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This monograph offers a uniquely comprehensive and in-depth legal account of official secrets in the European Union. It critically analyses their implications for oversight and fundamental rights. Based on forty interviews with practitioners and other stakeholders, it offers an understanding of the practices of official secrets and provides a critical and much-needed perspective on how parliamentary, judicial and administrative oversight institutions deal with access to classified material and the dilemma of oversight to concurrently ensure secrecy necessary for EU security policies and openness needed for democratic processes and fundamental rights. The book discerns shifts in institutional practice of oversight at the European Parliament and the Court of Justice of the European Union that disproportionately favour secrecy and the protection of classified documents while creating serious limitations to open democratic deliberations and access to justice, and delivers new insights on the EU's development as a security actor as well as its autonomy from Member States, showing how rules on official secrets were a means for the EU to gain more autonomy in external security cooperation.

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Entwicklung der Kompetenzen der EU im Gesundheitswesen seit Gründung der Gemeinschaft und stellt einige wichtige Bereiche exemplarisch dar. Der Vertrag von Maastricht fundiert nun rechtlich gesundheitspolitische Maßnahmen. Wie fest dieses Fundament ist, wird untersucht, auch im Kontext mit anderen Zuständigkeitsbereichen. Im Rahmen eines Ausblicks wird erörtert, welche Auswirkungen von den neuen Kompetenzen für den Gesundheitsbereich in Zukunft zu erwarten sein werden.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: European Security, Integration Theory and Boundaries -- European Security Order and European Integration -- European Integration Before 1945 -- European Federalism 1945-1950 -- The Jean Monnet Method and the EEC -- European Political and Security Integration -- Re-telling the Story of European Integration Theory -- International, Not European Integration Theories -- Theories, Which Are Relevant Today -- Integration Theory as Theory -- Boundaries in Integration Theory -- Europe, Russia and Integration Theory -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Federalism and Security Through Boundaries -- Coudenhove-Kalergi and the Boundaries of Pan-Europe -- Uniting the (Democratic) World: British Interwar Idealism -- The World Must Wait: The Urgency of Federating Europe -- Federalism and European Power -- Boundaries and Power in European Federalism -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Europe as a Power: Boundaries Solidified -- From Federalism to the 'Europe as a Power/Actor' Programme -- Europe as a Different Kind of Power -- Maastricht and Beyond: Not So Different After All? -- Power and Actorness -- The Boundaries of Europe as Power -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Functionalism and Security Without Boundaries -- Functionalism, Neofunctionalism and International Security -- Haas, Mitrany and Functionalism -- Haas, Mitrany and Theory -- A Functionalist Approach to International Security -- Early Critique of the European Integration Idea -- The World Without War: Boundaries in Functionalism -- Functionalism and the Monnet Method -- Functionalism and the Boundaries of the EEC/EU -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Security Governance: Boundaries in Flux -- From Functionalism to European Security Governance -- Territoriality and Boundaries -- Function and Service.

Since the first importation of influenza A(H1N1)v virus to Europe in late April of this year, surveillance data have been collected in the Member States of the European Union and European Free Trade Association. This is the first preliminary analysis of aggregated and individual data available as of 8 June 2009 at European level. ; peer-reviewed

Chapter 1 Introduction: The Changing Politics of European Air Pollution Control -- chapter 2 Studying European Air Pollution Politics: The Conceptual Lenses -- chapter 3 Background and Baseline: European Air Pollution Politics in the 1980s -- chapter 4 CLRTAP's Significant Leap Forward in the 1990s: Negotiating the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol -- chapter 5 How the EU Took Up the Challenge of Acidification and Smog in the 1990s: The Acidification Strategy and NEC Directive -- chapter 6 Comparing the EU and CLRTAP: Explaining Policy Differences -- and Why They are So Small -- chapter 7 Implementing Stronger European Air Pollution Policies: Will High Hopes in Brussels and Geneva be Dashed in London? -- chapter 8 Summing Up and Looking Ahead: Constructive Interplay between the EU and CLRTAP.

