Chinas economic growth is gradually slowing as the structural transformation of the economy continues. Output grew by 7.7 percent in 2013, matching its 2012 growth rate and exceeding the governments 7.5 percent indicative target. In recent months economic activity, including industrial production, started to show signs of acceleration. The recent acceleration, expected to continue into the next two quarters, is partly reflecting the effect of new growth-supporting measures, robust consumption, and a recovery of external demand. Chinas growth will continue to moderate over the medium term, and the structural shifts will become more evident. Growth in China is expected to decrease marginally to 7.6 percent in 2014 and 7.5 percent in 2015, from 7.7 percent in 2013. Fiscal and financial sector reforms are needed to address financial stability risks in the medium run. The first task involves effectively managing the process of rapid credit growth, including less well-regulated shadow banking system. The second involves gradual and orderly deleveraging of large stock of local government debt accumulated through off-budget and quasi-fiscal platforms.
Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for European Union. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).
This report was initiated at the request of the Iraqi government to get a better understanding of the overall financial sector in Iraq. The main objective of the report was to develop a comprehensive assessment of the financial sector. This report takes a first look at the overall financial system of Iraq with a forward looking approach. Key findings of the report are: 1) Iraq's financial sector is dominated by the banking system, with most assets held by state-owned banks; 2) many private banks are in the process of developing modern banking practices, but still need further strengthening and consolidation; 3) other financial markets are concentrated at the Iraqi stock exchange but capitalization is low, and few instruments are traded; 3) the insurance sector is small, dominated by state- owned enterprises, and is not supervised; 4) weak financial infrastructure is a clear impediment to access to finance; and 5) Small Medium Enterprises (SME) and microfinance is not well developed.
Bank loans can become non-performing because of problems with the borrower s financial health, problems with the design or implementation of lender protection features, or both. In ascertaining how to deal with a problem loan, it is important to distinguish between a borrower s ability to pay and willingness to pay, Making this distinction is not always easy and requires effort. This manual was written as a guide for lending institution staff dealing with non-performing loans (NPLs) extended to corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It deals with both ad hoc and systemic financial distress and delves into how borrower problems may have arisen in the first place. It provides guidance to lending institutions staff responsible for handling individual problem loans and to senior managers responsible for organizing portfolio-wide asset resolution.
This report highlights key trends, challenges, and opportunities for advancing financial inclusion and presents major high-level policy recommendations for consideration by the Group of 20 (G-20) policy makers to benefit a wider range of developing countries, including many non-G-20 countries. The report serves a broad audience, ranging from policy makers, development finance institutions, and the private sector to experts seeking a synopsis of the key subtopics relevant for financial inclusion and areas of work for advancing progress. The report is organized into four sections. The first recommends broad goals and agenda items to accelerate progress in financial inclusion. The second defines the financial inclusion concept and its importance for economic growth and poverty reduction. The third section provides a snapshot of each of the pillars presented as part of the recommendations, and the fourth section summarizes the way forward. The report also contains an annex that takes a closer look at the microfinance industry as a case in point for reviewing the successes, innovations, and lessons learned, which are critical for the broader discussion on financial inclusion.
The subprime mortgage crisis ranks among the most serious economic events affecting the United States since the great depression of the 1930s. This study analyzes key issues raised by the crisis at three levels: (i) issues directly and specifically relating to subprime mortgage lending; (ii) issues relating to the securitization of subprime mortgages; and (iii) issues affecting financial markets and institutions. These issues are fundamental to risk bearing, sharing, and transfer in financial markets and institutions around the world. Many of the issues raised by the U.S. subprime crisis also apply to high-risk loan markets in developing countries. The framework applied in the paper analyzes subprime mortgage lending as a major financial market innovation. Although conditions were conducive for subprime lending to arise as a financial innovation, financial innovations are necessarily risky undertakings, all the more so when they create new classes of risky loans and securities. The lessons learned from the crisis can thus be usefully applied to issues of the growth and development of emerging economies, as well as pointing the way to the design of new and efficient policies for subprime lending in the developed economies.
[spa] El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis la competencia judicial internacional y la ley aplicable en materia de competencia desleal, teniendo presente las particularidades de la economía de las plataformas virtuales (EPV). A tal efecto, la primera parte del presente trabajo está dedicada al análisis de la «economía de las plataformas virtuales», detallando cuáles son los caracteres básicos que conforman esta realidad disruptiva y explicando porqué entendemos preferible la utilización de este concepto frente a la denominación de «economía colaborativa». De esta forma, se hace imprescindible acotar el ámbito de la EPV para comprender qué plataformas virtuales pueden subsumirse en este concepto. En segundo lugar, se analizan los distintos foros aplicables en el ordenamiento jurídico español que otorgan jurisdicción a los tribunales españoles en materia de competencia desleal, haciendo hincapié en los ilícitos cometidos a distancia a través de plataformas virtuales. En concreto, debido a su papel predominante, analizamos minuciosamente los foros contenidos en el Reglamento núm. 1215/2012, indicando como deberán aplicarse dichos foros atendiendo a las particularidades del ciberespacio, lugar dónde se desarrollan la mayoría de las transacciones de la economía de las plataformas virtuales. El foro en materia delictual o cuasidelictual tiene un papel preponderante en el presente estudio por tres razones: es el más utilizado por el perjudicado por un acto desleal, representa el foro más característico en el ámbito de la competencia desleal y, finalmente, porque es el que presenta más dificultades aplicativas en la práctica. Además, este foro nos ha permitido estudiar de forma conjunta la parte material del derecho sobre la competencia desleal, la cual nos ha servido para concretar ejemplos respecto de los demás foros analizados y para comprender mejor la competencia desleal en su conjunto. En este sentido, el análisis de la parte material del derecho sobre la competencia desleal ha sido necesario, por cuanto la aplicación del foro en materia delictual o cuasidelictual depende, en última instancia, de la naturaleza del derecho presuntamente vulnerado. Por lo demás, hemos analizado los restantes criterios atributivos de jurisdicción contenidos en el Reglamento 1215/2012, indicando en cada caso las particularidades aplicativas existentes en el ámbito de las plataformas virtuales y analizando si resultan idóneos para hacer frente a los ilícitos desleales deslocalizados producidos en el ciberespacio. Por último, la tercera parte de este trabajo está enfocada a la determinación de la ley aplicable en el contexto aludido. Para ello, hemos analizado las normas de conflicto en materia de competencia desleal, teniendo un papel preponderante en este sentido el artículo 6 del Reglamento Roma II, el cual sustituye en este ámbito a la normativa interna debido a su carácter universal. Igualmente, indicamos cómo debe aplicarse esta norma de conflicto en el marco de la EPV, haciendo especial énfasis en el ámbito del sector del transporte de pasajeros y del alojamiento vacacional y nos pronunciamos expresamente sobre su idoneidad o, en su caso, sobre la necesidad de proceder a su actualización. En concreto, nos preguntamos cuál es la ley aplicable idónea en materia de competencia desleal cuando se cometen ilícitos deslocalizados a través de plataformas virtuales y, asimismo, cuando estos actos desleales son susceptibles de producir daños concurrenciales en varios países al mismo tiempo. Por último, analizamos cómo debe interpretarse y aplicarse el principio del país de origen en materia de competencia desleal respecto de los prestadores de servicios de la sociedad de la información, cuestión que resultará fundamental en el marco de la EPV, dado que la gran mayoría de las plataformas que forman parte de este ámbito prestan servicios de la sociedad de la información. ; [cat] En el present treball s'analitza, en primer lloc, la competència judicial internacional en matèria de competència deslleial, tenint present les particularitats derivades de l'economia de les plataformes virtuals. Amb caràcter previ, analitzem el concepte «economia de les plataformes virtuals» (EPV) i la seva contraposició amb l'anomenada «economia col·laborativa», indicat els seus caràcters bàsics i les seves particularitats. En segon lloc, s'analitzen els diferents fòrums aplicables en