Suchergebnisse

PurposeA debate emerged among members of public administration academia soon after COVID-19 appeared on the roles and measures that governments ought to deploy to prevent infection. One prevalent discourse is the strength of "strong government" in the fight against the virus—the administrative capacity to launch prompt, appropriate and effective actions that entail collaboration with citizens. A notable development in governance is that new public management (NPM) principles, such as the value of money and the pluralisation of service delivery, are gradually put aside when governments urgently need to curb the spread of infection. The roles of bureaucracy and centralised action are re-emphasised in the policymaking and implementation of anti-epidemic measures. Such a trend allows us to examine if the COVID-19 public health crisis has fundamentally reversed the trend of government retreat in public service within neoliberal regimes since the 1980s.Design/methodology/approachFor this research, the authors selected two "strong governments" in Asia—Hong Kong and Taiwan—by showing how administrators outline their anti-pandemic strategies, examining the role of government in coordinating responses and how bureaucracy interacts with the other two key domains of the governance mechanism: civil society and the market. These two offshore Chinese capitalist economies and pluralistic societies are perceived to have "strong government capacity" in the fight against COVID-19, presumably as a key attribute to their success confining the spread of infection during the early stages of the first outbreak. Both societies reported low infection rates and low mortality rates until September 2020. The authors browsed databases developed by scholars (Cheng et al., 2020; Hale et al., 2020) and referred to two "rubrics" to assess and compare government actions in both places in response to COVID-19. The authors itemised, categorised and counted the policy actions in both places according to the rubrics, noticed that the policy footprint appeared in over two-thirds of indicators of proactive government interventions and identified double-digit counts in nearly half of the categories.FindingsThe authors found that both governments attempted to establish strong stewardship and quick measures to contain the infection. The pattern of "strong government" is, however, not the same as that superficially exhibited. Taiwan took limited steps to regulate business activities but proactively intervened and coordinated the supply of hygienic utilities. Hong Kong launched aggressive attempts to reduce human mobility but remained non-active despite the "face mask run" in society. The "strong government" aspect also received divergent reactions from society. There was extensive cross-sectoral collaboration under the centralised "National Team" advocacy in Taiwan, and there has been no record of local infection for over 10 months. The Hong Kong government was repeatedly doubted for its undesirable stewardship in anti-epidemic measures, the effectiveness of policy interventions and the impartiality of law enforcement. Spontaneous actions during the health crisis from civil societies and private markets were noted, but they seemed uncoordinated with official attempts.Originality/valueThe initial findings enable us to rethink correlations between state capacity and legitimacy in the fight against the virus and its development post-COVID-19. Apparently, Taiwan and Hong Kong demonstrated a "re-expansion" of their public sector during the public health crisis, but not in the same format. This can be understood based on their varying regime values and administrative systems. The pandemic has been a catalyst, pushing both regimes back to their original track of public administration establishments. The concept of "path dependence" might explain the initial development and project the longer-term transformation of the public sector in both places.

Noha Rashad,1 Mohamed Abdulla,2 Mohamed Farouk,3 Yasser Elkerm,4 Salem Eid Salem,5 Maha Yahia,5 Amr S Saad,6 Ahmed Hassan Abdel Aziz,6 Ghada Refaat,6 Ibrahim Awad,7 Maha ElNaggar,8 Khaled Kamal,6 Basel Refky,9 Mohamed Abdelkhalek,9 Ahmed Touny,10 Loay Kassem,2 Emad Shash,5 Abdelhay A Abdelhay,11 Bahaa Eldin Mahmoud,11 Karima Oualla,12 Nesrine Chraiet,13 Hussein AwadElkarim H Maki,14 Yasser Abdel Kader2 1Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez, Egypt; 2Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 3Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; 4Department of Cancer Management and Research, Medical Research Institute Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; 5Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 6Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 7Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; 8Clinical Oncology Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt; 9Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; 10Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 11Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 12Medical Oncology Department, Hassan II University Hospital Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco; 13Medical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez National Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; 14Clinical Oncology Department, Ahfad University for Women, Khartoum, SudanCorrespondence: Noha Rashad, Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Faisal, Suez Governorate, Egypt, Tel +20 1225157339, Email Noha16880@gmail.comPurpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and the second cause of cancer related mortality. Treatment options for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) expanded during the last two decades, with introduction of new chemotherapeutic and targeted agents. Egypt is a lower middle-income country; Egyptian health care system is fragmented with wide diversity in drug availability and reimbursement policies across different health care providing facilities. We report the results of consensus recommendations for treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer developed by Egyptian Foundation of Medical Sciences (EFMS), aiming to harmonize clinical practice through structured expert consensus-based recommendations consistent with the national status. EFMS recommendations could be utilized in other countries with similar economic status.Methods: EFMS recommendations were developed using a modified Delphi process, with three rounds of voting till the final recommendations were approved. A non-systematic review of literature was conducted before generating the provisional statements. Content experts were asked to vote on some recommendations in two different resource groups (restricted resources and non-restricted resources). External review board of experts from a low income and lower-middle countries voted on the applicability of EFMS recommendations in their countries.Results: The current recommendations highlighted the discrepancy in health care between restricted and non-restricted resources with expected survival loss and quality of life deterioration. Access to targeted agents in first line is very limited in governmental institutions, and no access to agents approved for third line in patients who failed oxaliplatin and irinotecan containing regimens for patients treated in restricted resource settings.Conclusion: Management of mCRC in developing countries is a challenge. The currently available resource-stratified guidelines developed by international cancer societies represent a valuable decision-making tool, adaptation to national status in each country based on healthcare system status is required.Keywords: colorectal cancer CRC, consensus recommendations, metastatic CRC, management in a lower-middle income country

