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In this volume, the author seeks to analyze various aspects of growing inequality of income in society. What is income inequality? How is it measured? How does it relate to poverty? The author addresses these and other conceptual issues in the book.

There are many problems regarding poverty, inequality and growth in developing countries in Asia and Africa. Policy makers at the national level and at international institutions such as the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and others have implemented various policies in order to decrease poverty and inequality. This book provides empirical observations on Asian countries and Africa. Each chapter provides theoretical and empirical analysis on regional case studies with an emphasis on policy implications. The book will be of use to many who wish to assess and improve policies in developing countries and mitigate poverty and inequality, and stimulate growth, by drawing on relevant empirical research and economic theories. Clearly, there have been numerous policy failures and the book aims to provide a basis for improving policies and outcomes based on relevant empirical observations.

Mundle, Chakraborty, Chowdhury and Sikdar (2012) developed the first quality of governance (QoG) measures to assess the performance of India's states. The present article builds on Mundle et al.'s (2012) framework by analyzing the relationship between their QoG measures and absolute child poverty in India. The empirical analysis also includes corruption indicators from Transparency International to test the relative importance of corruption and governance for combating child poverty. I combine macro (states) and micro data (children) with multilevel statistical models to achieve this task. A key finding is that governance has more explanatory power than corruption. Further, among Mundleetal.'s six measures, the BORDA measure performs consistently better and explains about 60 per cent of the between-states variation: one unit improvement in BORDA yields about 1 per cent decrease in absolute child poverty. The sensitivity of this inference is tested with regards to severe education, shelter and food deprivation.

This study of the impact of poverty alleviation programmes considers the state of research on evaluation including the social dimension and the methodology; illustrates the evolution of evaluation in the field of development co-operation; and shows successful and inadequate analyzing methods

AbstractThis article analyses the pattern of poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic and the impact of social policy on this pattern. The analysis is mostly based on data from the Czech Survey on Social Conditions of Households (2001; 27,000 respondents); Eurostat data provide a benchmark for making international comparisons. The poverty rate in the Czech Republic is among the lowest in Europe. On the other hand, material deprivation, as well as concentration of poverty within specific population groups, is high, with the unemployed facing the highest risk of poverty. Social policy measures in effect reinforce this pattern: while the benefit system is highly redistributive and effectively eliminates income poverty among households of employed persons and among pensioners, incomes of persons outside paid employment are protected less effectively. Labour market policy measures are insufficient in scope and inadequate in targeting groups which are facing the highest risk of labour market exclusion and poverty. We argue that although this practice is effective at present, it is not sustainable in the long term.

Poverty is a multidimensional problem since it is not only an economic problem but also a social, political and even cultural problem. The purpose of this research is to identify the determinant factor of social poverty in the mountain region of Talegong Subdistrict. The research type is quantitative descriptive with field survey method. The analysis technique using descriptive statistics and the sample is determined by purposive random sampling. The concept of social poverty uses BPS and Chambers indicators. Respondents interviewed were village heads, LPMDes, community leaders and communities in seven villages in Talegong sub-district. Based on the results of observations and interviews with respondents, there are four determinants of social poverty in Talegong sub-district: the factor of poverty itself, abandonment, alienation & remoteness and vulnerable to natural disasters. While three other factors such as physical, mental and social neglect factors; social impairment factor and behavioral deviation from religious and community norms, and factors of victims and physical, mental and social violence were not found in Talegong sub-district.

It is argued that the current conservative Republican agenda is a repudiation of the ideology of progressive social reform that has guided US politics for the past 100 years & is indicative of deeper problems in US liberal democracy. In this context, the New Progressivism is examined, & fallacies of the progressive vision are critiqued: (1) materialist fallacy, new progressive literature neglects the cultural & symbolic aspects of politics in favor of a strictly materialist analysis; (2) voluntarist fallacy, the new progressives' failure to recognize the irreversibility of history in their attempts to revitalize class-based politics; (3) rationalistic fallacy, the belief that the setbacks suffered by progressivism will be reversed because the promotion of progressivist ideals will inexorably lead to reform; (4) historicist fallacy, the progressivist belief that adversity must eventually yield to triumph & progress; & (5) historical fallacy, the tendency to view contemporary socioeconomic conditions as similar to conditions during the original period of progressive reform, discounting differences between the two eras. Localist democracy is presented as a potential solution to these fallacies, & examples of social movements based on localist democratic principles are presented. J. Ferrari

Since the mid-1990s, conditional cash transfer programmes have rapidly proliferated in Latin America, although little research has examined the characteristics of families who do not meet programme conditionalities. In order to contribute to this gap in knowledge, this study sought to identify the individual, family and programme variables associated with not meeting conditionalities of Chile's CCT. The study found that certain variables related to family vulnerability were associated with not meeting conditionalities. These findings uncover an important contradiction in Chile's CCT programme, since while seeking to guarantee social inclusion the programme may in fact be contributing to greater exclusion.

