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The author discovers changing of paradigms of statistical science throughout last two centuries. Initially, constitutional law was prevailing, and the statistics was understood as a collection of factors for the Government use. It was replaced by the paradigm in which the subject of statistics was shifted from the state to the society. Then there was an overturn: statistics was treated as a universal method. However, during the Soviet times, predominantly in the post-war period, statistics was interpreted as a science supporting governance of both the state and the society. ; The author discovers changing of paradigms of statistical science throughout last two centuries. Initially, constitutional law was prevailing, and the statistics was understood as a collection of factors for the Government use. It was replaced by the paradigm in which the subject of statistics was shifted from the state to the society. Then there was an overturn: statistics was treated as a universal method. However, during the Soviet times, predominantly in the post-war period, statistics was interpreted as a science supporting governance of both the state and the society.

В работе приведен философский анализ принципов трудового законодательства как регулятива оптимального функционирования социума. Выражая сущность данной отрасли права, принципы трудового законодательства, являются регулятором, способным обеспечить баланс интересов субъектов трудовых отношений. Автор рассматривает принципы трудового права в историческом аспекте и приводит анализ современного состояния законодательства. Автор делает вывод о необходимости служения принципов идеям гуманистического права и предлагает внести изменение в трудовое законодательство. ; The paper contains philosophic approach to the analysis of the principles of labor legislation serving as the regulation of optimal functioning of the society. The essence of this branch of law is that the principles of the labor legislation are regulation that is capable to facilitate the balance between the participants' interests in the employment relationships. The author examines the principles of the labor legislation in the historic aspect and analyses the contemporary state of legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that these principles have to serve the ideas of humanitarian law and proposes to make changes to labor legislation.

This article revisits neglected arguments of the Moynihan Report to yield insights for a contemporary understanding of racial inequality in American cities. The author argues that the logic of Moynihan's reasoning implies three interlinked hypotheses: (1) the tangle of 'pathology,' or what today we call social dislocations, has a deep neighborhood structure, as does socioeconomic disadvantage; (2) the tangle of neighborhood inequality is durable and generates self-reinforcing properties that, because of racial segregation, are most pronounced in the black community; and (3) neighborhood 'poverty traps' can ultimately only be broken with government structural interventions and macro-level policies. Examining longitudinal neighborhood-level data from Chicago and the United States as a whole, the author finds overall support for these hypotheses. Despite urban social transformations in the post-Moynihan era, neighborhoods remained remarkably stable in their relative economic standing. Poverty is also stubbornly persistent in its ecological concentration with other social disadvantages, especially in the black community. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Analyses of the criminal justice system have revealed the racialized nature of crime and punishment in the United States. We know little, however, about how race, crime, and punishment are also experienced as gendered phenomena by marginalized adolescent males. Drawing from ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews, the author proposes that important insights about crime, race, and gender are gained by analyzing the experiences of adolescent males as they navigate through the criminal justice pipeline. Thus, the author examines how policing, incarceration, and probation offer masculinity-making resources that young men use to develop a sense of manhood. This study shows that one of the consequences of enhanced policing, surveillance, and punitive treatment of youth of color is the development of a specific set of gendered practices. One outcome of pervasive criminal justice contact for young black and Latino men is the production of a hypermasculinity that obstructs desistance and social mobility. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Since its democratic revolution was set in motion, Poland has enjoyed tremendous progress in its degree of democratic consolidation. For example, significant institutional changes have taken place in the status of Poland's ethnic, national, and religious minorities. Yet, institutional protections alone do not fully capture the extent of openness to diversity. More comprehensive depictions of the quality of democracy need to encompass investigations of the democratic citizens' 'hearts and minds.' In this article, using data from a recent nationally representative survey, the author examines the extent and sources of Poles' tolerance of ethnic and religious difference. She focuses on social tolerance of difference, using questions about acceptance of interethnic and interreligious marriage as the dependent variables. As part of the inquiry, the author compares and contrasts the levels and sources of tolerance of interreligious marriage over time and discusses the political implications of the findings and future research directions. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright the American Council of Learned Societies.]

The significance of this article lies in its invitation to all supporters of a "free-market economic system" to join the author in an "intellectual odyssey" that will involve rethinking many of the conceptual premises that underlie capitalism. It is especially significant because the author himself approaches the subject not as an opponent of a market economy, but as a long-time supporter of it. As the article shows, he believes that capitalism has changed its nature under the impact of globalization and, further, that advances in non-labor-intensive technology will require adding a broad-based system of income distribution to the market system. If a profound rethinking of "the classical liberal underlay" of capitalism does not occur, he warns, the market economy, which has served as the economic foundation for a "free society" as classical liberals envision it, will cease to serve the great bulk of the population, and will thus lose its legitimacy. Adapted from the source document.