l'ordenament jurídic espanyol que atorguen jurisdicció als tribunals espanyols en matèria de competència deslleial, posant l'accent en els il·lícits comesos a distància a través de plataformes virtuals. En concret, degut al seu paper predominant, analitzem minuciosament els fòrums continguts en el Reglament núm. 1215/2012, indicant com s'han d'aplicar aquests fòrums atenent a les particularitats del ciberespai, lloc on es desenvolupen la majoria de les transaccions de l'economia de les plataformes virtuals. El fòrum en matèria delictual o cuasidelictual té un paper preponderant en el present estudi per tres raons: és el més utilitzat pel perjudicat per un acte deslleial, representa el fòrum més característic en l'àmbit de la competència deslleial i, finalment, perquè és el que presenta més dificultats aplicatives a la pràctica. A més, aquest fòrum ens ha permès estudiar de manera conjunta la part material del dret sobre la competència deslleial, la qual ens ha servit per concretar exemples respecte dels altres fòrums analitzats i per comprendre millor la competència deslleial en el seu conjunt. En aquest sentit, l'anàlisi de la part material del dret sobre la competència deslleial ha estat necessari, ja que l'aplicació del fòrum en matèria delictual o cuasidelictual depèn, en última instància, de la naturalesa del dret presumptament vulnerat. Finalment, hem analitzat els restants criteris atributius de jurisdicció continguts en el Reglament 1215/2012, indicant en cada cas les particularitats aplicatives existents en l'àmbit de les plataformes virtuals i analitzant si resulten idonis per fer front als il·lícits deslleials deslocalitzats produïts en el ciberespai. En tercer lloc, l'última part d'aquest treball està enfocada a la determinació de la llei aplicable en el context al·ludit. Per a això, hem analitzat les normes de conflicte en matèria de competència deslleial, tenint un paper preponderant en aquest sentit l'article 6 del Reglament Roma II, el qual substitueix en aquest àmbit a la normativa interna a causa del seu caràcter universal. Igualment, expliquem com s'ha d'aplicar aquesta norma de conflicte en el marc de la EPV, fent especial èmfasi en l'àmbit de sector de transport de passatgers i de l'allotjament de vacances i pronunciant-nos expressament sobre la seva idoneïtat o, si escau, sobre la necessitat de procedir a la seva actualització. En concret, ens preguntem quina és la llei aplicable idònia en matèria de competència deslleial quan es cometen il·lícits deslocalitzats a través de plataformes virtuals i, així mateix, quan aquests actes deslleials són susceptibles de produir danys concurrencials en diversos països al mateix temps. Finalment, analitzem com s'ha d'interpretar i aplicar-se el principi del país d'origen en matèria de competència deslleial respecte dels prestadors de serveis de la societat de la informació, qüestió que resultarà fonamental en el marc de l'EPV, atès que la gran majoria de les plataformes que formen part d'aquest àmbit presten serveis de la societat de la informació. ; [eng] In this study, we have focused on analysing international jurisdiction and the applicable law on unfair competition within the framework of platform economy (PE). To this end, the first part of this study is dedicated to an analysis of the platform economy, outlining the main agents that are involved in this disruptive reality and explaining why we understand the use of this concept to be preferable to the term "collaborative economy". To understand which virtual platforms it encompasses, the exact scope of the platform economy must be defined. The second part is dedicated to an analysis of international jurisdiction within the Spanish legal system, especially taking into account the offences committed remotely through the Internet. It mainly focuses on a study of the forums contained in the Regulation 1215/2012 due to its general and preferential application, indicating how these forums should be applied according to the particularities of cyberspace, where most of the transactions in the virtual platform economy take place. The forum relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict first has a preponderant role in the present study for three reasons: it is the most commonly used by victims of unfair acts, is the most characteristic in the field of unfair competition and, finally, because it is the one which presents more practical difficulties. This forum has allowed us to study substantive law on unfair competition and, at the same time, to give examples in relation to other analysed forums and to build up a better understanding of unfair competition in general. This analysis of substantive law on unfair competition was necessary, since the application of this forum ultimately depends on the nature of the alleged infringed right. Otherwise, this second part concludes with an analysis of other jurisdictional criteria contained in Regulation 1215/2012, indicating in each case specific applications in the field of virtual platforms and analysing whether they are suitable for dealing with cyberspace offences. Lastly, the third part of the study focuses on establishing the applicable legislation in specific contexts. To this end, we analysed conflict of law rules in the field of unfair competition, with Article 6 of the Rome II Regulation -which replaces the internal legislation due to its universal nature- playing a predominant role. We also examine how this conflict of law rule should be applied within the framework of the PE, with special emphasis on the field of passenger transport and holiday accommodation, and we state our opinion on its suitability or on the need to update it when appropriate. More specifically, we wonder what legislation is applicable in the field of unfair competition when unlawful acts are committed through virtual platforms and also when these unfair acts are likely to produce competitive damages in several countries at the same time. Finally, we analyse how the country of origin principle should be interpreted and applied in the field of unfair competition with regard to providers of information society services. This issue is fundamental within the context of the PE, since the vast majority of these platforms provide information society services.
The present study, in a politically sensitive manner, narrates and interprets the related facts with the armed conflict between 1998 and 2001, on the sidewalk El Salto, of the municipality of El santuario , located in the subregion of the Near East Antioquia. This territory went to be object of dispute between armed actors, because of their strategic role as a doorway to the corridor transit connecting the region to the North-East and the Magdalena Medio. In the area, the guerrilla and paramilitaries, in addition to making an armed presence, regulated trafficking in narcotic drugs, generated pressure on the reservoirs and extended their presence and instigation on the Medellín-Bogotá motorway, the circulation channel of all economic activity between this important region and the center of the country. Likewise, this subregion has been a high potential of agricultural, tourist and industrial production activities, being the epicenter for air traffic, hosted at José Maria Cordova Airport. The Oriente is one of the areas of the country where the conflict has been heightened and where the systematic violence of the armed actors was concentrated, Massacres, threats, forced displacement, targeted killings and illegal retains along with the incursions to urban helmets, the Operation of each other By. Long periods of time, the population of the area suffered the scourge of war, not counting with the presence of the State, beyond military interventions that increased zozobrae of peasants and locals in a countless municipalities, corrections and sidewalks. While the interest in a political study is to address reality social and political analysis, recognition of the situation in question is imperative for comprehensive political analysis by civil society, called by analysts from the time that this study "population" is dealing with civil", to designate communities of citizens who were not involved in the conflict, but they were his victims. In this spectrum of the study, emphasis was placed and an initial question was chosen: is it? factable to understand, through historical memory, the status of victims of the armed conflicts of citizens who developed their daily lives on a sidewalk? There are many research of high academic value that study fenomenon of the Oriente region, from descriptive, explanatory and interpretative; but there is still a great deal of need for such a discussion as the one proposed in this research: resort to victims of a small village and to know a voice alive; and appealing to historical memory, the experiences experienced by those citizens are not represented in the hegemonic versions of the State. Citizens who were doubly victimized: by the State itself, through the National Army, and by guerrilla and/or the paramilitars. The study also seeks to recognize what effects it has brought to the attention of the Commission these citizens' lives were initially displaced and then uprooted, carrying in his living the imprint of tragedy, after two decades for me, as the author of this study, it was a re-created challenge, in passages. Narratives, my status as a resident of El Salto, when I was a minor i was involved in the war games where I lived and my family environment, and then, When i joined displaced victims. Today, as a student of the master's in Political Studies, I assume the imperative task, as a social communicator and journalist, to give society a testimony from my memories and life history as a victim, seeking to provide it cristalisation of a society that creates and works for peace and reconciliation in times of post-agreements the families of El Salto lived the conflict, seeing how overnight they were violated by force of each