"The author provides unprecedented critical, interdisciplinary explorations of the complex dynamics and intersectionalities operating between disability and poverty in rural areas, an assumed relationship that is too often misunderstood. Reporting on long term ethnographic work in Guatemala and prioritising the voices, knowledge and narratives of disabled people and their families, Grech offers an incisive and refined critical analysis of the various complex barriers and interactions in the disability/poverty/rurality nexus encountered by what Grech calls 'disabled families'. The book opens up discussions on a broad range of themes traversing conceptual, spatial, historical, embodied, spiritual, racial, sexual and gendered terrains among others. It challenges and reframes established, often imposed discourses and practices, and contests issues of (re)presentation, Eurocentrism, and coloniality. Finally, it contributes new and uncharted reflections for further debate, which are indispensable to the emerging disability and development/global South discourse, research and practice"--

Robert H. Haveman. 1987. Poverty Policy and Poverty ResearchLawrence M. Mead. 1986. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of CitizenshipWilliam Julius Wilson. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass and Public Policy

The world stands on the brink of a fourth industrial revolution, where dramatic changes in technological advancements will have profound impacts on the future employment landscape and skill requirements. This means that engaging in lifelong learning -be it at school or at work-to anticipate and prepare for future labour market demands is of paramount importance. In this context, the presence of a large population of youth not in education, employment, or training (NEETs) is a major cause for concern. Neets consist of both the unemployed-those without work but actively looking for work-and inactive youth outside the labour force, both groups of who also do not engage in any educational or training activity.

Economic growth improves economic and social welfare in the long-time but may leave out a body of people who are faced with situations of poverty in the short- time due to business fluctuations and economic cycles. In the paper we research relation between employment and poverty. The weakness of employment is the main cause of poverty. How does poverty relate to work? A growing economy reduces poverty by creating more jobs and higher incomes. So employment is the main source to social inclusion and reducing poverty. But employment provides more than just an income - it integrates people in a social framework. So, the main aim of the paper is suggest solutions with regard to improvement employment and alleviating poverty. Unlike poverty, there is no "official" definition of social exclusion and no consensus as to any indicators that might measure the scale of the phenomenon. Exclusion is more a process than a state. Often, it is the result of a sequence of unfavorable events. The first of these is sometimes the loss of a job, which can be accompanied by increased difficulty in finding somewhere to live and a breakdown of social ties (family and friends). In the paper we interest to poor people according to their labor-market status. Economics of unemployment suggests a mismatch between supply and demand. People who are unemployed want to have a job but they are unable to find one. The most natural starting point for an economic analysis of unemployment is therefore the labor market. The flows into unemployment from employment, the flows from employment to unemployment, average unemployment duration and job protection are matter. Job insecurity, involving alternating periods of employment and non-employment, exposes people to poverty. Job insecurity is not to be confused with job instability, which describes a break in the link between an employee and a firm, but which may be followed by very rapid re-employment in another job. Who do government intervene in labor market? What are common forms of government intervention in labor market? Income inequality, discrimination in the marketplace leads to unemployment and poverty. Discrimination leads to an inefficient allocation of resources and results in production levels that lie inside the production possibilities curve. This paper analyses government opportunities to lower poverty and inequality further through social and labour market policies. Key words: unemployment, poverty, social exclusion and inclusion, labor market, social and labor market policies

Fuel poverty can be defined as "the inability to afford adequate warmth in the home" and it is the result of the combination of three items: low household income, housing lack of energy efficiency and high energy bills. Although it affects a growing number of households within the European Union only some countries have an official definition for it. In 2013, the European Parliament claimed the Commission and Estate Members to develop different policies in order to fight household energy vulnerability. The importance of tackling fuel poverty is based on the critical consequences it has for human health living below certain temperatures. In Spain some advances have been made in this field but main existing studies remain at the statistical level and do not deepen the understanding of the problem from the perspective of dwelling indoor habitability conditions. What is more, this concept is yet to be officially defined. This paper presents the evaluation of fuel poverty in a building block of social housing located in the centre of Zaragoza and how this issue determined the strategies implemented in the energy retrofitting intervention project. At a first step, fuel poverty was appraised through the exploration of indoor thermal conditions. The adaptive thermal comfort (UNE-EN 15251:2008) method was used to establish the appropriate indoor temperatures and consequently to determine what can be called 'comfort gap'. Results were collated and verified with energy bills collection and a survey work that gathered data from neighbours. All this permitted pointing out those households more in need. Results from the social analysis combined with the evaluation of the building thermal performance determined the intervention. The renovation project was aimed at the implementation of passive strategies that improve households thermal comfort in order to alleviate households fuel poverty situation. This research is part of the project NewSolutions4OldHousing (LIFE10 ENV/ES/439) cofounded by the European Commission under the ...