Purpose
COVID-19 is one of the greatest public health challenges in the 21st century. The World Health Organisation recommended physical distancing to halt the upward trajectory of the infections. Countries including Botswana imposed lockdown for non-essential workers. This paper aims to argue that lockdown as imposed by the Government of Botswana was a necessary measure given the nature of transmission of COVID-19.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses exploratory research to unpack impacts of the novel COVID-19 regulations or be responsive to new concerns by breaking new ground through delving into new problem areas. The paper used a use case to explain a single outcome for a single case.


Findings
The restriction on the freedom of movement is necessary to protect citizens, particularly, those with chronic illness from contracting the deadly virus. The paper further observes that while the legislative intent of the GOB was to protect those with chronic illnesses from COVID-19, the lockdown resulted in near death experiences for some chronic ailment patients. These experiences result from unfettered discretion of functionaries who were policing and manning the streets and those who are conferred with authority to issue travel permits to seek and obtain medical assistance, lack of public transport and the processes of applications for the permits, which exposed citizens to COVID-19.


Research limitations/implications
The study was desk based. It may have yielded different results. Lockdowns limited mobility for non-essential services. The full impact of the restrictions and the attendant defaulting was yet to be fully realised. Observing the COVID-19 protocols and bureaucratic requirements for obtaining information from the government offices were major challenges.


Practical implications
Achieving total lockdown as an end in itself may amount to a pyrrhic victory – the authorities may successfully achieve total lockdown but with heavy costs on gains made in combating ailments. Botswana has fought many other pandemics and chronic illnesses still subsist and need to be catered for. For patients, there is not only the complexity of dealing with one chronic condition but also the work of trying to live "normal" lives in the face of co-morbidity, which can be overwhelming. The COVID-19 pandemic adds to the "work" that patients must do to manage and live with such health conditions and the psychological distress.


Social implications
Authorities need to be fully aware of the consequences of their actions. Abrasive actions may lead to a higher constituency of discontent. Botswana has had a good track record of being democratic, and this needs to be strengthened.


Originality/value
The implementation of the COVID-19 regulations particularly the requirement for a travel permit to seek health-care services may hinder access to essential health services and ultimately increase the pressure on emergency services or, at worst, increase mortality. Clear guidelines and sober interpretation of the regulations are necessary. This will also make it easier for the frontline security officers manning the streets to correctly understand the prevailing circumstances. In view of the massive gains garnered in combating chronic illnesses, it is important that such gains are not reversed, while the GOB fights COVID-19. People living with HIV/AIDS, the elderly and people with pre-existing health conditions are known to be at significantly higher risk of developing severe illness when contracting COVID-19. Achieving total lockdown as an end in itself may amount to a pyrrhic victory – the authorities may successfully achieve total lockdown but with heavy costs on gains made in combating other chronic ailments.