EU policymaking : issues and debates / Laurie Buonanno and Nikolaos Zahariadis -- Principal-agent models / Yannis Karagiannis and Mattia Guidi -- Regulatory governance in the EU / Alessandro Cagossi -- Multiple streams / Nicole Herwig and Nikolaos Zahariadis -- Punctuated equilibrium theory / Christian Breunig, Daniela Beyer, and Marco Radojevic -- The internal market / Laurie Buonanno -- EU competition rules and the European integration project / Angela Wigge and Hubert Buch-Hansen -- Changing governance of cohesion policy / Carolyn Dudek -- Social policy / Claire Dupuy and Sophie Jacquot -- Gender policy / Sophie Jacquot -- Economic and monetary union / Waltraud Shelke -- Banking policy / Stefaan DeRynck -- The globalization trilemma and the EMU's second-order democratic deficit / Nikitas Konstantinidis and Ruben Treurniet -- The EU budget / Gabriele Cipriani -- European immigration and asylum policy / Alexander Caviedes -- Police and judicial cooperation policy / Stephen Rozée, Christian Kaunert and Sarah Léonard -- European Union privacy and data protection policy / George Christou -- The common foreign and security policy / Sara Kahn-Nisser -- Trade policy / Holly Jarman -- Enlargement policy / Neill Nugent -- The European neighbourhood policy / Mariam Dekanozishvili -- The cap : common dynamics of policy change in an uncommon policy domain / Gerry Alons and Pieter Zwaan -- European energy policy / Nicole Herwig -- EU policy on the environment / Jale Tosun -- Lobbying and interest group politics in the European Union / Andreas Hofmann -- Agenda setting in the European Union / Petya Alexandrova and Marcello Carammia -- Understanding the EU's policymaking institutions / John McCormick -- Strategic framing and the European Commission / Mark Rhinard -- Implementation and enforcement of EU polices / Gerda Falkner -- If evaluation is the solution, what is the problem? / Claire A. Dunlop and Claudio M. Radaelli -- Resisting in times of crisis : the implementation of European austerity plans in Ireland and Greece / Clément Fontan, Sabine Saurugger and Nikolaos Zahariadis -- Resistance in European Union health care policy / Scott L. Greer -- Evasion as a mechanism of resistance (not only) to European law / Annette Elisabeth Töller -- European level policy dynamics in higher education / Martina Vukasovic -- The infusion of Europe in public policy : the case of higher education / Pauline Ravinet

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia ; As análises disponíveis sobre a relação entre o nível de atividade económica e o número de passageiros aéreos apontam claramente no sentido deste número crescer em resposta a aumentos do Produto Interno Bruto, enquanto que no caso da carga acontece o contrário, ou seja, o aumento do volume (e valor) da carga antecipa aumentos do PIB. As conclusões anteriores são válidas quando se considera a economia mundial como um todo ou as economias continentais, mas não é claro que o mesmo aconteça quando se consideram economias nacionais ou regionais. Assim, a presente dissertação tem por objeto o estudo da relação entre economia e transporte aéreo, de passageiros e de carga, nos países da União Europeia, com especial ênfase em Portugal, e nas regiões NUTS 2 do Sudoeste Europeu (Espanha, França e Itália, para além de Portugal). Um aspeto que torna este tema especialmente interessante decorre do facto da evolução do número de passageiros aéreos ou do volume de carga aérea de um país ou região ter em princípio a ver, não apenas com a economia do país e da região, mas também com a economia dos países e regiões vizinhos – sobretudo a daqueles com que o comércio (de bens e serviços) é mais intenso. Em particular, pretende-se analisar se as relações são semelhantes para todos os países e regiões ou se existem padrões em função das respetivas características. Para realizar este estudo, recorrer-se-á a técnicas de análise de correlação e regressão e a técnicas de análise de clusters, e aos dados disponíveis na base de dados do Eurostat. Os resultados mostraram que a relação entre a economia e transporte aéreo existe embora seu o nível de significância varie entre países e regiões sem um padrão geográfico. ; The analysis available about the relationship between economic activity and the number of air passengers clearly indicates that this number will grow in response to the increases on GDP, whereas in the case of cargo, happens the opposite, which means that the increase in volume (and value) of cargo anticipates the increases on GDP. The conclusions above are valid when one considers the world economy as a whole or the continental economies, but it is not clear that the same is true when considering national or regional economies. The purpose of this dissertation is to study the relationship between economy and air transport, passenger and cargo, in the European Union countries, with particular emphasis on Portugal, and in the NUTS 2 Europe Southwest regions (Spain, France and Italy, in addition to Portugal). One aspect that makes this topic especially interesting is that the evolution of the number of air passengers or the volume of air cargo in a country or region is supposed to be noticed, not only by the economy of the country and the region, but also by the economies of neighboring countries and regions - especially those with which the trade (of goods and services) is most intense. In particular, it is proposed to analyze whether the relationships are similar for all countries and regions or whether there are patterns depending on their characteristics. In order to carry out this study, we will use correlation and regression analysis techniques and clusters analysis techniques, and the data available in the Eurostat database. The results showed that the relationship between the economy and GDP exists, although the level of significance variates in each country and region without a geographic pattern.