of the boots, rifles and authoritarian speeches of the armed actors, who rotated them as "facilitators" of the enemy, without giving space to the narration of the ununderstandable: a forced invasion of their lives and their fields, to their estates and their "animals". After suffering from the pain of deaths from relatives and friends of a lifetime, they had to run away, abandon their properties and, in this way, their peasant life, due to violent and systematic actions that broke the different armies. The terror caused by the locals and the forced movement of families led to uproot that, with time passing, it was a part of their life . No chance to chose, they had to move to another kind of life, the inhospite, modern, and other that they had to fit. In their capacity as victims of the conflict, they only had the memory resource as a mechanism of resistance, non-acceptance, living in melancholy and longing for the place where they were violently expelled. finally, over the years, they aspire to the non-repetition of war and violence from the Colombian armed conflict. ; El presente estudio, de orden politológico, narra e interpreta los hechos relacionados con el conflicto armado ocurridos entre 1998 y 2001, en la vereda El Salto, del municipio de El Santuario, ubicado en la subregión del Oriente cercano antioqueño. Este territorio fue objeto de disputa entre los actores armados, por su papel estratégico como puerta al corredor de tránsito que conectaba la región con el Nordeste y el Magdalena Medio. En la zona, la guerrilla y los paramilitares, además de hacer presencia armada, regulaban el tráfico de estupefacientes, generaban presión sobre los embalses y extendían su presencia e instigación sobre la autopista Medellín-Bogotá, canal de circulación de toda la actividad económica entre esta importante región y el centro de país. Igualmente, esta subregión ha contado con un alto potencial de actividades agropecuarias, turísticas y de producción industrial, siendo epicentro de tráfico aéreo, por alojar el Aeropuerto José María Córdova. El Oriente antioqueño es una de las zonas del país donde el conflicto ha sido álgido y donde se concentró la violencia sistemática de parte de los actores armados, siendo las masacres, las amenazas, los desplazamientos forzados, los asesinatos selectivos y los retenes ilegales, junto con las incursiones a cascos urbanos, el modus operandi de unos y otros. Por largos periodos de tiempo, la población de la zona sufrió el flagelo de la guerra, sin contar con la presencia del Estado, más allá de intervenciones militares que aumentaban la zozobra de campesinos y lugareños de un sinnúmero de municipios, corregimientos y veredas. Si bien el interés en el marco de un estudio de orden político es abordar la realidad social y política, para el análisis político integral es imperativo reconocer la situación vivida por la sociedad civil, llamada por los analistas de la época que aborda este estudio "población civil", para designar a las comunidades de ciudadanos que no hacían parte del conflicto, pero eran sus víctimas. En este espectro del estudio, se hizo énfasis y se optó por una pregunta inicial: ¿es factible comprender, a través de la memoria histórica, la condición de víctimas del conflicto armado de ciudadanos que desarrollaron su vida cotidiana en una vereda? Pues existen un sinnúmero de investigaciones de gran valor académico que estudian el fenómeno de la región del Oriente antioqueño, desde lo descriptivo, explicativo e interpretativo; pero aún hacen mucha falta abordajes como el que se propone en esta investigación: recurrir a las víctimas de un pequeño poblado y conocer de viva voz, y apelando a la memoria histórica, las experiencias vividas por aquellos ciudadanos no representados en las versiones hegemónicas del Estado. Ciudadanos que fueron doblemente victimizados: por el propio Estado, a través del Ejército Nacional, y por la guerrilla y/o los paramilitares. Este estudio tiene, además, la pretensión de reconocer qué efectos trajo para la vida de estos ciudadanos haber sido inicialmente desplazados y luego desarraigados, llevando en su vivir la impronta de la tragedia, luego de dos décadas. Para mí, como autora de este estudio, se constituyó en un reto re-crear, en pasajes narrativos, mi condición de habitante de la vereda El Salto, cuando era una menor de edad envuelta en los juegos de guerra en que vivía mi entorno familiar; y cuando, luego, me sumé a las víctimas desplazadas. Hoy, como estudiante de la maestría en Estudios Políticos, asumo la imperiosa tarea, como comunicadora social y periodista, de entregar a la sociedad un testimonio desde la memoria y la historia de vida como víctima, procurando aportar a la cristalización de una sociedad que crea y trabaje por la paz y la reconciliación en tiempos de los pos-acuerdos. Las familias de El Salto vivieron el conflicto, viendo cómo de la noche a la mañana fueron violentadas por la fuerza de las botas, los fusiles y el discurso autoritario de cada uno de los actores armados, quienes los rotularon como "facilitadores" del enemigo, sin dar espacio a la narración de lo no comprensible: una invasión forzada a sus vidas y a sus campos, a sus fincas y a sus "animalitos". Luego de padecer los vejámenes y el dolor de las muertes de familiares y amigos de la vereda de toda una vida, tuvieron que huir, abandonar sus propiedades y, con ello, su vida campesina, debido a las acciones violentas y sistemáticas que infringieron los diferentes ejércitos. El terror provocado en los lugareños y el obligado desplazamiento de las familias llevó al desarraigo que, con el transcurrir del tiempo, se configuró en sus vidas. Sin oportunidad de elegir, tuvieron que transitar a otro tipo de vida, a la inhóspita urbe, moderna y ajena, a la que tuvieron que adecuarse. En su condición de víctimas del conflicto, solo les quedó el recurso de la memoria como mecanismo de resistencia, de no aceptación, viviendo en melancolía y añoranza del lugar de donde fueron expulsados de manera violenta. Finalmente, con el transcurrir de los años, aspiran a la no repetición de los hechos de guerra y violencia del conflicto armado colombiano. ; Maestría
Introducció L'any 1990 es van produir 1,6 milions de fractures de maluc a tot el món i s'estima que aquesta xifra augmentarà a 6 milions l'any 2050. A la Unió Europea es produeixen 600.000 fractures de maluc a l'any, aproximadament, amb un cost global anual de 13.000 milions d'Euros. La incidència a Espanya és de 517 casos per cada 100.000 habitants i per any. L'edat mitjana de 82 anys i un 78% dels pacients són de sexe femení. Els objectius del tractament de la fractura de maluc són preservar la vida i aconseguir una recuperació funcional que permeti el pacient integrar-se de nou en el seu medi habitual. Però, en aquests pacients, la taxa de mortalitat s'eleva durant el primer any d'un 8,4% a un 36%. A l'any de la fractura el 50% presenten dificultats per caminar, el 38-39% presenten dificultat per fer transferències i el 17-19% presenten dificultats per a l'higiene. Fins a un 90% dels pacients presenten múltiples comorbiditats, entre les quals la malaltia pulmonar obstructiva crònica, la demència, la hipertensió arterial, la patologia cardíaca isquèmica i la diabetis són les més comunes. Les característiques d'aquests pacients, ancians i amb múltiples comorbiditats, va fer sorgir la idea de proporcionar-los una atenció compartida entre cirurgians ortopèdics i geriatres. Aquesta idea inicial ha evolucionat a la tendència actual d'implementar unitats de ortogeriatria que integrin un tractament multidisciplinari. En aquest model a geriatres i traumatòlegs se sumen també anestesistes, rehabilitadors, fisioterapeutes, infermeres i nutricionistes, entre d'altres. Objectius L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral és determinar la demora per a intervenció quirúrgica dels pacients amb fractura de fèmur proximal després de la implementació d'una unitat de ortogeriatria. Els objectius secundaris són determinar el temps d'estada hospitalària, la mortalitat intrahospitalària i als 30 dies, i els reingressos que es produeixen per complicacions mèdiques i traumatològiques. Material i mètodes Durant l'any 2013 (juny-desembre), 2014 i 2015, van ingressar al nostre servei 534 fractures de maluc, de manera consecutiva. Mentre que en els anys 2011, 2012 i 2013 (gener-maig), quan encara no existia la Unitat de Traumatologia Geriàtrica (UTG) van ingressar 501. Les dades recollides prospectivament en el segon període, després de la implementació de la UTG, han estat comparats amb les dades dels pacients que van ingressar en el primer període. Resultats La demora mitjana per a ser intervingut quirúrgicament prèviament a la implementació de la UTG va ser de 2,27 dies (DE = 2,35), mentre que posteriorment va ser de 1,84 (DE = 1,73). (P = 0,0004). L'estada mitjana prèviament a la implementació de la UTG va ser de 11,39 dies (DE = 9,05), mentre que posteriorment va ser de 10,08 (DE = 5,43). (P = 0,0024). La mortalitat en els primers 30 dies després de la fractura de maluc, prèviament a la implementació de la UTG va ser del 7,7%, mentre que posteriorment va ser de l'4,8%. (P = 0,027). Conclusió La implementació d'una unitat de ortogeriatria, per al tractament dels pacients amb fractura de fèmur proximal, que inclou un conjunt de mesures entre les que destaquen la introducció de circuits ràpids de tractament, tractament multidisciplinari integrat i protocols de rehabilitació primerenca postoperatòria, ha permès disminuir de 2,27-1,84 dies el temps de demora mitjà per ser intervingut quirúrgicament després de l'ingrés. El temps d'estada hospitalària s'ha reduït en un temps mitjà d'un dia. La mortalitat dels pacients als 30 dies s'ha reduït en un 2,9%. Els reingressos per complicacions mèdiques o quirúrgiques no s'han incrementat. ; Introducción En el año 1990 se produjeron 1,6 millones de fracturas de cadera en todo el mundo y se estima que esa cifra aumentará a 6 