This paper addresses a review of scientific literature on the commercial importance of ornamental fish (PO) in Colombia. As the main results, it was found that this market is still a global exchange activity for exotic species that generates great profits and that it has been sustained with the trade of more than one billion species each year. Most of the POs are extracted from natural populations and end up in aquariums worldwide distributed, generating depletion of the resource associated with overfishing and extraction activities. Capture and handling practices and high mortality rates represent a significant welfare problem as well as a significant economic and environmental cost for the industry. South America is still the largest species supplier, mainly the biodiverse countries with an export tradition such as Colombia, where it is constituted as a commercial or subsistence resource of great importance for the fishing and indigenous populations. A list of 522 species of PO confirmed, grouped in 13 Orders, 49 Families and 213 genera whose most desirable species are Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Osteoglossum ferreirai, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Pterophyllum altum, Panaque nigrolineatus and Callichthyidae Callichthyidae. The problems associated with the few studies carried out in PO, the limited legislation that regulates and protects ecosystems and their biodiversity, added to bad practices and incentives for cultivation, abandonment of fishing communities that depend on this resource, have limited the growth of the sector. It is urgent to consider sustainable alternatives for reducing fishing pressure on the species, which include health, nutritional and efficient use of the water resource in order to allow the use and conservation of PO species, in this way this trade would grow much more trade and its contribution to the country's economy would also be grater. ; Este artículo hace una revisión de literatura científica sobre la importancia comercial de los peces ornamentales (PO) en Colombia. Entre los principales resultados se encuentra que este mercado continúa siendo una actividad de intercambio mundial de especies exóticas que genera grandes ganancias y que se ha sostenido con el comercio de más de mil millones de especies cada año. La mayoría de los PO son extraídos de las poblaciones naturales y terminan su destino en acuarios distribuidos en el mundo, lo que genera agotamiento del recurso asociado a la sobrepesca y las actividades de extracción. Las prácticas de captura, manejo y las tasas elevadas de mortalidad representan un importante problema de bienestar, además de un costo económico y ambiental significativo para la industria. Suramérica sigue siendo el mayor proveedor de especies, principalmente los países biodiversos y de tradición exportadora como Colombia, donde es considerado como un recurso comercial o de subsistencia de gran importancia para las poblaciones de pescadores e indígenas. Se confirmó un listado de 522 especies de PO, agrupadas en 13 órdenes, 49 familias y 213 géneros cuyas especies más apetecidas son: Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Osteoglossum ferreirai, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Pterophyllum altum, Panaque nigrolineatus y Callichthyidae Callichthyidae. Las problemáticas asociadas a los pocos estudios realizados en PO, la limitada legislación que regule y proteja los ecosistemas y su biodiversidad, sumado a las malas prácticas y al incentivo al cultivo, el abandono de las comunidades pesqueras que dependen de este recurso, han limitado el crecimiento del sector. Urge contemplar alternativas sostenibles que disminuyan la presión de pesca sobre las especies, que abarquen aspectos sanitarios, nutricionales y de uso eficiente del recurso agua con el fin de permitir el uso y la conservación de las especies de PO, de esta manera crecería mucho más este comercio y su contribución a la economía del país sería también mayor.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

Background African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease, affects domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where regular outbreaks are reported leading to high mortality rates approaching 100% in the affected regions. No study on the characteristics of the complete genome of strains responsible for ASF outbreaks in the South Kivu province of DRC is available, limited a better understanding of molecular evolution and spread of this virus within the country. The present study aimed at determining the complete genome sequence of ASFV strains genotype X involved in 2018–2019 ASF disease outbreaks in South Kivu province of DRC. Materials and methods Genomic DNA of a spleen sample from an ASFV genotype X-positive domestic pig in Uvira, during the 2018–2019 outbreaks in South Kivu, was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq X platform. Obtained trimmed reads using Geneious Prime 2020.0.4 were blasted against a pig reference genome then contigs were generated from the unmapped reads enriched in ASFV DNA using Spades implemented in Geneious 2020.0.4. The assembly of the complete genome sequence of ASFV was achieved from the longest overlapping contigs. The new genome was annotated with the genome annotation transfer utility (GATU) software and the CLC Genomics Workbench 8 software was further used to search for any ORFs that failed to be identified by GATU. Subsequent analyses of the newly determined Uvira ASFV genotype X genome were done using BLAST for databases search, CLUSTAL W for multiple sequences alignments and MEGA X for phylogeny. Results 42 Gbp paired-end reads of 150 bp long were obtained containing about 0.1% of ASFV DNA. The assembled Uvira ASFV genome, termed Uvira B53, was 180,916 bp long that could be assembled in 2 contigs. The Uvira B53genome had a GC content of 38.5%, encoded 168 open reading frames (ORFs) and had 98.8% nucleotide identity with the reference ASFV genotype X Kenya 1950. The phylogenetic relationship with selected representative genomes clustered the Uvira B53 strain together with ASFV genotype X reported to date (Kenya 1950 and Ken05/Tk1). Multiple genome sequences comparison with the two reference ASFV genotype X strains showed that 130 of the 168 ORFs were fully conserved in the Uvira B53. The other 38 ORFs were divergent mainly due to SNPs and indels (deletions and insertions). Most of 46 multigene family (MGF) genes identified were affected by various genetic variations. However, 8 MGF ORFs present in Kenya 1950 and Ken05/Tk1 were absent from the Uvira B53 genome including three members of MGF 360, four of MGF 110 and one of MGF 100 while one MGF ORF (MGF 360-1L) at the left end of the genome was truncated in Uvira B53. Moreover, ORFs DP96R and p285L were also absent in the Uvira B53 genome. In contrast, the ORF MGF 110-5L present in Uvira B53 and Ken05/Tk1 was missing in Kenya 1950. The analysis of the intergenic region between the I73R and I329L genes also revealed sequence variations between the three genotype X strains mainly characterized by a deletion of 69 bp in Uvira B53 and 36 bp in Kenya 1950, compared to Ken05/Tk1. Assessment of the CD2v (EP402R) antigen unveiled the presence of SNPs and indels particularly in the PPPKPY tandem repeat region between selected variants representing the eight serogroups reported to date. Uvira B53 had identical CD2v variable region to the Uganda (KM609361) strain, the only other ASFV serogroup 7 reported to date. Conclusion We report the first complete genome sequence of an African swine fever virus (ASFV) p72 genotype X and CD2v serogroup 7, termed Uvira B53. This study provides additional insights on genetic characteristics and evolution of ASFV useful for tracing the geographical spread of ASF and essential for improved design of control and management strategies against ASF.

Is There an Alternative to Ateistic Contemporary Politics? (A)theistic Political Cosiderations of Alexandre Kojève and Carl Schmitt The aim of this Master Thesis is to fulfill the ambition expressed in A. Kojève's manuscript "Atheism" to compare the manifestations of theism and atheism in the field of politics, based on C. Schmitt's perspective of political and political theology, while the theistic political alternative to atheism has not been developed in A. Kojève's political works. Objectives: 1. To release A. Kojève's concept of atheism in the context of the Western thought; 2. To show the significance of the issue of atheism in Western political thought; 3. Justify why the political should be considered not in the context of nature but in the context of the antinomy between atheism and theism; 4. To analyze the relationship between antinomy of theism and atheism and the political. Thesis: A. Kojève's antinomy of theism and atheism is a necessary element in the perception and interpretation of the political and politics. In his study of the phenomenon of atheism, Kojève systematically develops what Pascal began to examine in early modernity as a problem of soul immortality, linked not to speculative philosophical and theological arguments but to reflection on human existence and mortality, which leads to the question of God's existence, but cannot be unequivocally resolved by the efforts of the human mind. A. Kojève describes atheism as a polemical concept. As long as man is mortal, the controversy between atheism and theism is an inevitable antinomy that cannot be resolved by rational consideration, and coexistence between theist and atheists can only be based on inevitable coercion because synthesis is impossible. In Western political thought, the rise of the phenomenon of democracy as atheism can be seen in the dispute between Alexis de Tocqueville and Hegel, which raises the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the concept of a transcendent God with democracy. The connection of the transcendent God's overcoming with democracy raises the controversy of theism and atheism as a political problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of the mind, but only by means of violence. Although Leo Strauss in his commentary on Carl Schmitt interprets the political as a controversy with liberal political philosophy on the status of the natural state, the real controversy over politics takes place not from the perspective of political philosophy but from the perspective of theological thinking. We find the atheistic concept of politics by examining A. Kojève's theory of politics, in which the political is perceived as a historical and finite phenomenon. According to A. Kojève, history and the political end when a person is freed from the fear of eternal death and begins to perceive himself as an absolutely free and mortal individual, thus overcoming the absolute Master - God. Although Schmitt's relationship with the concept of political as historicity is ambiguous, Schmitt's concept of the political is based on the assumption that the difference between friend and enemy is as inevitable as it is impossible to reject the concept of a mystical, miraculous God. However, the political as divinity is only a hypothesis, but its possibility means that A. Kojève failed to prove the completeness of the political. Moreover, the antinomy of atheism and theism bases existentially the inevitable possibility of political. Therefore, we can understand Schmitt's political theology and the political not as critique of liberalism but of atheist (e.g. M. Bakunin) who are seeking to attain the world state and abolish the political.

The health of pregnant women will determine for health status of the baby. This is also a main concern for the government. Pregnant women bring prospective future generations to the nation who will productively contribute greatly to the progress of the nation. The importance of maternal health can be seen from the government's policy that the reduction of the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one of the SDG's 2030 targets and an indicator of the success of national development. Pregnant women are a vulnerable group, especially in pandemic situations and conditions. Various efforts were made to maintain the health of mothers and babies during pregnancy until delivery. Gowa Regency is a district with the second highest number of Covid case in South Sulawesi. Therefore, it became the basis for implementation of community service in the working area of the Bajeng Public Health Center, Gowa Regency. The method used is to provide health education in the form of a gallery walk with the aim of increasing the knowledge of pregnant women in order to maintain their health. Various important themes in this counseling include: anemia in pregnant women, the risk of 4T in pregnant women, recognizing the symptoms and danger signs in pregnancy, stress management for pregnant women, and nutrition needed by pregnant women and continuing to carry out pregnancy check-up during the pandemic period. During the activities, pregnant women were enthusiastically paying attention to each material provided and actively discussing. At the end of the counseling, we immediately evaluated the knowledge of pregnant women regarding in the materials that had been given. They were very happy with these activities, and looking forward to such activities next time. Therefore, we suggest to related parties, namely the head of the public health center and health workers, to continue to carry out health education regularly and to reactivate the integrated healthcare center for pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic period while still implementing health protocols. ABSTRAK Kesehatan ibu hamil merupakan perhatian besar bagi pemerintah. Ibu hamil, membawa calon generasi penerus bangsa yang secara produktif akan berkontribusi besar terhadap kemajuan bangsa dan negara. Pentingnya kesehatan Ibu, dapat dilihat dari kebijakan pemerintah yang menjadikan penurunan Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) sebagai salah satu target SDG's 2030 dan indikator keberhasilan pembangunan nasional. Ibu hamil adalah kelompok rentang terlebih disituasi dan kondisi pandemic. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk tetap menjaga kesehatan ibu dan bayinya selama proses kehamilan sampai persalinan. Kabupaten Gowa merupakan kabupaten dengan jumlah kasus covid tertinggi kedua di Sulawesi Selatan, maka ini menjadi dasar pelaksanaan pengabdian masayarakat di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Bajeng Kabupaten Gowa. Metode yang digunakan adalah memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan dalam bentuk gallery walk dengan tujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu hamil agar mampu tetap menjaga kesehatannya. Berbagai tema penting pada penyuluhan ini antaralain: anemia pada ibu hamil, resiko 4T pada ibu hamil, mengenal tanda-tanda bahaya kehamilan, manajemen stress pada ibu hamil, dan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan ibu hamil serta tetap melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan selama pandemic. Selama kegiatan berlangsung para ibu hamil antusias memperhatikan setiap materi yang diberikan dan aktif berdiskusi. Diakhir penyuluhan kami evaluasi secara langsung terkait pengetahuan ibu hamil tentang materi-materi yang sudah diberikan. Mereka sangat senang dengan adanya kegitan ini, dan berharap akan ada kegiatan lanjutan. Maka dari itu kami menyarankan kepada pihak-pihak terkait yaitu kepala puskesmas dan para tenaga kesehatan untuk tetap melaksanakan penyuluhan kesehatan rutin dan kembali mengaktifkan posyandu ibu hamil di masa pandemic covid 19 dengan tetap menerapkan protocol kesehatan.

Introduction. The article analyzes the statistical data of sown areas, yield, a gross harvest of grain crops of the UkrainianSSR, RSFSR, and the USSR for the period 1921-1923. The summary information makes it possible to determine the foodsituation in Ukraine and the level of food supply for its population, observantly track the use of Ukrainian grain for domesticRussian needs, and export abroad, which led to man-made famine.The positions of the representatives of the State Plan set out in the article, prove their conscious decisions on the excessivewithdrawal of bread in the Ukrainian provinces, including the starving, to increase the sown area affected by the Holodomor inthe Volga regions. The increase in grain exports from the USSR, in particular, due to Ukrainian grain procurements, to restoretrade relations with European countries and equalize the trade balance of foreign relations infl uenced the leveling of the themesof mass starvation.Originality. The relevance of the topic chosen for the study is due to the fact that the grain market of Ukraine at thebeginning of the twentieth century provided bread not only for the local population but also served as a reserve for otherterritories of the Russian Empire. At the same time, grain was exported to many European countries. Despite the instability ofharvests, there was no massive starvation in Ukraine until the early 1920s.Purpose: the need to investigate regularity in changes in the yield and food situation in the Ukrainian SSR in 1921–1923in connection with the export of grain to the Russian provinces, which were starving, and abroad.Results. Large areas of grain crops and their harvests in Ukraine played a signifi cant role in international relations at thebeginning of the twentieth century and were one of the reasons for the Bolshevik expansion. The combination of natural cropfailure with overtime centralized grain procurement, which was used to overcome domestic food problems in Russian provincesand capital cities (red capitals) led to the creation of a food disaster and caused famine in the south of the Ukrainian SSR in1921 - 1923.The artifi ciality of the famine is confi rmed by unreasonably overstated harvest plans in Ukraine, and then by an increasedproduct tax. A negative factor was the use of Ukrainian grain to restore the sown areas in the affected Volga region, whichled to their decrease in the Ukrainian SSR. The deliberate concealment of the situation with the rationed food supply for thepopulation led to the mass mortality expected in the State Planning Committee.The desire of the Soviet authorities to return the USSR to the leaders of the world grain market, as well as to aline thebalance of trade and foreign relations through grain exports affected the silence about the situation with famine in the USSR.The signifi cant harvest of 1923 prompted an increase in grain exports and planning for a gradual increase in exports. ; Автором проаналізовано статистичні дані посівних площ, врожаїв, валового збору зернових культур УСРР,РСФРР та СРСР у 1921 – 1923 рр. Зведена інформація дозволяє визначити продовольчу ситуацію в Україні тарівень забезпечення продовольством її населення, ґрунтовніше простежити використання українського збіжжя длявнутрішніх російських потреб і вивозу за кордон, що призвело до штучного масового голоду.Наведені в статті позиції представників Держплану доводять їх усвідомлені рішення понаднормового вилученняхліба в українських губерніях, зокрема в голодуючих, для збільшення посівних територій постраждалого від голодуПоволжя. Вивезення збіжжя з УСРР на тлі голоду, що наростав наприкінці 1921 р. та його масового поширення йофіційного визнання в 1922 р., свідчіть про перевагу штучного чинника над природнім. Збільшення зернового експортуз СРСР, зокрема за рахунок українських хлібозаготівель, для відновлення торгових зносин із європейськими країнамита вирівнювання торгівельного балансу зовнішніх відносин вплинуло на нівелювання тематики масового голоду.

AbstractThis study aims to determine how the implementation of the provision of leave rights for pregnant women workers by companies, one of which is an ice cream company in Bekasi and what form of legal protection is provided by the government to protect pregnant women workers if their leave rights are not fulfilled. This study on cases of miscarriage and infant mortality at an ice cream company in Bekasi is the basis for research on how to apply the provision of leave rights and protection for pregnant women workers in these companies in accordance with Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. The method used by the researcher is the normative juridical method that is included in the interview, focusing on legal provisions such as laws, and literature related to legal protection of workers after which it is linked to the case that is the subject of the review. The results showed that the rights granted by ice cream companies to pregnant women workers regarding reproductive rights, namely the right to leave are in accordance with statutory provisions and the status of workers as indefinite time workers or permanent workers, only the implementation is still not in accordance with the provisions. Law No.13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, this is influenced by the absence of a collective labor agreement (PKB) between employers and workers / labor unions which makes workers not know exactly what rights and obligations are obtained outside of Law No.13-2003 so that workers or laborers suffer losses because they cannot get their rights in full. Legal protection provided by Law No.13-2003 is in the form of criminal sanctions and / or fines imposed on employers who violate statutory provisions. The form of legal protection for pregnant women workers is the provision of rights and obligations.Keywords: legal protection; pregnant women workers; reproductive rightsAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan pemberian hak cuti bagi pekerja perempuan hamil yang dilakukan oleh para perusahaan salah satunya adalah perusahaan es krim di Bekasi serta bentuk perlindungan hukum apa yang diberikan pemerintah untuk melindungi para pekerja perempuan hamil jika tidak terpenuhi hak cuti nya. Kajian mengenai kasus keguguran dan kematian bayi pada perusahaan es krim di Bekasi ini menjadi dasar penelitian bagaimana penerapan pemberian hak cuti dan perlindungan bagi pekerja perempuan hamil pada perusahaan tersebut sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tetang Ketenagakerjaan. Metode yang dipakai oleh peneliti ialah metode yuridis normatif yang disertakan oleh wawancara, berfokus pada ketentuan hukum seperti undang-undang, dan literatur-literatur berhubungan dengan perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja setelah itu dihubungkan dengan kasus yang menjadi pokok ulasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian hak yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan es krim terhadap pekerja perempuan hamil mengenai hak reproduksi, yaitu hak cuti nya sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan dan status pekerja sebagai pekerja waktu tidak tertentu atau pekerja tetap, hanya penerapannya masih belum berjalan sesuai ketentuan Undang-Undang No.13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan hal ini dipengaruhi oleh tidak adanya perjanjian kerja bersama (PKB) antara pengusaha dengan organisasi serikat pekerja/buruh yang menjadikan buruh tidak mengetahui secara pasti hak dan kewajiban apa yang didapatkan diluar dari UU No.13-2003 sehingga pekerja atau buruh mengalami kerugian karena tidak dapat mendapatkan hak nya secara penuh. Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan oleh UU No.13-2003 berupa sanksi pidana dan/atau denda yang dijatuhkan kepada pihak pengusaha yang melanggar ketentuan perundang-undangan. Bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja perempuan hamil berupa pemberian hak dan kewajiban.

As one of the most infectious livestock diseases in the world, foot and mouth disease (FMD) presents a constant global threat to animal trade and national economies. FMD remains a severe constraint on development and poverty reduction throughout the developing world due to many reasons, including the cost of control measures, closure of access to valuable global FMD-free markets for livestock products, production losses through reduced milk yield, reduced live weight gain, and the inability of infected livestock to perform traction. FMD virus infects a variety of cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, swine, all wild ruminants, and suidae, with high morbidity in adult animals. High mortality can occur in young animals due to myocarditis. FMD is endemic in Africa, most of Asia, the Middle East, and parts of South America. The global clustering of FMD viruses has been divided into seven virus pools, where multiple serotypes occur but within which are topotypes that remain mostly confined to that pool. Three pools cover Europe, the Middle East, and Asia ; three pools cover Africa ; and one pool covers the Americas. The highly infectious nature of FMDV, the existence of numerous continually circulating serotypes and associated topotypes, the potential for wildlife reservoirs, and the frequent emergence of new strains that are poorly matched to existing vaccines all serve to compound the difficulties faced by the governments of endemic countries to effectively control and reduce the burden of the disease at the national and regional levels. This clustering of viruses suggests that if vaccination is to be a major tool for control, each pool could benefit from the use of tailored or more specific vaccines relevant to the topotypes present in that pool, rather than a continued reliance on the currently more widely available vaccines. It should also be noted that, currently, there are varying degrees of effort to identify improved vaccines in different regions. There are relatively few targeted for use in Africa, while the developed world's vaccine banks have a good stock of vaccines destined for emergency outbreak use in FMDV-free countries. The AgResults Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccine Challenge Project (the "Project") is an eight-year, US $17.68 million prize competition that supports the development and uptake of high-quality quadrivalent FMD vaccines tailored to meet the needs of Eastern Africa (EA). The Project targets the following Pool Four countries: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The Project is being run in two phases: a development phase, which will encourage the production of regionally relevant vaccines, and a cost-share phase, designed to help to reduce the price of these vaccines in the marketplace to the end users, which is hoped will encourage broader uptake. Manufacturers can submit quadrivalent FMD vaccines containing serotypes A, O, SAT1, and SAT2, which will be assessed as relevant for use in the region through a unique component of the Project requiring the screening of vaccines against the Eastern Africa Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Reference Antigen Panel assembled by the World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), at the Pirbright Institute, UK, in collaboration with the OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network. To be eligible for the Project, sera from vaccinated cattle will be used to evaluate serological responses of FMD vaccines for their suitability for use in Eastern African countries. If they pass a determined cut-off threshold, they will be confirmed as relevant for use in the region and will be entered into the Project's cost-share phase.

في الأردن، تعد التغذية البشرية والحميات الغذائية من أكثر المهن الصحية المساندة تطوراً؛ ولكن المعلومات الموثقة المتعلقة بوضعها الحالي غير متوفرة بشكل عام، والغرض من هذه الورقة العلمية توضيح مكانة هذه المهنة في الدولة الأردنية، وتتبع الأنشطة التنموية التي تمت على مدى العقود الخمسة الماضية، ويوجد تحولات ملحوظة في السمات الصحية بين الأردنيين فيما يتعلق بالحالة التغذوية منذ خمسين عامًا، ويتجلى ذلك في التحولات الغذائية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والوبائية والديموغرافية السريعة، وقد حدثت تغيرات متسارعة في اتجاهات الحالة الصحية والتغذوية العامة، بما في ذلك انخفاض معدل الإصابة بالأمراض المعدية، وزيادة متوسط العمر المتوقع، وارتفاع في جميع مستويات التعليم، وارتفاع في التحضر، والمكننة وعولمة السوق، وانخفاض النشاط البدني، وأصبحت النظم الغذائية أكثر كثافة في الطاقة وغنى بالكربوهيدرات والدهون والأطعمة الحيوانية، وتم تسجيل اتجاهات مقلقة متوافقة مع ارتفاع معدلات المراضة والوفيات من الاضطرابات المزمنة الرئيسية المرتبطة بالتغذية، ولاسيما مخاطر استقلاب القلب بما في ذلك مرض السكري والسمنة ومرض القلب والأوعية الدموية وعسر شحميات الدم وارتفاع ضغط الدم، وكذلك السرطان، وتوافقاً مع هذا التحول، ازدادت أنماط خدمات مهنة التغذية البشرية والحميات الغذائية باطراد، ويوجد في الأردن 10 جامعات حكومية و 17 جامعة خاصة، وتمنح ست جامعات عامة وخمس جامعات خاصة درجات علمية في تغذية الإنسان، وتقدم إحداها درجة الدكتوراه، وتقدم أربع جامعات درجة الماجستير، وتقدم جميع الجامعات الإحدى عشرة درجة البكالوريوس في التغذية البشرية (و/ أو) الحميات الغذائية أو كليهما. وتمشياً مع هذه التغييرات، واكتسبت هذه المهنة اعترافًا رسميًا كبيرًا ووضعًا قانونيًا يسمح بإصدار الشهادات أو الترخيص والاستشارة والممارسة الخاصة. ومع ذلك، وهناك حاجة إلى سمات تشريعية وتنظيمية إضافية وبرامج التدريب الداخلي والتدريب أثناء الخدمة وأدلة النظام الغذائي الوطنية من أجل استمرار هذا التقدم بوتيرة ثابتة. وبالتالي، وإن هناك ما يبرر الحاجة إلى وجود هيئة رسمية لتشكيل مشهد مهنة التغذية البشرية والحميات الغذائية وفقًا للمعايير الدولية. ; In Jordan, human nutrition and dietetics is one of the most developed allied health professions, but documented information regarding its current status is generally not available. The purpose of this article is to clarify the status of this profession in the country and to trace the developmental activities that have taken place over the past five decades. Currently, there have been remarkable transitions in health attributes among Jordanians as related to nutritional status since fifty years ago. This is manifested in rapid dietary, socio-economic, epidemiologic, and demographic shifts. Accelerated changes have occurred in general health and nutritional status trends, including a decline in the incidence of infectious diseases, increased life expectancy, a surge in all levels of education, rise in urbanization, mechanization and market globalization, decreased physical activity, diets have become denser in energy and richer in carbohydrates, fat, and animal foods. Concordant troubling trends have been recorded for rising morbidity and mortality of major nutrition-related chronic disorders, particularly cardiometabolic risks including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, as well as cancer. Consistency with this transition, patterns of nutrition and dietetics profession services have increased steadily. There are 10 public and 17 private universities in Jordan. Six public and five private universities offer degrees in human nutrition. One offers a doctoral degree, four offer a master's degree, and all eleven universities offer bachelor's degrees in human nutrition and/or dietetics or both. In line with these changes, the human nutrition and dietetics profession has gained significant official recognition and legal status permitting certification or licensing and consultation and private practice. However, additional legislative and regulatory attributes, internships and in-service training programs, and national diet manuals are required for such progress to continue at a steady pace. Thus, the need for an official body to shape the scene of human nutrition and dietetics profession following international standards is warranted.

This study is part of the EAVE II project. EAVE II is funded by the MRC (MR/R008345/1) with the support of BREATHE—The Health Data Research Hub for Respiratory Health (MC_PC_19004), which is funded through the UK Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund and delivered through Health Data Research UK. Additional support has been provided through Public Health Scotland and Scottish Government Director General Health and Social Care. The original EAVE project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme (11/46/23). ; Background As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, national-level surveillance platforms with real-time individual person-level data are required to monitor and predict the epidemiological and clinical profile of COVID-19 and inform public health policy. We aimed to create a national dataset of patient-level data in Scotland to identify temporal trends and COVID-19 risk factors, and to develop a novel statistical prediction model to forecast COVID-19-related deaths and hospitalisations during the second wave. Methods We established a surveillance platform to monitor COVID-19 temporal trends using person-level primary care data (including age, sex, socioeconomic status, urban or rural residence, care home residence, and clinical risk factors) linked to data on SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests, hospitalisations, and deaths for all individuals resident in Scotland who were registered with a general practice on Feb 23, 2020. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between clinical risk groups and time to hospitalisation and death. A survival prediction model derived from data from March 1 to June 23, 2020, was created to forecast hospital admissions and deaths from October to December, 2020. We fitted a generalised additive spline model to daily SARS-CoV-2 cases over the previous 10 weeks and used this to create a 28-day forecast of the number of daily cases. The age and risk group pattern of cases in the previous 3 weeks was then used to select a stratified sample of individuals from our cohort who had not previously tested positive, with future cases in each group sampled from a multinomial distribution. We then used their patient characteristics (including age, sex, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status) to predict their probability of hospitalisation or death. Findings Our cohort included 5 384 819 people, representing 98·6% of the entire estimated population residing in Scotland during 2020. Hospitalisation and death among those testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between March 1 and June 23, 2020, were associated with several patient characteristics, including male sex (hospitalisation hazard ratio [HR] 1·47, 95% CI 1·38–1·57; death HR 1·62, 1·49–1·76) and various comorbidities, with the highest hospitalisation HR found for transplantation (4·53, 1·87–10·98) and the highest death HR for myoneural disease (2·33, 1·46–3·71). For those testing positive, there were decreasing temporal trends in hospitalisation and death rates. The proportion of positive tests among older age groups (>40 years) and those with at-risk comorbidities increased during October, 2020. On Nov 10, 2020, the projected number of hospitalisations for Dec 8, 2020 (28 days later) was 90 per day (95% prediction interval 55–125) and the projected number of deaths was 21 per day (12–29). Interpretation The estimated incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on positive tests recorded in this unique data resource has provided forecasts of hospitalisation and death rates for the whole of Scotland. These findings were used by the Scottish Government to inform their response to reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed