las libertades políticas y sindicales nacionales surgió tras las elecciones parlamentarias de 1977, lo cual provocó la aparición de colectivos propiamente ecologistas y la reorganización de la cuestión ambiental en el seno de los distintos partidos y sindicatos antifranquistas. ; This dissertation examines how environmental conflicts, during Franco's dictatorship in Aragon (1939-1979), became a component of social and political struggle against General Franco's regime. By combining local, regional and national data sources, we discovered how the first legal protests against industrial pollution from the early 1950s forced the regime to regulate industrial activities and expertise in order to examine the environmental impact. Large dam projects and weak regulation during the 1960s transformed certain conflicts into radical social movements, coinciding with the emergent politicization of rural conflicts. In the early 1970s, the regime had to face discontented local authorities and an increasingly critical public opinion regarding environmental projects in this region. The most problematic environmental projects included the first Ebro River Transfer, the large Pyrenees dams, the nuclear power plant settlements and industrial pollution in rural chemical hubs like Monzon and Sabiñánigo, and in urban working-class neighborhoods on the periphery of Zaragoza, the capital of Aragon. Since 1972 to free municipal elections in 1979, the anti- Franco opposition, every part of neighborhoods affected, the new intellectuals and the new environmentalist associations joint subversive and legal actions to defend environmental quality and to keep the control of natural ressources locally. They mobilized urban and rural society against an "unfair distribution of environmental sacrifice", introducing "the right to the environment" within the democratization agenda. Since then, the State had to create new methods of control in order to respond to the emerging discontent regarding environment issues, while also catering to the special interests of the industrial manufacturers and lobbyists. Subrogation or subordination of these environmental claims, regarding national political parties and trade unions, emerged after the parliamentary elections of 1977, resulting in the creation of influential ecological groups and the reorganization of environmental issues within anti-Franco political parties and unions. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. Programa Oficial de Doctorado en: Claves de la Modernidad

Looking after the environment is a responsibility of all humans and countries. Dealing with climate change and other urban environment issues is now more important than it has ever been. This report examines urban environment issues and compares approaches taken by other developing nations to what is being done in Australia. Each chapter deals with a different issue and shows case studies of successful policies adopted by other governments. The first chapter of the report deals with renewable energy and how its use can help us decrease greenhouse gas emission which is the main cause for climate change. Some countries such as Germany are extremely advanced in their use of renewable energy. The current German federal government has a number of extremely successful programs and is now one of the leading countries in the use of solar and wind power. They have had a remarkable success in decreasing their greenhouse gas emissions and their eco tax and other policies such as solar power rebates have made using renewable energy more accessible and cheaper for people in Germany. Unlike Germany it seems that in Australia we are not taking full advantage of the enormous amounts of natural resources in order to expand our use of renewable energy. On the contrary our government seems to be taking backwards steps by not extending the Mandatory Renewable Energy Scheme and by not investing in wind and solar power. The reports' findings suggest that a lot can be done in Australia and that we can learn a lot from Germany's policies. The second chapter deals with the issue of transport in urban areas. Our big cities such as Sydney and Melbourne are struggling with the increasing traffic . Peak hour traffic now extends throughout the entire day. Spending three or so hours a day commuting to work is part of every day life for many Sydneysiders. This report looks into the US federal Environment Protection Agency and department for Transportation and their 'Best work place for commuters' program. The program has been extremely successful in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, which once again helps in our fight against climate change and also improves the air pollution problem in big cities. Since cities like Sydney are struggling to accommodate the huge number of cars on the roads a program such as 'Best Workplace for Commuters' could be extremely beneficial if adopted here in Australia. The second case study taken from New Zealand shows an overall policy dealing with traffic issues. The final chapter of the report looks at water management and urban redevelopment. The lack of water in Australia is a big problem as the country has suffered the effects of a long drought. As global warming worsens water will become even scarcer and a good and sustainable policy for water management is vital. A case study from New Zealand shows a program the NZ government has undertaken : 'The Sustainable water management Action program'. The program builds on partnerships with the industry sector, communities and environmental groups. The Netherlands is the final country looked into as their 'City and the Environment' program shows urban redevelopment taken to a new level, with environmentalist included at an early stage of the redevelopment project and innovative and non traditional methods used to tum old industrial or polluted sites into green, environmentally friendly residential areas. Redevelopment of urban areas is not new to Australia; however, there is evidence that it can be improved. It seems that quick fix tactics is in fact part of our federal government policy on environmental problems. The report's findings show that the case studies looked at can be of great benefit to Australia and that if the federal government takes a more hands on approach and provides vision and leadership in the area we could alleviate problems such as water shortages, and be part of the solution for climate change not part of the problem.