millones en el año 2050. En la Unión Europea se producen 600.000 fracturas de cadera al año, aproximadamente, con un coste global anual de 13.000 millones de Euros. La incidencia en España es de 517 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes y por año. La edad media de 82 años y un 78% de los pacientes son de sexo femenino. Los objetivos del tratamiento de la fractura de cadera son preservar la vida y conseguir una recuperación funcional que permita al paciente integrarse de nuevo en su medio habitual. Pero, en estos pacientes, la tasa de mortalidad se eleva durante el primer año de un 8,4% a un 36%. Al año de la fractura el 50% presentan dificultades para caminar, el 38-39% presentan dificultades para realizar transferencias y el 17-19% presentan dificultades para el aseo. Hasta un 90% de los pacientes presentan múltiples comorbilidades, entre las que la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, la demencia, la hipertensión arterial, la patología cardiaca isquémica y la diabetes son las más comunes. Las características de estos pacientes, ancianos y con múltiples comorbilidades, hizo surgir la idea de proporcionarles una atención compartida entre cirujanos ortopédicos y geriatras. Esa idea inicial ha evolucionado a la tendencia actual de implementar unidades de ortogeriatría que integren un tratamiento multidisciplinar. En este modelo a geriatras y traumatólogos se suman también anestesistas, rehabilitadores, fisioterapeutas, enfermeras y nutricionistas, entre otros. Objetivos El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es determinar la demora para intervención quirúrgica de los pacientes con fractura de fémur proximal tras la implementación de una unidad de ortogeriatría. Los objetivos secundarios son determinar el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, la mortalidad intrahospitalaria y a los 30 días, y los reingresos que se producen por complicaciones médicas y traumatológicas. Material y métodos Durante el año 2013 (Junio-Diciembre), 2014 y 2015, ingresaron en nuestro servicio 534 fracturas de cadera, de forma consecutiva. Mientras que en los años 2011, 2012 y 2013 (Enero-Mayo), cuando todavía no existía la Unidad de Traumatología Geriátrica (UTG) ingresaron 501. Los datos recogidos prospectivamente en el segundo periodo, tras la implementación de la UTG, han sido comparados con los datos de los pacientes que ingresaron en el primer periodo. Resultados La demora media para ser intervenido quirúrgicamente previamente a la implementación de la UTG fue de 2,27 días (DE=2,35), mientras que posteriormente fue de 1,84 (DE=1,73). (p=0,0004). La estancia media previamente a la implementación de la UTG fue de 11,39 días (DE=9,05), mientras que posteriormente fue de 10,08 (DE=5,43). (p=0,0024). La mortalidad en los primeros 30 días tras la fractura de cadera, previamente a la implementación de la UTG fue del 7,7%, mientras que posteriormente fue del 4,8%. (p = 0,027). Conclusión La implementación de una unidad de ortogeriatría, para el tratamiento de los pacientes con fractura de fémur proximal, que incluye un conjunto de medidas entre las que destacan la introducción de circuitos rápidos de tratamiento, tratamiento multidisciplinar integrado y protocolos de rehabilitación temprana postoperatoria, ha permitido disminuir de 2,27 a 1,84 días el tiempo de demora medio para ser intervenido quirúrgicamente tras el ingreso. El tiempo de estancia hospitalaria se ha reducido en un tiempo medio de un día. La mortalidad de los pacientes a los 30 días se ha reducido en un 2,9%. Los reingresos por complicaciones médicas o quirúrgicas no se han incrementado. ; Introduction In 1990, there were 1.6 million hip fractures worldwide. This number is expected to reach 6 million by 2050. In the European Union, osteoporosis causes approximately 600.000 hip fractures per year. The annual estimated economic burden for healthcare systems is 13.000 million Euros. The incidence of hip fractures in Spain is 517 cases per 100.000 inhabitants and year. The average age is 82 years and 78% are women. The goal of hip fracture treatment is to return the patient to preoperative levels of function, facilitating return to pre-fracture residence and supporting long-term wellbeing. Mortality rates in hip fracture patients rise from 8.4 to 36% in the first year after surgery. One year after the fracture, 50% have difficulties in walking, 38-39% are not able to transfer from a bed to a chair and 17-19% require aids for bathing and grooming. Up to 90% of patients have several comorbidities. Commonly, these include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes. Elderly patients with several comorbidities could benefit from shared care approaches provided by orthopedic surgeons and geriatricians. This cooperation has triggered the current trend of implementing orthogeriatric units that integrate multidisciplinary teams. In this model, several disciplines, besides surgeons and geriatricians, are involved in the care of the patients including anesthesiologists, physical therapists, nurses, and nutritionists. Objectives The main objective of this study is to determine the delay for surgical intervention of patients with proximal femur fracture after the implementation of an orthogeriatric unit. Secondary objectives are to determine the length of hospital stay, in-hospital and 30-day mortality, and readmissions resulting from medical and trauma complications. Material and methods During 2013 (June-December), 2014, and 2015, 534 consecutive hip fractures were treated in our hospital. While in 2011, 2012, and 2013 (January-May), before the orthogeriatric unit (OGU) was created, 501 hip fractures were treated. Data collected prospectively in the second period, after the implementation of the OGU, have been compared with the first period data. Results The mean delay to undergo surgery before the implementation of the OGU was 2.27 days (SD = 2.35), compared to 1.84 (SD = 1.73). (p = 0.0004) for the second period. The average in-hospital stay before the implementation of the OGU was 11.39 days (SD = 9.05), compared to 10.08 (SD = 5.43). (p = 0.0024) after the orthogeriatric model of care was established. 30-day mortality rate after hip fracture, before OGU implementation, was 7.7%, and 4.8% afterward. (p = 0.027). Conclusion The implementation of an orthogeriatric unit for the treatment of patients with a hip fracture which requires a series of measures including the introduction of fast treatment circuits, integrated multidisciplinary treatment, and early postoperative rehabilitation protocols, has allowed a decrease from 2.27 to 1.84 days in the average time to surgery after admission. The length of hospital stay was reduced by an average time of one day. 30-day mortality was reduced by 2.9%. Readmissions for medical or surgical complications did not increase.
ABSTRACTObjective of this study is to determine the impact of intellectual capital disclosure on cost of equity capital in financial reporting of banking sector companies registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study used intellectual capital disclosure as independent variable, cost of equity capital as dependent variable, and firm size as moderation variable. This method used is quantitative approach. Data of research is secondary data, using annual report of companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange gained through www.idx.co.id. Samples research were selected by using purposive sampling method. The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The result of this study indicate that intellectual capital disclosure has negative significant effect on cost of equity capital, human capital disclosure has negative significant effect on cost of equity capital, structural capital disclosure has no significant effect on cost of equity capital, relational capital has positive significant effect on cost of equity capital, and firm size as a moderating variable has no individual effect but it can be as predictor variable on the relationship of intellectual capital disclosure to the cost of equity capital.Keywords: intellectual capital disclosure, cost of equity capital, size firm REFERENCES(n.d.). Retrieved from Bursa Efek Indonesia (IDX): www.idx.co.idAbeysekera, I. (2011). The relation of intellectual capital disclosure strategies and market value in two political settings. Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 12 No. 2 pp. 319-338.Aisyah, C. N., & Sudarno, S. (2014). 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La coexistència d'un ferm rebuig de la corrupció tant a les enquestes com al debat públic, amb la freqüent reelecció de polítics corruptes representa una paradoxa en les ciències socials. Segons algunes teories democràtiques, les eleccions haurien de servir per fer que els polítics retessin comptes; però, estudis empírics realitzats en diversos països indiquen que el càstig electoral als polítics corruptes és limitat. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és avaluar les actituds dels ciutadans envers la corrupció i la seva importància relativa en el vot, per tal de proporcionar una millor comprensió de la rendició de comptes de la corrupció. Una explicació recurrent de per què els votants no sancionen la corrupció de manera més severament és que no estan prou informats sobre les irregularitats que cometen els polítics (votants ignorants) o que en realitat no estan tan preocupats per la mala conducta d'aquests (votants indiferents). Aquesta tesi aporta evidències empíriques que els votants es preocupen per la corrupció i que, idealment, no volen votar el polític corrupte, però, castigar els polítics no és tan simple com sembla. Al emetre un vot els ciutadans consideren molts altres aspectes importants a més de la integritat dels polítics. Votar és una decisió multidimensional i els electors poden sacrificar la integritat d'un polític a canvi d'altres característiques que valoren. L'aclaparadora desaprovació de la corrupció a les enquestes ha estat interpretada com un biaix de desitjabilitat social. Segons aquesta posició, el rebuig a la corrupció que els ciutadans expressen a les enquestes està motivat per la seva voluntat d'expressar actituds socialment acceptades. El capítol 2 d'aquesta tesi mostra que les intencions de votar a un candidat corrupte del partit preferit no augmenten quan els enquestats poden amagar les seves respostes individuals a l'investigador, per contra augmenten quan la pregunta respecta la complexitat de la presa de decisions en les eleccions. Per tant, el principal problema de les preguntes d'enquesta estàndards sobre actituds envers la corrupció, no és el biaix de desitjabilitat social, sinó la seva incapacitat per replicar la multidimensionalitat de les eleccions reals. Respectant la complexitat de la presa de decisions en eleccions, el Capítol 3 utilitza un experiment conjoint per reflectir aquest escenari multidimensional i així mesurar la importància relativa de la corrupció en el vot. Aquest capítol proporciona clares evidències que els votants estan disposats a sacrificar la integritat d'un polític a canvi d'altres característiques valorades. Els resultats mostren que la identitat partidista determina el vot en la mateixa mesura que la corrupció. Així mateix compartir la identitat partidista amb el polític i la bona gestió de l'economia d'aquest, moderen l'efecte negatiu que la corrupció té en les seves intencions de vot. A part d'estudiar a canvi de quines característiques dels polítics els votants sacrifiquen la integritat, aquesta tesi també (i) identifica els mecanismes causals que porten als votants a (no) votar un polític corrupte (ii) explora quines característiques individuals dels votants augmenten la probabilitat que sacrifiquin la integritat i (iii) examina quines característiques dels candidats alternatius causen un major càstig al polític corrupte. El capítol 4 mostra que la disminució de la confiança cap al polític corrupte explica perquè els votants decideixen no votar-lo. El Capítol 5 identifica heterogeneïtats modestes però potencialment rellevants en les respostes dels ciutadans a la corrupció, mentre que el Capítol 6 mostra que els votants castiguen el polític corrupte i voten a l'opció alternativa quan aquest és un candidat atractiu. ; La coexistencia de un firme rechazo de la corrupción, tanto en las encuestas como en el debate público, con la frecuente reelección de políticos corruptos representa una paradoja en las ciencias sociales. Según teorías democráticas estándar, las elecciones deberían servir para hacer que los políticos rindan cuentas; sin embargo, estudios empíricos realizados en varios países indican que el castigo electoral a los políticos corruptos es limitado. El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar las actitudes de los ciudadanos hacia la corrupción y su importancia relativa en el voto, a fin de proporcionar una mejor comprensión de la rendición de cuentas de la corrupción. Una explicación recurrente de por qué los votantes no sancionan la corrupción de manera más severa es que no están suficientemente informados sobre las irregularidades que cometen los políticos (votantes ignorantes) o que en realidad no están tan preocupados por la mala conducta de éstos (votantes indiferentes). Esta tesis aporta evidencias convincentes de que los votantes se preocupan por la corrupción y que, idealmente, no quieren votar al político corrupto, sin embargo, castigar a los políticos no es tan simple como parece. Al emitir un voto los ciudadanos consideran muchos otros aspectos importantes además de la integridad de los políticos. Votar es una decisión multidimensional y los electores pueden sacrificar la integridad de un político a cambio de otras características que valoran. La abrumadora condena de la corrupción en las encuestas ha sido interpretada como un sesgo de deseabilidad social. Según esta posición, el rechazo a la corrupción que los ciudadanos expresan en las encuestas está motivado por su voluntad de expresar actitudes socialmente aceptadas. El capítulo 2 de esta tesis muestra que las intenciones de votar a un político corrupto del partido preferido no aumentan cuando los encuestados pueden ocultar sus respuestas individuales al investigador, sin embargo, aumentan cuando la pregunta respeta la complejidad de la toma de decisiones en las elecciones. Por lo tanto, el principal problema de las preguntas de encuesta estándares sobre actitudes hacia la corrupción, no es el sesgo de deseabilidad social, sino su incapacidad para replicar la multidimensionalidad de las elecciones reales. Respetando la complejidad de la toma de decisiones en elecciones, el Capítulo 3 utiliza un experimento conjoint para reflejar este escenario multidimensional y así medir la importancia relativa de la corrupción en el voto. Este capítulo proporciona claras evidencias de que los votantes están dispuestos a sacrificar la integridad de un político a cambio de otras características valiosas. Los resultados muestran que la identidad partidista determina el voto en la misma medida que la corrupción. Asimismo, compartir la identidad partidista con el político y la buena gestión de la economía de éste, moderan el efecto negativo que la corrupción tiene en sus intenciones de voto. Además de estudiar a cambio de qué características de los políticos los votantes sacrifican la integridad, esta tesis también (i) identifica los mecanismos causales que llevan a los votantes a (no) votar a un político corrupto (ii) explora qué características individuales de los votantes aumentan la probabilidad de que sacrifiquen la integridad y (iii) examina qué características de los candidatos alternativos causan un mayor castigo del político corrupto. El Capítulo 4 muestra que la disminución de la confianza hacia el político corrupto explica por qué los votantes deciden no votarlo. El Capítulo 5 identifica heterogeneidades modestas pero potencialmente relevantes en las respuestas de los ciudadanos a la corrupción. Finalmente el Capítulo 6 muestra que los votantes castigan al político corrupto y votan a la opción alternativa cuando este es un candidato atractivo. ; Although vehement condemnation of corruption is widespread, the reelection of corrupt governments or politicians is all too frequent. This situation still represents a paradox in the social sciences. According to standard democratic theory, elections are expected to serve as an instrument to hold politicians to account; however, studies conducted in multiple countries indicate that voters' punishment of malfeasant politicians is rather limited. The aim of this thesis is to assess citizens' attitudes towards corruption and its relative importance on their voting intentions, in order to provide a better understanding of corruption accountability. A recurring explanation for why voters do not sanction corruption more severely is that they are either insufficiently informed about the wrongdoings (ignorant voters) or that they are actually not that worried about malfeasance (indifferent voters). This dissertation provides compelling evidence that voters do indeed care about corruption and that ideally, they would like to punish the corrupt politician. Nevertheless, holding politicians to account is not as simple as it may seem. Besides integrity, voters consider many other important aspects when casting a ballot. Voting is a multidimensional decision and electors may trade integrity against other characteristics that they value. In line with the indifferent voter argument, an interpretation of the overwhelming disapproval of corruption in surveys is that these answers are plagued with social desirability bias. According to this position, the rejection of corruption that citizens express in surveys is driven by their will to express socially accepted attitudes. Chapter 2 of this dissertation shows that respondents' intentions to vote for a corrupt candidate from their preferred party does not increase when the question is formulated in an unobtrusive way. However, a respondent's intention to vote for the corrupt politician does increase when the question is formulated as a tradeoff. Therefore, the main problem of standard survey questions that ask about attitudes towards corruption is not social desirability bias, but their inability to replicate the multidimensionality of real elections. Keeping in mind the complexity of making decision in elections, Chapter 3 uses a conjoint experiment to reflect this multidimensional scenario and to thus measure the relative importance of corruption on voting intention. This chapter provides clear-cut evidence that, voters are indeed willing to trade off corruption for other valued characteristics such as partisan identity or economic performance. The results show that co-partisanship determines voting choice to the same extent as corruption. Moreover, both co-partisanship and, to some extent, economic performance, moderate the negative effect corruption has on the vote. Besides focusing on the tradeoffs that voters face when casting a vote, this dissertation also aims to increase our understanding of the tradeoff argument. This has been carried out by (i) identifying the causal mechanisms that lead voters to (not) vote for a malfeasant politician (ii) exploring what individual characteristics of voters increase the probability of them trading integrity against representation or competence and (iii) examining what characteristics of the alternative candidates cause an increased punishment of the corrupt politician. Chapter 4 shows that a drop in the level of trust felt towards the corrupt politician in question explains why voters may decide not to vote for her. Chapter 5 identifies some modest but potentially relevant heterogeneities in citizens' responses to corruption, while Chapter 6 shows that voters punish the corrupt politician by switching to the alternative option when this is an attractive candidate.
Film, curated exhibition + curated events (Nocturnal Creatures, Refugee Tales, Text Messages, Anti-university game play) On Loop: Civil Rites (2017, 28mins) Thank the following institutions and individuals who have lent campaigning materials from their collections: Holly Antrum, Andrew Cooper, Anton Califano, Aysen Dennis, Anita Gray, Tina Grace, Dan Jones, David Herd, Cee-J Hutchinson, London Action Resource Centre Archive, Alessio Lunghi, Lindis Percy, Noor Afshan Mirza, Anna Pincus, Refugee Tales, AnnRobinson, Juliet Jaques, NinaScott, Emma Sangster, Stanley Schtinter, Shiri Shalmi, Refugee Tales, Berna Vardar, Class War, Cathy Ward and those who wish to remain anonymous --- The collection of banners and posters from Greenham Common are dedicated to Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp co- founder Helen John who died in 2017. Black Women Will Not Be Intimidated, 1980–81; Take a Pill Mrs Brown, 1977 12 Women's Day March, 1975; Posters from See Red Women's Workshop (1974–90). The organisation ran collective poster making workshops in support of the women's liberation movement, countering negative images of women in advertising and the media. Their first commission was for International Women's Day in 1975 and they subsequently supported campaigns raging from healthcare politics to racial equality. Precarity PingPong, 2004; Poster for Precarity Ping Pong, a series of events organised by Greenpepper Magazine, Amsterdam and Mute Magazine, London, which explored issues of labour and precarity. Social Housing Not Social Cleansing, 2015; Poster made by artist Nina Scott for housing campaigning group Focus E15 Posters for The Women's Strike Assembly, a coalition of autonomous feminist groups organising around issues of paid and reproductive labour, trans and sex workers rights, gender violence and access to services. Sex / Work Strike, 2018, Women's Strike, 2018, There's No Liberation Without Trans Liberation, 2018, Women's Strike, 2018 Flyer for Peace News Issue 2443: Gender and Militarism, 2001; Poster for International Women's Day published in Peace News, 2012; Peace News is a community organised newspaper, established in 1936, that promotes peace and justice causes. A 2012 issue included a poster to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the women-led 'Bread and Roses' strike, in which 25,000 textile workers in the town of Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA, protested for fairer wages and better living conditions. Leaflet for JENGbA,2017; JENGbA (Joint Enterprise: Not Guilty by Association) campaigns on behalf of prisoners and their families against convictions brought under controversial joint enterprise laws. Landlord Gangster,c.2015; We Want Secure Homes Now for Everyone, c. 2015; Posters gathered by Andrea Luka Zimmerman during housing protests Advance to Mayfair, 2016; Posters used in protests against the sale and redevelopment of social housing made by Class War, an anarchist newspaper and activist group set up in 1983. We Love our Home, which is why we support the Ayelsbury Occupation, 2015; Ayelsbury Occupation poster by Andrew Cooper, andrewcooper-unseen.org GentrificationWatch, 2015; This Area is Under Community Protection: Stop Evictions, c. 2015; Anti-Gentrification posters from the collection of Aysen Dennis. A feminist and anarchist, Dennis founded a campaign in 2000 to ght against the redevelopment of the South London Aylsebury Estate and the displacement of her community. Carnival Against Capital, 1999; The Carnival Against Capital, held on 18 June 1999, was an international day of protest timed to coincide with the 25th G8summit in Cologne, Germany. NO, 2003; Campaigning materials for Stop the War Coalition. Founded in September 2001 in the weeks following 9/11 and George W. Bush announcement of the 'war on terror', Stop the War Coalition has campaigned to prevent and end the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and elsewhere. Artist, writer and activist David Gentleman designed a range of graphics featuring a red blood spatter. No War for Oil! c. 2004 Gin For Everyone: Plan C London, 2016; Poster designed for anti-capitalist organisation Plan C. The pink cocktail refers to the drinks served during Plan C London's monthly meetings, a gesture of decadence and luxury that counters the perceived frugality of other leftist groups Greenham Women Against Cruise: Take President Reagan to Court in the USA, 1983; Thousands of Women will Reclaim GreenhamCommon,1983; Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp was a peace camp established in 1981 to protest at nuclear weapons being sited at RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire, England Nothing to Lose but our Chains, 2017; Baby grow worn by baby Gabriel. The clothing was printed by the South London group of Sisters Uncut, who campaign on behalf of domestic violence survivors. Gabriel and his mother were housed as a result of Sisters Uncut meetings with the council. This is Privatised Space, 2016; Balloon printed with anti-capitalist message. Balloons were released by artist and activist Richard DeDominici at locations throughout Newcastle upon Tyne as a playful protest action. Found in London. AdSpaceHackPack, 2015; Toolkit for removing and replacing commercial advertising, designed by anti-capitalist collective Special Patrol Group. --- From LARC (London Action Resource Center) archive: This Election Use Your Cross Wisely, 2010 (LARC) Bring on The Cuts, 2010–15 (LARC) Welcome to WhitechApel: An Invitation., Unknown date; Campaigning materials from the Whitechapel Anarchist Group MayDay,2003; MayDay,2000; MayDayActionGuide,2003; Flyers for London May Day protests Reclaim the what??, 1991–2003; Reclaim the streets, 1991–2003; Posters used by Reclaim the Streets, a collective that promotes the community ownership of public spaces, founded in 1991. Please obstruct privatisation, c. 2007 We are more powerful than they can possibly imagine, 2000s Fracking is coming to the UK!!! Together we can stop it, 2017; Flyer for environmental campaigners Frack Off Storm the Banks!, 2009; Anti-capitalist poster for protests that accompanied the 2009 G20 summit held in London Who Killed Altab Ali, Never Forget Altab Ali, Bangladeshi Altab Ali was 24 years old when he was killed by members of the National Front in a racist attack on 4 May 1978. Since then, commemorations have been held annually on this day in addition to a wide range of campaigning activities that honour his memory and promote anti-racist causes. Banner by Dan Jones --- More banners: Gatwick Detainees Welfare Group Quilt, 2014; Quilt made as the result of a community sewing project with the Gatwick Detainees Welfare Group. School children, detained and formerly detained asylum seekers and volunteers contributed patchwork panels featuring images of journey and friendship. The project was organised by Refugee Tales, an organisation promoting the rights of refugees Out of Order, 2018; Banner printed on an upside-down US flag by Lindis Percy, co-founder of the Campaign for the Accountability of American Bases. In 2001 Percy was initially ned after conducting a protest at a U.S. Air Force station in Norfolk, East Anglia. She subsequently brought a landmark case in the UK High Court, which granted legal authority to use and 'deface' the U.S. flag. Thank you Schtinter. Battersea CND,1985; Banner made by Battersea's CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) Group and used at Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, a peace camp established in 1981 to protest at nuclear weapons being sited at RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire, England. Stairs Right Wall SexWorkisWork, 2018; Banner for The Women's Strike Assembly, a coalition of autonomous feminist groups organising around issues of paid and reproductive labour, trans and sex workers rights, gender violence and access to services. Stairs Left Wall JusticeForCleaners,2017; Banner made by United Voices of the World, an independent member- led trade union that organises for precarious workers, mainly in service industries. This banner was used as part of a successful campaign at the London School of Economics where cleaners, many of whom were low paid migrant workers, fought to be employed in-house rather than through a private contractor. Stairs Middle Wall LIARS, 2016; Banner used at the March for Europe on 2nd July 2016, shortly after the Brexit referendum. The slogan 'liars' was printed in response to pledges made during the referendum campaign. --- EVENTS: 9 July 2018 Are Rites Your Responsibility? Gallery visit and game play. A visit to artist and cultural activist Andrea Luka Zimmerman's screening room and installation (including key texts from 1968 and London protest banners from across the decades), part of the London Open 2018 at the Whitechapel Gallery. The central work is Andrea's 2017 film Civil Rites, an exploration of radical Newcastle and the political and social legacy of Martin Luther King's visit in 1967. The film is 28 minutes long. Game play: Part of the exhibition is the 1980s game 'Roots and Bootstraps' developed by feminist and anti-racist activist Pat Garrett (also founding member of the 1980s queer punk band The Frigging Little Bits) exploring class privilege. The game board is hand-drawn, and its rules and moves are designed to prompt discussion about social mobility, opportunity and allegiances. The game is based on first hand experiences and this play hopes to make a current version of it for 2018. Andrea Luka Zimmerman will talk about how the Civil Rites project came together, and one of the activist groups lending a banner may speak about their current campaign. --- 11 July 2018 Refugee Tales - Whitechapel Gallery 3- 3.30pm On the final day of its 2018 walk, the Refugee Tales project, which walks in solidarity with refugees, asylum seekers and detainees, paused at the gallery to recite articles from The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, marking its 70th anniversary. This special happening coincides with Andrea Luka Zimmerman's presentation in the exhibition of Civil Rites (2018). The film takes Martin Luther King's honorary doctorate acceptance speech at the University of Newcastle in 1967 as the point of departure for a timely meditation on contemporary social justice movements. Continuing its call for an end to indefinite detention, Refugee Tales 2018 runs from 7-11 July. --- 21 July 2018 Nocturnal Creatures - Whitechapel Gallery 8-10pm A shared reading that echoes Luka Zimmerman's film Civil Rights, exploring how poverty, racism and war continue to haunt our lives. Readings by Aysen Dennis, Evan Ifekoya, So Mayer, Liberty Anthony Sadler, Daniella Shreir and Andrea Luka Zimmerman.
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution. ; A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note 4. Co-author A.J.M.d.C. recently passed away while this work was in process. This work was performed under the auspices of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. We acknowledge the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium for encouraging CHARGE studies to participate in this effort and for the contributions of CHARGE members to the analyses conducted for this research. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abelló A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT-2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualità); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Santé; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464-14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6‐4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC-25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du 358 Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Västra Götaland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institutes of Health (NIH); or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ; Peer Reviewed
[spa] El transporte aéreo es de vital importancia en la actualidad por lo que respecta a la movilidad de los ciudadanos y va íntimamente ligado al fenómeno turístico, la evolución de las nuevas tecnologías y los nuevos hábitos de consumo. El actual escenario es producto de una evolución extraordinariamente cambiante en un periodo de tiempo relativamente reducido. Se trata de una relación contractual compleja, marcada a menudo por su carácter transfronterizo, en la que están implicados numerosos organismos de alcance mundial. En el ámbito de la Unión Europea, su desarrollo se inicia con un pronunciamiento del TJCE que tiene lugar en el año 1986 y que supone el principio del fin de los parámetros tradicionales, ya que se establece la libertad de las compañías para comercializar títulos de transporte a precio inferior al fijado por los estamentos gubernamentales y sus compañías de bandera. Con la llegada del proceso de liberalización, una de las medidas de acompañamiento está constituida por el ámbito de protección de los consumidores, una de las políticas más potentes de la Unión Europea. Así, se pone en marcha el Reglamento del overbooking, que tiene por principal finalidad minimizar los inconvenientes y molestias que padecen los usuarios del transporte aéreo a través de la compensación económica para los casos previstos reglamentariamente, pero que al mismo tiempo permite a las compañías llevar a cabo verdaderos incumplimientos contractuales, ofreciendo en el mercado un número de plazas superior a aquel del que realmente disponen las aeronaves. A cambio de reducir el precio de los billetes. Esta norma evoluciona con el tiempo, haciendo frente a una primera modificación en el año 2004, cambio mal recibido tanto por parte de los operadores como de los propios consumidores. Esta tesis tiene por principal objetivo analizar esta reforma y plantear hasta qué punto la misma no favorece más a las propias aerolíneas que a los consumidores, presumiendo que las cantidades que recoge el texto frente a las que se barajan en los documentos preparatorios son en buena parte producto de la acción de lobby de las empresas y la presión que ejercen sobre los órganos legislativos europeos. Presión que llega al límite por parte de aquellas al llegar a impugnar ante el Tribunal, sin éxito, el cambio que de manera evidente les es favorable. Este pronunciamiento recogido en la sentencia IATA cierra el círculo que veinte años antes iniciara el asunto "Nouvelles Frontières". En la última parte se hace referencia al inicio de un nuevo proceso de reforma, todavía en curso en el momento de dar por concluido el análisis, caracterizado por la extraordinaria influencia de las resoluciones de la instancia judicial europea (encabezada sin duda por la decisión Sturgeon que obliga a compensar también los retrasos, supuesto inicialmente excluido de la norma) producto a su vez de la labor constante de los juzgadores nacionales de los diferentes Estado Miembros cuando plantean las cuestiones perjudiciales que han de ayudar a delimitar la interpretación de la norma. En este sentido, temas tan importantes en el día a día de los consumidores europeos cuando se desplazan utilizando el transporte aéreo están sometidos a debate: el billete de avión como elemento integrante del viaje combinado, el importe de las compensaciones y su idoneidad para conjugar los intereses de los viajeros con la viabilidad económica de las compañías y la delimitación del concepto de circunstancias extraordinarias junto con el listado de las mismas que establece el anexo son un claro ejemplo. El camino está aún en construcción. ; [eng] Air transport is of vital importance today with regard to the mobility of citizens and is intimately linked to the tourist phenomenon, the evolution of new technologies and new consumer habits. The current scenario is an extraordinarily changing evolution product in a relatively short time period. It is a contractual relationship complex, often marked by their cross-border nature, in which they are involved many agencies worldwide. In the field of the European Union, its development begins with a ruling of the ECJ which takes place in the year 1986 which is the beginning of the end of the traditional parameters, as is established the freedom of companies to market fare at price lower than that laid down by government bodies and their flag companies. With the advent of liberalization, one of the accompanying measures is made up of the scope of protection of consumers, one of the most powerful policies of the European Union. So, it starts the regulation of overbooking, that main aims to minimize the inconvenience and discomfort, suffering from the users of air transport through economic compensation for the cases provided by law, but at the same time allows companies to carry out real breach of contract, offering seats more than those which actually have aircraft on the market. In exchange for lowering the price of the tickets. This standard evolves over time, facing a first amendment in 2004, shift badly received by both operators and consumers themselves. This thesis's main objective is to analyze this reform and consider to what extent it does not favour more airlines own that consumers, presuming that quantities that collects the text against which are shuffled in the preparatory documents are largely product of the action of companies lobby and pressure exerted on the European legislative organs. Pressure reaching the limit by those arriving to challenge before the Court, without success, change that clearly is favourable to them. This pronouncement in the IATA statement closes the circle that twenty years earlier began the "Nouvelles Frontières" topic. The latter part refers to the beginning of a new process of reform, still in progress at the time of terminating analysis, characterized by the extraordinary influence of the decisions of the European Court (no doubt led Sturgeon decision that obligates to compensate the delays, so-called initially excluded from the standard) product at the same time of the constant work of national judges of different Member State when they raise the detrimental issues that help to define the interpretation of the standard. In this regard, issues important in the European consumer day when they move using air transport are subject to debate: the ticket as part of the package, the amount of compensation and their suitability for combining the interests of travellers with the affordability of the companies and the delimitation of the concept of extraordinary circumstances together with the listing thereof referred to in the annex are a clear example. The road is still under construction. ; [cat] El transport aeri és d'una importància cabdal en l'actualitat pel que fa a la mobilitat dels ciutadans i va íntimament lligat al fenomen turístic, la evolució de les noves tecnologies i els nous hàbits de consum. L'actual escenari és producte d'una evolució extraordinàriament canviant en un període de temps relativament curt. Es tracta d'una relació contractual complexa, sovint pel seu habitual caràcter trans fronterer, en la que estan implicats nombrosos organismes d'abast mundial. En l'àmbit de la Unió Europea, el seu desenvolupament s'inicia amb un pronunciament del TJCE que té lloc a l'any 1986 i que suposa el principi de la fi dels paràmetres tradicionals, ja que s'estableix la llibertat de les companyies per oferir títols de transport a preu inferior al fixat per els estaments governamentals i les seves companyies de bandera. Amb l'arribada del procés de liberalització, una de les mesures d'acompanyament és constituït per l'àmbit de protecció dels consumidors, una de les polítiques més potents de la Unió Europea. Així, es posa en marxa el Reglament de l'overbooking, que té per principal finalitat minimitzar els inconvenients i molèsties que pateixen els usuaris del transport aeri a travès de la compensació econòmica pels casos taxats reglamentàriament, però que a les hores permet a les companyies portar a terme la programació de veritables incompliments contractuals, oferint en el mercat un nombre de places superior a aquell del que realment disposen les aeronaus. A canvi de portar a terme un abaratiment dels preus dels bitllets. Aquesta norma evoluciona amb el temps, enfrontant una primera modificació l'any 2004, canvi tan mal rebut per part dels propis operadors com per part dels consumidors. Aquesta tesi persegueix analitzar aquesta reforma i plantejar fins a quin punt aquesta no afavoreix més a les pròpies aerolínies que no pas als consumidors, presumint que les compensacions que finalment recull el text front a les que es barallen en els documents preparatoris són en bona mesura producte de la tasca de lobby de les empreses i la pressió que exerceixen sobre els òrgans legislatius europeus. Pressió que arriba a l'extrem per part d'aquelles d'impugnar davant el Tribunal, sense èxit, el canvi que de una manera prou evident els hi és favorable. Aquest pronunciament recollit a la sentència IATA tanca el cercle que vint anys enrere engegà l'assumpte "Nouvelles Frontières". En la darrera part, es fa referència al inici de nou d'un procés de reforma, encara viu en el moment de donar per tancat l'anàlisi, caracteritzat per l'extraordinària influència de les resolucions de la instància judicial europea, (encapçalada sens dubte per la decisió Sturgeon que obliga a compensar també els retards, supòsit inicialment exclòs a la norma), producte a la seva vegada de la tasca constant dels jutjadors nacionals dels diferents estats membres quan plantegen les qüestions prejudicials que han d'ajudar a delimitar la interpretació de la norma. En aquest sentit, temes prou importants en el dia a dia dels consumidors europeus quan es desplacen fent servir el transport aeri estan sotmesos a debat: el bitllet d'avió integrant el viatge combinat, el import de les compensacions i la seva idoneïtat per conjuminar els interessos dels viatgers amb la viabilitat econòmica de les companyies i la delimitació del concepte de circumstàncies extraordinàries i el llistat de les mateixes que estableix l'annex en són un clar exemple. El camí està encara en construcció.
I. Objetivos 1) Analizar el cambio del papel social que ha sufrido el periodismo en las últimas décadas. 2) Describir la crisis del sector en sus principales dimensiones (de rentabilidad de las empresas periodísticas, de pérdida de audiencias, de reducción del volumen publicitario y su efectividad, de calidad de la información y de prestigio social) y comprobar su relación con el cambio del papel social del periodismo, para verificar que la crisis del periodismo actual y del negocio de la comunicación tiene su origen en las prácticas empresariales poco éticas, en la visión del periodismo como un negocio, en lugar de un servicio público. 3) Evaluar el papel que han desempeñado las nuevas tecnologías en esta crisis. 4) Prever las tendencias de la nueva realidad comunicativa. 5) Determinar el rol y responsabilidad de los periodistas en el proceso de cambio del periodismo, su pérdida de autonomía y de influencia en las informaciones publicadas. 6) Evaluar la alienación informativa de la audiencia, así como su capacidad de autodeterminación frente a los mensajes informativos y el protagonismo que la reacción de las audiencias (su fraccionamiento o el periodismo 3.0) puede haber tenido en la crisis estructural del negocio informativo. 7) Investigar qué nuevos problemas éticos ha generado el proceso de transformación del periodismo y la crisis informativa. 8) Establecer qué propuestas en el campo de la ética pueden permitir una recuperación de la dimensión político-social de la información para contribuir a la democracia en la nueva realidad comunicativa. II. Metodología Partiendo del estudio de una amplia selección publicaciones, se han incorporado análisis de comunicólogos, testimonios profesionales, estudios de normas jurídicas, referencias históricas sobre periodismo, entrevistas, análisis de datos, reflexiones de periodistas veteranos y empresarios de la comunicación, referencias económicas del sector y propuestas desde numerosos ámbitos. III. Conclusiones 1. La gestión empresarial del periodismo como un gran negocio ha conllevado un cambio sustancial en el papel social que los ciudadanos, los sistemas políticos democráticos y sus leyes fundamentales le asignaron, empequeñeciendo su labor social y agigantando el beneficio privado. 2. La explotación comercial de los medios de comunicación, productos y tecnología de la comunicación de masas generó, a partir de los años ochenta del siglo pasado, una expansión económica en este sector empresarial impulsada por el éxito comercial en la televisión. 3. El productivismo y la rentabilidad económica guían hoy la gestión de los medios de comunicación, dirigiendo la inversión empresarial a las aplicaciones tecnológicas en detrimento de la calidad de los contenidos y de la estabilidad de las plantillas periodísticas, todo ello supeditado ahora a la agenda informativa y a los intereses de las fuentes estables. 4. La salida a la crisis del periodismo supondrá una importante transformación de las formas de explotación, emisión y consumo. El futuro estará más marcado por la tecnología, una rentabilidad más compleja y un comportamiento de las audiencias más activo y menos masivo: separación del producto respecto del soporte; la prensa escrita ahondará en su crisis pero no desaparecerá; puede haber fórmulas de convergencia digital, como la hubo audiovisual; el periodismo social o 3.0 seguirá adelante, aunque no está clara su relación con las formas actuales de periodismo comercial ni con las futuras; surgirán nuevos modelos de negocio que hoy no se vislumbran; habrá buen periodismo, pero posiblemente no estará en los medios y productos actuales; el futuro del periodismo lo decidirá la rentabilidad, aunque al margen o paralelamente pueden tener un gran éxito formas no rentables de periodismo, aunque no sea de grandes audiencias. 5. Los periodistas han perdido en las redacciones gran parte de su autonomía profesional y de su capacidad de influencia en la elaboración y presentación final de las informaciones. Los profesionales se enfrentan a las presiones internas de sus jefes para no dañar los intereses económicos aliados con la empresa informativa, y a las limitaciones que impone el productivismo, la autocensura y unas condiciones laborales pésimas. 6. La audiencia en conjunto sufre un proceso de alienación informativa que contrasta con el aumento de la autodeterminación de los individuos, que se expresa en reacciones como el periodismo 3.0 o periodismo ciudadano. 7. El cambio del papel social del periodismo, el hiperdesarrollo comunicativo, la concepción de la información como negocio, la crisis del sector y las nuevas tecnologías han agravado los problemas éticos clásicos y han surgido otros problemas éticos de segunda generación. 8. La ética periodística y la calidad de los contenidos constituyen dos aspectos esenciales para la construcción de un nuevo sistema informativo que recupere el equilibrio entre la función social y el beneficio empresarial. Palabras clave Ética / periodismo / ética periodística / periodistas / contrapoder / periodismo 3.0 / autorregulación / deontología / cuarto poder / objetividad I. Objectives 1) To analyse the change that journalism has undergone over recent decades in terms of its social role. 2) To describe the main aspects of the crisis suffered by the sector (the profitability of newspaper corporations, the loss of audience, the reduction in the volume of advertising and its effectiveness, the quality of information and social prestige) and to examine its relation with the change in the social role played by journalism in order to demonstrate that the current crisis in journalism and the communication business is a result of business practices which are unethical and a perspective that sees journalism as a business instead of a public service. 3) To evaluate the role played by new technologies in this crisis. 4) To anticipate the future trends of the new reality of communications. 5) To determine the role and responsibility of journalists in the process of change being experienced by journalism and their loss of autonomy and influence in terms of the information published. 6) To evaluate the informational alienation experienced by the audience, as well as their capacity for forming their own views on the information received, and the key role that audience responses (audience attrition or journalism 3.0) may have played in the structural crisis of the information sector. 7) To investigate the new ethical problems that have emerged from the transformation of journalism and the media crisis. 8) To establish which proposals in the field of ethics may enable a recovery of the politico-social dimension of information, thus contributing towards democracy in the new reality of communications. II. Methodology Drawing on a wide selection of publications, this study incorporates analyses carried out by communication theorists, testimonials from professionals, studies of legal standards, historical references to journalism, interviews, data analysis, reflections provided by veteran journalists and communication enterprises, economic references from the sector and proposals from numerous fields. III Conclusions 1. The fact that journalism has been managed in the same way as a large-scale business has resulted in a significant change in the social role assigned to it by citizens, democratic political systems and their fundamental laws, with its social function being played down while the private gain derived from it is increased. 2. From the 1980s onwards, the commercial exploitation of the media, as well as mass media products and technologies, has led to the economic expansion of this business sector driven by the commercial success of television. 3. Today, the media is managed in a way that is driven by productivity and economic profitability, directing business investment into technological applications to the detriment of the quality of contents and the stability of the journalism industry workforce, which are now subordinated to the news agenda and the vested interests of the stable sources. 4. In order to overcome this crisis, journalism will need to undergo a significant transformation in terms of its exploitation, broadcasting/publication and consumption. The future will be increasingly marked by technology, more complex profitability, and with audience behaviour which is less massive and more active. Other factors will include the following: the separation of the product from its support; the written press will fall into a deeper crisis but will not disappear entirely; possible new formulas for digital convergence as there were with audiovisual forms; social journalism or journalism 3.0 will continue to move forward, although its relation with current and future forms of commercial journalism is unclear; new business models will emerge which have not been contemplated up to now; good journalism will be available, but it is possible that this may not take the same form as the means and products currently available; the future of journalism will be decided by profitability, although non-profit-making forms of journalism may be successful in parallel with or on the fringes of traditional forms, even if these new forms do not attract large audiences. 5. Journalists have lost a significant amount of professional autonomy when writing up their reports, as well as their capacity to influence the end result and the presentation of their work. Professionals are faced with the internal pressures applied by their bosses so as not to damage the economic interests allied to the news corporation, and with the limitations imposed by the emphasis on productivity, self-censorship and poor working conditions. 6. The entire audience suffers from informational alienation that contrasts with the increase in the self-determination of individuals which is expressed in responses such as journalism 3.0 or citizen journalism. 7. The changing social role of journalism, the hyper-development of communications, the conception of information as business, the crisis in the sector, as well as new technologies, have aggravated traditional ethical problems and other second-generation ethical problems have emerged. 8. Journalism ethics and the quality of contents constitute two crucial elements in the construction of a different kind of information system capable of restoring the balance between its social function and business profit. Key words Ethics / journalism / journalism ethics / journalists / countervailing / journalism 3.0 / self-regulation / deontology / fourth estate / objectivity