"Positivist and non-positivist theoretical accounts of the concept or practice of law have debated the role played by values as possible features of legal ordering or possible conditions of legality. These debates concern whether law is properly understood as a descriptively accessible social fact, or is linked to a discursively accessible realm of 'abstract' normativity. Such debates arguably fail to fully account for the sense in which values operate within the legal order of the European Union, an order which is based upon the realisation of a complex objective, that of European integration. This legal order illustrates that, providing the moral concerns associated with 'rule of law' legal orders are maintained, additional values relating to the achievement of a co-operative political, social or economic enterprise can operate as fundamental or higher legal standards.The book considers the values underlying legal ordering by reference to the law of the European Union and as expressed through the practices of the European Court of Justice. The book examines the relationship between Union and Member State legal orders and the institutional practices of the Court of Justice in giving effect to the values associated with the Union legal order. The conditioning of Union legal demands to take in institutional context is contrasted with the potential legal authority arising under the Treaties as a matter of international law. The book combines diverse theoretical insights regarding law along with analysis of case judgments of the Court of Justice in order to show how the EU legal order is indicative of a broader understanding of the role of values within legal orders than that portrayed in current theoretical accounts"--

The EU's engagement in the Asia-Pacific / Michael Reiterer -- The EU in the non-European world : the case of ASEAN and Myanmar / Ludovica Marchi -- The EU's engagement of Myanmar in security cooperation / Ludovica Marchi -- Myanmar broadens its foreign relations : the European Union / Ludovica Marchi -- European and Chinese development cooperation in the context of ASEAN : the case of Myanmar / Thomas Henökl and Christian Webersik -- The Rohinya issue : can the EU contribute to the solution? / Sophie Boisseau du Rocher -- The EU and Myanmar in the post-2016 scenario : setting a constructive tone for peace / Moe Thuzar.

Cover; Resolving Controversy in the European Union; Title; Copyright; Contents; Figures; Tables; Acknowledgements; 1: Introducing the political system of the European Union; 1.1 Diversity and controversy in the European Union; 1.2 Analysing contemporary EU decision-making as a political system; 1.3 Legislative decision-making in the EU: actors and decision-making procedures; 1.4 An institutional approach to analysing decision-making; 1.5 Outline of the book; 2: Research design: measuring controversy spatially.

Adjudicatory jurisdiction -- Foreign sovereign immunity and related abstention doctrines -- Parallel litigation -- Service of process abroad -- Taking of evidence abroad -- Recognition and enforcement of foreign country judgments and arbitral awards -- Choice of forum.

Defence date: 21 October 2016 ; Examining Board: Professor Hanspeter Kriesi, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Pedro C. Magalhães, University of Lisbon; Professor Mariano Torcal, Pompeu Fabra University; Professor Alexander H. Trechsel, European University Institute ; This thesis is a collection of four empirical studies that analyze Europeans' democratic aspirations and evaluations and their behavioral implications. It is well established that most citizens support democracy in the abstract but that a substantial proportion of them are not fully satisfied with the way democracy works. However, we know significantly less about the specific type of democracy citizens aspire to, about the extent to which they evaluate that their democracies meet these democratic aspirations, and about how these aspirations and evaluations relate to their political behavior. Drawing on an innovative dataset that provides a detailed account of individuals' democratic aspirations and evaluations I first assess the availability and structuration of these attitudes towards democracy in the belief systems of Europeans. Next, I analyze how democratic aspirations and evaluations and the imbalance between the two relate to political participation and party choice decisions. The empirical analyses reveal that: (i) these attitudes towards democracy are widely available and coherently structured in the belief systems of most individuals; (ii) that democratic aspirations and evaluations, and the imbalance between the two, are significantly related to the likelihood of turning out to vote and demonstrating, but that, at the same time, their impact is contingent on a series of individual- and macro-level factors; (iii) that the imbalance between democratic aspirations and evaluations that individuals perceive for specific elements democracy is significantly related to their likelihood of defecting from mainstream parties and voting for different types of challenger parties. In the conclusion to this dissertation I discuss the potential implications of these findings for the quality and stability of democracies, and how these findings qualify some aspects of the prevailing optimistic outlook about the behavior of those who are critical or dissatisfied with the functioning of their democracies.