After a two-year tug-of-war between the US, the UN, and Phnom Penh, the Cambodian government, supported by massive international intervention, brought some of those accused of committing Khmer Rouge atrocities to trial before an independent court. The atrocities, which verged on genocide, were perpetrated between 1975 and 1979. The plan was to create a special tribunal consisting of both indigenous and foreign judges to try the perpetrators. Newspapers from 2002 reported that the first indictment would be issued some time during that year. As we know today, this proved to be a rosily optimistic prediction.

The article examines Israel's foreign and security policies and its existence in the Middle East. The author analyzes Israeli strategy regarding the states legitimacy, the leaderships varied approaches and personalized touches, as well as diplomatic efforts at achieving normalcy with its Arab neighbors. Today, Israel shares more points of contact and common geopolitical interest with portions of the Arab world, and Turkey. Both Israel and Turkey have agreed to cooperation agreements in terms of military and security issues, though Israel has demonstrated a questionable recognition of the Armenian situation and views regarding the Kurds. The article also discusses relations with Syria, the Gaza confrontation; among other issues confronting Israel and its security interests. The author concludes the article questioning the Israeli-Palestinian situation, the cooperative efforts between Israel and Turkey, and opening the new door to Central Asian states, vying for legitimacy or merely utilizing these means as a turnover or a gain in regard to relations with the Muslim world. Adapted from the source document.

The ethic of criticism has stood at the heart of western pedagogy for centuries. It has been the basis of science, morality and art as well as for the building of social and political institutions. The author argues that this ethic of criticism is sometimes at odds with the ethic of care, one that commits the carer to look after and take responsibility for the well-being of the cared-for. This ethic of care is further undermined by contemporary consumerism and its inroads into the fields of education and learning. The resulting perception of management as a field of study for young people is entirely instrumental— an effective stepping stone to launch a career, but one devoid of either intrinsic interest or social value. The author makes a plea for an enduring reconciliation of an ethic of care with an ethic of criticism as the basis for management education that is both interesting and socially useful.

In the article is given the characteristic of legal nature of the consent of antimonopoly body on conclusion of a deal by the incorporated person. The comparative characteristic of the legal nature of the consent in sphere of private law and in area of public law is resulted. In the article the author indicates the criterion of the concession of the consent by antimonopoly body and are revealed some problem aspects in the legislation with obtaining of the consent to the deal by antimonopoly body. ; In the article is given the characteristic of legal nature of the consent of antimonopoly body on conclusion of a deal by the incorporated person. The comparative characteristic of the legal nature of the consent in sphere of private law and in area of public law is resulted. In the article the author indicates the criterion of the concession of the consent by antimonopoly body and are revealed some problem aspects in the legislation with obtaining of the consent to the deal by antimonopoly body.

Статья посвящена проблемам качества обеспечения органов местного самоуправления в Акмолинской области Степного края профессиональными кадрами в конце XIX начале XX вв. Наибольший интерес вызывает вопрос о социальном происхождении, образовании, имущественном цензе, занимаемой государственной должности или места в кругу предпринимателей, табельном чине и заслугах перед властью и общественностью. В рамках исследования предпринята попытка соотнести успешность деятельности избранного лица в области самоуправления с указанными критериями отбора. ; The author deals in this article with the problem of quality provision of the organs of the local self govenment in Akmolinsk region of the Steppe Territory by the professional personnel at the end XIXth beginning XXth centuries. Most interest is the question of social origin, education, property qualifications of Civil and Military Service and other positions and ranks of the authority and society. In the frames of these investigations the author attempts to argue a link of successful activity of the elected person in the field of self government with specified criteria of the selection.

The article dwells upon the comparative*legal analysis of legislation of CIS member countries, concerning the pedagogues (psychologists) activity in under*age*crimes proceedings. Upon the analysis, author concludes that the list of the investigative actions (where pedagogue or psychologist participate) in Criminal procedural code should be enlarged (by the example of Kazakhstan). Also, it is proposed to provide for participation of pedagogue (psychologist) in an examination of minor offenders (who are under the age of 18), as laid down by Belarus Criminal procedural code. ; The article dwells upon the comparative*legal analysis of legislation of CIS member countries, concerning the pedagogues (psychologists) activity in under*age*crimes proceedings. Upon the analysis, author concludes that the list of the investigative actions (where pedagogue or psychologist participate) in Criminal procedural code should be enlarged (by the example of Kazakhstan). Also, it is proposed to provide for participation of pedagogue (psychologist) in an examination of minor offenders (who are under the age of 18), as laid down by Belarus Criminal procedural code.