L'elaborato inquadra teoricamente la conflittualità ambientale, analizzandola secondo la prospettiva di tre parole chiave, partecipazione, percezione e azione territoriale. Il caso esaminato riguarda la controversia attorno all'estrazione del marmo, in Toscana, nel comprensorio Apuo-Versiliese. Sono state evidenziate istanze e proposte delle associazioni ambientaliste e dei comitati locali, in particolare del comitato Salviamo le Apuane, che, criticando radicalmente il sistema economico-produttivo esistente, propone, mediante un approccio di sviluppo locale, varie e concrete alternative economiche e sostenibili rispetto alla monocoltura del marmo. Dal punto di vista metodologico si è fatto riferimento alla letteratura preesistente, e, specialmente per la lettura del conflitto, si sono utilizzate categorie dell'Atlante Italiano dei conflitti ambientali del CDCA. Inoltre si è cercato di ricostruire la narrazione del conflitto, sia attraverso l'analisi delle fonti mediatiche, sia mediante una serie di interviste in profondità ad alcuni esponenti chiave rappresentativi della contesa: un rappresentante politico, un esponente economico e un portavoce dei movimenti. Obiettivo del contributo di ricerca, è stato quello di studiare i punti centrali della controversia, fornendo un quadro aggiornato sul caso,dal punto di vista economico, occupazionale e politico. Inoltre una finalità specifica è stata quella di chiarire in quale misura i conflitti possano essere influenzati da alcuni aspetti della psicologia ambientale. Ad esempio ci si è soffermati sul fenomeno della Solastalgia, studiato dalla Ecopsicologia, che, assieme agli studi sulla percezione del rischio, permette di comprendere meglio perché, di fronte ad eventi vicini, dannosi e non controllabili, si reagisca con un paradossale ottimismo. Tali determinanti alimentano la radicalità delle posizioni degli attori, in quanto legate a visioni differenti del mondo circostante e dello sviluppo del territorio. Pur nei limiti della presente ricerca, a causa della complessità fenomenica della percezione, della molteplicità degli attori e dell'estensione del territorio, l'analisi del caso ha permesso di mettere in luce come, essendo il territorio un fattore identitario, i meccanismi di percezione selettiva e di reinterpretazione della mente umana, abbiano influenza nei conflitti territoriali e siano alla base di alcuni nodi e punti di impasse delle controversie stesse. Di conseguenza è importante proseguire la ricerca in questa direzione. - The aim of this research is to study the issue of environmental conflicts, according to the perspective of three key words: participation, perception and territorial action. The examined case concerns the debate about the extraction of the marble, in Tuscany, in the district Apuo-Versiliese. Appeals and proposals of environmentalist associations and local committees have been underlined, particularly those of the committee Salviamo le Apuane, which criticizes completely the current economic-productive system, proposing various and concrete economic and sustainable alternatives in comparison to the monoculture of the marble, through a local development approach. The used methodology is based on preexisting literature, and, especially as for the analysis of the conflict, categories of the Italian Atlas of the environmental conflicts of the CDCA have been used. Moreover the narration about the conflict was conceived, through the analysis of media sources and interviews in depth to some key exponents of the dispute: a political proponent , an economic exponent and a spokesman of the movements. Purpose of investigation has been to study the central points of the controversy, providing an updated picture from an economic, occupational and political point of view. In addition, this research focuses on how environmental psychology might condition conflicts: for instance the Solastalgia, studied by the Ecopsychology, allows to understand better why the humanity reacts with a paradoxical optimism in front of near, harmful and not controllable events, together with the studies on the perception of the risk. These aspects feed the intransigence of the actors, because of different visions about surrounding world and about the development of territory. In spite of the limits of this research, because of the complexity of the phenomena of perception, the multiplicity of several groups and the extension of the territory; the analysis of the case has allowed to show how the mechanisms of selective perception and of reinterpretation of the human mind influence territorial conflicts and how they are at the root of some issues of those controversies. Consequently it is essential to continue researching.

El estudio y manejo de especies exóticas invasoras ha estado principalmente enfocado en conocer el proceso de invasión y técnicas adecuadas de manejo. Sin embargo, en los últimos años los estudios que promueven la participación de diferentes grupos sociales de la comunidad en los planes de manejo han cobrado importancia. En este trabajo describimos las opiniones y actitudes predominantes de seis grupos sociales (productores y prestadores de servicios, ambientalistas, vecinos, personal de áreas protegidas, funcionarios y docentes) con respecto a la presencia de la ardilla de vientre rojo introducida en Argentina. La existencia de varios focos de invasión de ardillas en tres provincias argentinas se relaciona con liberaciones intencionales de ardillas, en ocasiones obtenidas por comercio ilegal. Las opiniones con respecto a la presencia de ardillas variaron desde una percepción negativa que consideraba que era una especie problema que debía ser controlada hasta una percepción positiva que sostiene que es una especie atractiva y vistosa. Algunos grupos mostraron una opinión predominante, mientras que otros reflejaron todo el rango de respuestas. La experiencia directa con la especie, sus atributos y el tiempo desde su introducción, el área de residencia y el grado de conocimiento sobre la problemática influyen sobre las opiniones y actitudes de las personas. Las alternativas de manejo deben planificarse para cada zona invadida teniendo en cuenta las particularidades no sólo biológicas y económicas, sino también sociales y políticas. Al mismo tiempo, resulta imprescindible una estrategia nacional de prevención para frenar la aparición de nuevos focos de invasión. Para esto es fundamental desarrollar estrategias que reorienten la relación de las personas con los recursos del ambiente y promuevan la valoración de los ecosistemas locales y especies nativas, así como la co-responsabilidad y la participación ciudadana en la problemática de las invasiones biológicas, el tráfico de fauna y la tenencia de mascotas. ; The study and management of exotic invasive species has been mainly focused on understanding the invasion process and designing adequate management techniques; however, in recent years several studies have shown the importance of involving social groups of the local community in the implementation of management plans. In this study we describe opinions and attitudes of six social groups (producers and service providers, environmentalists, neighbours, personnel of protected areas, civil servants, and teachers) regarding the presence of the red-bellied squirrels introduced in Argentina. The occurrence of various invasion foci of squirrels in three Argentinian provinces results from intentional releases of individuals, sometimes obtained by illegal trade. Opinion towards the presence of squirrels ranged from a negative perception of the squirrels viewed as a problem species that needs to be controlled to a positive perception of the squirrels viewed as an attractive species. Some groups showed a predominant opinion while others reflected the whole range of responses. Personal experience with the species, its attributes and the time since its introduction, the area of residency, and the knowledge of the problems posed by this species affect the opinion and attitudes towards the presence of red-bellied squirrels. Management plans must be designed for each invasion focus not only considering biological and economic issues, but also social and political ones. At the same time, a national strategy of prevention to stop the creation of new invasion foci is urgently needed. We therefore need strategies to reorient the relationship between people and environmental resources and to promote appreciation of local ecosystems and native species as much as co-responsibility and citizen participation in the problems posed by biological invasions, and the illegal trade of wild fauna and pets. ; Fil: Borgnia, Mariela. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina ; Fil: Benitez, Verónica Victoria. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina ; Fil: Gozzi, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina ; Fil: Guichon, Maria Laura. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina