Suchergebnisse

Our theme is meaning, as the between or the fitting togetherwithin the public order, in Hanna Arendt's The Human Condition.(The Spanish term here, cabe, is hard to translate, it has thesense of both between and of the "fit" between or within twothings) This theme is clarified by means of an account of the emergenceof possibilities within language itself, and, in addition, oflanguage's function as the basis for understanding the political (thepublic). These two elements are presented in terms of a dialecticof the flow of action, which perhaps can also be called the humanexperience of the world.We likewise distinguish between this flowof meaning, this Heraclitean river, and the emergence of meaning,as water emerges from a spring. Our hypothesis es that thethought of Arendt has more the second sense than the first. In thiscase, what is the relation between time and meaning? This questionis the backdrop for our "essay in understanding." The lecturedevelops in five sections: in Section I, The Preeminence of Right,examines the connection between the politics of Arendt and thejudgment of Eichmann; Section II, Narrative Identity, examinesthe primacy of the self-justification which a subject constitutes forhimself in a tale and, likewise examines the movement toward …,or the opening of meaning offered by the tale; Section III, ThePublic, examines how intersubjectivity is the common ground forachieving the constitution of ownness, of the sphere of ownness;Section IV, Language, examines the character of language as thebetween, the in the middle of, or fit, in intersubjective relations,as well as in the subjective understanding of the world; finally, inSection V, The Person, we introduce, by way of conclusion, the preeminent the Augustinian thesis concerning the person –his natureas hypostasis of being, as between and in himself, regardinghis relation with others; we also indicate the scope and the limitationsof Arendt's thesis, in terms of an evaluation from the perspectiveof genetic phenomenology, which studies the political asa thing itself. ; El sentido como cabe o entre en el orden de lo público, en laCondición humana de Hannah Arendt, es de suyo esclarecedorde las posibilidades del lenguaje; y, de retorno, el lenguaje comofundamento para la comprensión de lo político (público); en estosdos lados se presenta como una dialéctica del fluir de la acción–que quizá por igual puede llamarse: la experiencia humana delmundo. Interesa, igualmente, ver la distinción entre el fluir –en elmodo del río heraclíteo– del sentido y la emergencia –en el mododel nacimiento del agua en una fuente. Nuestra hipótesis es queen el pensamiento de Arendt tiene más el segundo que el primersentido. ¿Cómo se relacionan en este caso tiempo y sentido? Es,como telón de fondo, la pregunta que atraviesa nuestro "ensayode comprensión"1 . La ponencia se desarrollo en cinco apartados;en el apartado, I La preeminencia del derecho, se mira el enlaceentre la teoría política de la autora y juicio de Eichmann; en elapartado II, La identidad narrativa, se estudia la primacía de lajustificación en mediante la cual el sujeto se construye en el relatoy, así mismo, el ir hacia… o la apertura de sentido que ofrece elmismo; en el apartado III, Lo público, se estudia cómo la intersubjetividades terreno común para llegar a construir lo propio, la esfera de propiedad; en el apartado IV, El lenguaje, se mira sucarácter de entre, en medio de… o cabe tanto en las relacionesintersubjetivas como en la comprensión subjetiva de mundo; finalmente,el apartado V, La persona, y a manera de conclusión sediscute la preeminencia de las tesis agustinianas sobre la persona–su carácter de hipóstasis al ser, al tiempo, entre y suidad– encuanto relación, así mismo se discuten los alcances y limitacionesde la tesis de la autora siempre que se evalúen a la luz de la perspectivafenomenológico-genética para el estudio de la políticacomo cosa misma.

ENGLISH: The study of the Early Middle Age cemeteries in Europe has had a very long path since the beginning of Archaeology as science related to the XIXth nationalism. These cemeteries were used then to establish national identities and to invent traditions, in Hobsbawn´s words, for a new bourgeoisie that, for the first time in History, achieved the control of power and economy. Ethnicity played an important role in establishing these national identities, linking the present peoples to the past Volks and being the center of the interpretation of historical change from a culture-historical and diffusionist approach. Although in Spain nationalism had a different development comparing to other European countries, the so called "Visigothic" burials were important in the establishment of Archaeology and the interpretation of the Early Middle Age under the paradigm of ethnicity and diffusionism. Although this vision has been clarified after World War II in European historiography, is still hegemonic in Spanish academy. In this paper it will be presented an interpretation of the so called "visigothic" burials in order to suggest new ways of analysis of the role of ethnicity in the conformation of this archaeological record. For this purpose, a critic of the traditional culture-historical interpretation is made, stressing its limits and problems and the links between national politics and archaeological development. The alternative interpretation is based in the review of the Early Middle Age cemeteries of the oriental part of the Duero basin, stressing the importance of contextual studies and introducing new archaeological views from the excavation of other Spanish regions, over all the area of Madrid. In conclusion, ethnicity is analyzed as one more factor of framing social relations and identities in a historical moment were important changes in settlement pattern and economy are occurring and the social stratification and hierarchy are in constant dispute and construction. / ESPAÑOL: El estudio de los cementerios altomedievales en Europa ha tenido un largo recorrido desde el comienzo de la Arqueología como ciencia, relacionado con los nacionalismos del siglo XIX. Estos cementerios fueron utilizados entonces para establecer identidades nacionales e "inventar tradiciones", según Hobsbawm, para una nueva burguesía que, por primera vez en la Historia, consiguió el poder político y económico de los diferentes "Estados-nación" La etnicidad jugó, pues, un importante papel en el establecimiento de estas identidades nacionales, relacionando los pueblos actuales con los pasados Völker, siendo el concepto central para la interpretación del cambio histórico desde una perspectiva históricocultural y difusionista. Aunque en España el nacionalismo tuvo un desarrollo diferente en comparación con otros países europeos, las mal llamadas "necrópolis visigodas" fueron importantes para el nacimiento de la Arqueología y la interpretación de la Alta Edad Media bajo el paradigma del entnicismo y el difusionismo. Aunque está visión sufrió algunos cambios tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, todavía es hegemónica en la academia. El presente trabajo presentará una interpretación de las "necrópolis visigodas" con el objetivo de sugerir nuevas formas de análisis del rol que la etnicidad tuvo en la conformación de este registro arqueológico. Con este propósito se hará una crítica a las concepciones histórico-culturales, resaltando sus límites y problemas y las relaciones entre la política nacional y el desarrollo arqueológico. La interpretación alternativa que se presenta está basada en una revisión de los cementerios altomedievales de la parte oriental de la cuenca del Duero, enfatizando la importancia de los estudios contextuales y la introducción de nuevas visiones arqueológicas desde otras regiones, como Madrid. En conclusión, la etnicidad es analizada como un factor más de las relaciones sociales e identidades dentro de un momento histórico de importantes cambios en el patrón de poblamiento y la economía y en el marco de una débil estratificación social en las comunidades locales en continua disputa y construcción.

Languages may constitute barriers not only at the merely linguistic level of the act of communication but more profoundly in the cultural and social realms. Lawyers and the legal professions in general are well known for their peculiar and distinct form of expression, redolent with archaisms, technical jargon, Latin phrases and euphemisms. Simple acts of communication are, thus, complicated into a concatenation of words and expressions which sound like Double Dutch to the ears of an unsophisticated minor, unversed in such conventions. If the minor is also a foreigner who has been detained on some account, the complicated gobbledygook of legal technicalities may lead to his/ er being imprisoned, hence the need for a ` linguistic Saviour' who will steer them through the legal maze. In this paper, we will justify, first, the need for clarity and simplicity in legal procedures involving foreign minors. Second, we will give an overview of the situation in the Canary Islands with the foreign minors who end up in the islands. Last, we look at the need to create a ` minor's interpreter', to both defend and prosecute the minor in such case as s/ he has perpetrated or been the victim of a crime. This new figure, which we have called ` the minor's interpreter', a figure at present represented by the guardian or legal tutor of the minor, is designed to protect the minor's interests and, as such, is dependent upon the General Secretariat for Protection of Minors and the Family. This new figure of interpreter mustadapt to the cognitive requirements of the minor whilst defending linguistic concision and clarity, linguistic democracy, in other words, as a fundamental right of Private International Law, centring on minors' rights ( puerocentric) in such event as they should find themselves immersed in a legal process in a foreign country. ; El idioma puede caracterizarse como una barrera, no sólo lingüística, sino también social y cultural, en lo que al acto de comunicación se refiere. Si a eso añadimos la peculiar forma de expresarse que tienen los juristas y demás profesionales del Derecho, en la que prevalecen arcaísmos, eufemismos, tecnicismos, latinismos, etc., cuyo uso responde más bien a toda una cultura del lenguaje jurídico que a una imperiosa necesidad de comunicación justificable, este sencillo acto de comunicación se convierte en una sucesión de palabras y expresiones que a los oídos de un menor parecería un trabalenguas. Si, además, ese menor es extranjero y ha delinquido, el trabalenguas puede convertirse para él en la negación de su libertad, y allí donde se rompa la barrera del idioma y encuentre a su "salvador lingüístico" es donde encontrará paz y sosiego mientras dure su proceso judicial. En esta comunicación justificaremos, en primer lugar, el uso de la claridad, la sencillez y la gramaticalidad en el lenguaje del Derecho con los menores extranjeros. En segundo lugar, expondremos la situación actual en Canarias con respecto a los menores extranjeros desde que llegan a tierras canarias. Por último, plantearemos una nueva figura del intérprete judicial, tanto para los casos en los que un menor extranjero haya sido víctima, como para los casos en los que haya delinquido y esté inmerso en un proceso judicial. Llamaremos a esta nueva figura "intérprete legal del menor" (figura que en la actualidad la encontramos en el guardador o tutor legal del menor), cuya misión será velar por la protección de éste, para lo cual debe estar habilitado por la Dirección General de Protección del Menor y la Familia. En su tarea profesional, esta nueva figura del intérprete judicial se adaptará al grado de madurez y a la capacidad cognitiva e intelectual del menor, y, además, defenderá la claridad y la democracia lingüística como norma fundamental del Derecho Internacional Privado "Puerocéntrico" de los menores extranjeros que son atendidos, o en el peor de los casos, procesados, en un país que no es el suyo. ; 177 ; 163 ; 14

Official Development Aid as an idea is an implement of assistance, a kind of redistribution of the global income on the governmental level. Nevertheless, it is also a source of influence and as a result peculiarly understood imperialism. The opposition between political vision and reality is the factor which backs up this thesis. Political plans and prospects of the EU aid policy, such as "The European Consensus of Development" or "The EU and Africa: Towards a Strategic Partnership", are concerned about supporting good governance and providing fair conditions of international trade. On the other hand, introducing this policy often, more or less, increases dependency of poor economies on the rich. It is also not eradicated from the European Union policy, for example in the case of the European Development Bank. However, EU development aid, coming to 49 billions euro, could be named munificent when compared to the United States. U.S. Official Development Aid amounts to only 0,19% of GDP, when the obligations confirmed by the government in a few declarations, among which is the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations, are about 0,7% of GDP. Secondly it is commonly shaped as an interrelated aid, which augment dependency of the recipient country. International institutions established in Bretton Woods, like International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group, have also a huge impact on the way of development of poor countries. There are a lot of groups of interest whose opinions are clear – above-mentioned institutions are the U.S. instruments of imperialism. It is caused by American predominance in these institutions and the line of policy which it supports. In the XXI century imperial aspirations are also present in recently developing countries – like China or Brazil. Changing roles in the system of international relations are now coming, creating a diffusion between clubs of rich North and poor, developing South. Leaders of development from developing countries are trying to build a strong position in relations with recipients of ODA. It is easier for them than for the West, mostly because of the lack of bad, colonial past relations. Their imperialism is not linked with history whatsoever, making their role of foreign relations easier to build up. Despite these cases of using development assistance in order to build up an imperium, there are a lot of non-governmental institutions whose perception of aid is beyond politics and burdens of imperialism. Best example of that is Grameen Bank – an institution founded by M. yunus, a Noble Prize winner. Its way of helping people is mainly intended to being unprofitable. There are a lot of ideas about how to describe development aid – more like a charity or kind of imperialism. Some aspects of business are desirable in ODA, partly because of increasing efficiency. It is economically proved that the return of capital in any way of benefit will strengthen willingness to providing aid. On the other hand, people are naturally liable to help and perform activities which do not give them any interest or gain. What is most interesting – nowadays developing countries are strengthening and they are evaluating theirs powers as equal partners of the rich, developed world. It comprises change in the system of international relations. Moreover United Nations should find a way of enforcing obligations of donors – like 0,7 percent of GDP for ODA to 2015. If the line of politics is steady, similar to current line, this goal will not be reached, so ODA will be more seen as a way of imperialism than help. In general, there are a lot of aspects of development which indicate that ODA is an implement of imperialism. On the other hand – some kind of interest improves the willingness of donors to provide aid. Besides that question – imperial or not – development aid is still increasing the number of people whose conditions of living are better because of ODA.

V magistrski nalogi smo raziskali uvajanje managementa kakovosti v visokem šolstvu, analizirali smo pristope ter modele zunanjih evalvacij v državah Evropske unije in drugih razvitih državah sveta ter podali splošne podatke o evalvacijah v visokem šolstvu. Raziskali smo procese evalvacij v visokem šolstvu in stanje v Sloveniji. S primerjavo z državami članicami Evropske unije in širše, kjer izvajajo zunanje evalvacije neodvisne institucije (agencije), smo potrdili tezo, da v Sloveniji sistem kakovosti v visokem šolstvu še ni primerljiv z evropskimi modeli. Analizirali smo postopke managementa kakovosti v slovenskem visokošolskem prostoru, kjer že dobro desetletje univerze in njihove članice redno opravljajo samoevalvacije, od leta 2006 pa nacionalni evalvacijski organ izvaja tudi zunanje institucionalne evalvacije. Prikazan je izvirni model notranjih institucionalnih evalvacij na Univerzi v Mariboru. Model je potrjen z raziskavo, ki temelji na praktičnih primerih, ki so podkrepljeni z ustrezno teorijo in izkušnjami iz primerov dobre prakse. Opisani so posamezni segmenti (pričetek evalvacijskega postopka, zahtevana dokumentacija visokoškolskega zavoda, obisk evalvacijske komisije, poročilo o notranji evalvaciji …) kot prispevek k izboljšanju in razvoju managementa kakovosti na Univerzi v Mariboru. Prikazana so spoznanja in rezultati na praktičnem primeru pilotnega projekta notranje institucionalne evalvacije. Podana je utemeljetev vpeljave notranjih institucionalnih evalvacij na Univerzi v Mariboru, ki se bo izjemno pozitivno izkazala ob neodvisni zunanji institucionalni evalvaciji posameznega visokošolskega zavoda. V okviru raziskave smo opravili še anketo med ciljno skupino zaposlenih na Univerzi v Mariboru, ki so doslej že sodelovali pri zunanjih evalvacijah. Rezultati bodo pripomogli k izboljšanju nadaljnjega načrtovanja in izvajanja dejavnosti v okviru notranjih institucionalnih evalvacij na Univerzi v Mariboru. V raziskavi smo potrdili zastavljeno delovno predpostavko, da se bodo s pomočjo modela notranjih institucionalnih evalvacij izboljšali procesi managementa kakovosti članic Univerze v Mariboru. Zato izsledki magistrske naloge predstavljajo pomemben prispevek k izboljševanju stanja kakovosti na članicah Univerze v Mariboru, še posebej na posameznih področjih managementa kakovosti ter celovitega sistema managementa kakovosti. ; This master's thesis examines the introduction of quality management in higher education, analyses different external evaluation models of EU Member States and other developed countries and provides general data on evaluations in higher education. In this paper, evaluation processes in higher education and the situation in Slovenia are examined. By comparing Slovenia with other EU Member States, as well as a few other countries, where external evaluations are conducted by independent institutions (agencies), the conclusion is drawn that quality assurance in Slovene higher education is still lagging behind other European models. We analyzed quality management in Slovenia, where for over a decade universities and their members have been performing regular self-evaluations. In addition, a national evaluation body is conducting external institutional evaluations since 2006. An original model of internal institutional evaluation at the University of Maribor is introduced. It is backed up by research based on practical examples as well as relevant theory and examples of good practice. Particular elements (initiation of the evaluation process, required documentation, visit of the evaluation committee, internal evaluation report, etc.) are described in order to contribute to the improvement and development of quality management at the University of Maribor. Findings and results of a practical pilot project are presented. In addition, reasons for introducing internal institutional evaluations at the university are given, one of them being that such evaluations will prove extremely useful when conducting independent external institutional evaluations of university members. A survey was conducted among the target group consisting of university staff that has already participated in external evaluations. Survey results will contribute to the improved planning and implementation of activities in the context of internal institutional evaluations at the University of Maribor. Our assumption that quality management will improve with the help of the introduced internal evaluation model was correct. For this reason, the findings of this thesis represent a valuable contribution to quality assurance at the University of Maribor and its members, especially in certain areas of quality management and in terms of a comprehensive system of quality management.

There is a growing need to develop the processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals due to the economical, political, and environmental concerns associated with the fossil fuels. One of the most promising methods for a small scale conversion of biomass into liquid fuels is fast pyrolysis. The liquid product obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is called pyrolysis oil or bio-oil. It is a complex mixture of more than 300 compounds resulting from the depolymerization of biomass building blocks, cellulose; hemi-cellulose; and lignin. Bio-oils have low heating value, high moisture content, are acidic, contain solid char particles, are incompatible with existing petroleum based fuels, are thermally unstable, and degrade with time. They cannot be used directly in a diesel or a gasoline internal combustion engine. One of the challenges with the bio-oil is that it is unstable and can phase separate when stored for long. Its viscosity and molecular weight increases with time. It is important to identify the factors responsible for the bio-oil instability and to stabilize the bio-oil. The stability analysis of the bio-oil showed that the high molecular weight lignin oligomers in the bio-oil are mainly responsible for the instability of bio-oil. The viscosity increase in the bio-oil was due to two reasons: increase in the average molecular weight and increase in the concentration of high molecular weight oligomers. Char can be removed from the bio-oil by microfiltration using ceramic membranes with pore sizes less than 1 µm. Removal of char does not affect the bio-oil stability but is desired as char can cause difficulty in further processing of the bio-oil. Nanofiltration and low temperature hydrogenation were found to be the promising techniques to stabilize the bio-oil. Bio-oil must be catalytically converted into fuels and chemicals if it is to be used as a feedstock to make renewable fuels and chemicals. The water soluble fraction of bio-oil (WSBO) was found to contain C2 to C6 oxygenated hydrocarbons with various functionalities. In this study we showed that both hydrogen and alkanes can be produced with high yields from WSBO using aqueous phase processing. Hydrogen was produced by aqueous phase reforming over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Alkanes were produced by hydrodeoxygenation over Pt/SiO2-Al2O3. Both of these processes were preceded by a low temperature hydrogenation step over Ru/C catalyst. This step was critical to achieve high yields of hydrogen and alkanes. WSBO was also converted to gasoline-range alcohols and C2 to C6 diols with up to 46% carbon yield by a two-stage hydrogenation process over Ru/C catalyst (125 °C) followed by over Pt/C (250 °C) catalyst. Temperature and pressure can be used to tune the product selectivity. The hydroprocessing of bio-oil was followed by zeolite upgrading to produce C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons and C2 to C4 olefins. Up to 70% carbon yield to aromatics and olefins was achieved from the hydrogenated aqueous fraction of bio-oil. The hydroprocessing steps prior to the zeolite upgrading increases the thermal stability of bio-oil as well as the intrinsic hydrogen content. Increasing the thermal stability of bio-oil results in reduced coke yields in zeolite upgrading, whereas, increasing the intrinsic hydrogen content results in more oxygen being removed from bio-oil as H2O than CO and CO2. This results in higher carbon yields to aromatic hydrocarbon and olefins. Integrating hydroprocessing with zeolite upgrading produces a narrow product spectrum and reduces the hydrogen requirement of the process as compared to processes solely based on hydrotreating. Increasing the yield of petrochemical products from biomass therefore requires hydrogen, thus cost of hydrogen dictates the maximum economic potential of the process.

Montecristo is an Argentinian screenplay showed by telefe in 2006. It is the screen version of Alexandre Dumas' novel. At first, this research is based on the issue of the renewal of the form. The drama includes the reality into the fictional story in a paroxysmal way. This, indeed, apart from being the adaptation of a story, sets Edmond Dantes' adventures in a post-dictatorial Argentina in which background we can find tortures, the civilians' collaboration, the desaparecidos and the search for an identity. In 1976, in fact, the country was subdued to one of the fiercest dictatorships all over Latin America (1976-1983). In this work, we will furthermore analyze the social and cultural evolution from the decade of the 70s up to 2006 in order to determine in which context the new anti dictatorial ideas began to rise. The pivotal point of this work is represented by the issues of identity and memory. In effect, throughout this investigation on Montecristo, we wonder if the public identifies itself with Santiago to such an extent as to live, through his adventures, the search of its own identity. In this sense, we'll go deep inside the concept of cultural subject, defined in a complex, heterogeneous, controversial context, in which the semiotic ideological characters are allocated ; Montecristo es una telenovela argentina que fue emitida en 2006 en telefe. Se trata de la adaptación de la obra de Alexandre Dumas. En un primer tiempo, esta búsqueda se basa sobre la cuestión de la renovación de la forma. La novela lleva la incorporación de lo real en la ficción hasta su paroxismo. En efecto, además de ser una adaptación de un relato, transpone las aventuras de Edmond Dantes en los anos post-dictatoriales de Argentina con tela de fondo la tortura, la colaboración de los civiles, los desaparecidos y la búsqueda de la identidad. En efecto, el país conoció en 1976 unas de las dictaduras más feroces de América-Latina (1976-1983). Analizamos además, en este trabajo, la evolución socio-cultural desde la década de los 70 hasta 2006 para determinar en qué contexto pudo aparecer un nuevo discurso contra hegemónico. El eje más importante de este trabajo es la cuestión de la identidad y de la memoria. En efecto, a lo largo de estas investigaciones sobre Montecristo, nos preguntamos si, a través de las aventuras de Santiago, el público no vivía, como por poderes, una busca de su propia identidad. En este sentido, profundizamos el concepto de sujeto cultural definido en un espacio complejo, heterogéneo, conflictivo, en donde están distribuidos los marcos semiotico-ideológicos ; Montecristo est une telenovela argentine, émise en 2006 sur Telefé. Il s'agit de l'adaptation de l'oeuvre d'Alexandre Dumas. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse est basée sur la question d'un renouvellement de la forme. La telenovela pousse l'incorporation du réel dans la fiction jusqu'a son paroxysme. En effet, en plus d'être l'adaptation d'un roman, elle transpose les aventures de Edmond Dantes aux années post-dictatoriales de l'Argentine avec pour toile de fond la torture, la collaboration des civils, les disparus et la recherche de l'identité. En effet, le pays connu en 1976 une des plus féroces dictatures d'Amérique Latine (1976-1983). Nous analyserons également dans cette thèse l'évolution socio-culturelle depuis les années 70 jusqu'en 2006 afin de déterminer quel fut le contexte d'émergence d'un nouveau discours contre hégémonique. Enfin, l'axe le plus important de ce travail est la question de l'identité. En effet, au cours des trois années d'investigations sur Montecristo, nous nous sommes demandé si, à travers les aventures de Santiago, le public ne vivait pas, comme par procuration, une quête de sa propre identité. En ce sens, nous approfondirons le concept de sujet culturel défini dans un espace complexe, hétérogène, conflictuel, dans lequel les marques sémiotico-idéologiques se trouvent redistribuées

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; The Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) are areas designated by the Jordanian and Israeli authorities and approved by the U.S. Government, where products can be exported duty free to the United States, making use of the Israeli Free Trade Area Agreement with the U.S. The QIZs represent an unprecedented opportunity to gain duty and quota-free entry into the U.S market, with 100 % exemption of the export earning from income and social services taxes, and no customs duties payment on imported raw materials, fixed assets, and spare parts. QIZ products can include material content from any part of the world, but 35 % of the appraised value must be added in the QIZ. The labour standards and working conditions in those zones started being highlighted, at the national and international levels, following the release of the first relevant report of the National Labour Committee (NLC), of the United States , in May 2006, which then described the U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement, due to the deterioration of working conditions of migrant workers in those zones, as Descending into Human Trafficking & Involuntary Servitude. The Jordanian Government's inspection and verification campaigns that followed the NLC report, showed that the labour and OSH standards in many QIZ enterprises, and even human standards in some cases, did not meet the minimum acceptable limits, as per both international and national standards. The Jordanian Government's response was prompt and proved to be very effective. The most successful reform was the one of the labour inspection system, which was the tool by which the Government closely monitored and followed-up working conditions in the zones, and through which it imposed serious sanctions against violators, such as permanently closing down some of those enterprises, the employers and/or managements of which failed to abide by the law. Almost 5 years following the release of the NLC report, this study shows that nearly none of the past violations reported by the NLC still exist in the QIZs. Labour rights, in terms of wages, working hours and leaves are protected. Occupational safety, health standards and human rights have seen great improvement and are also fully respected. There are no more confiscated passports, no more reported cases of physical, sexual, or verbal abuse and no more cases of forced labour or discrimination of any form. The number of QIZ enterprises and the number of their workers, both local and migrant, reached their peaks in 2006. There was then a decline in numbers until 2009, as a double effect of the Government's action to rectify the labour standards in those zones as well as the Global Economic Crisis. The crisis, besides affecting Jordan, also directly affected the U.S. importers and buyers, for whom all QIZs' manufacturers produce. The numbers of workers in those zones showed some increase in 2010, which could be an indicator of a recovery from such effects. The exports of the QIZs have also reached their peak level in 2006, but since then showed progressive decline, due to the factors mentioned above. No adequate statistics could be gathered on the total exports from those zones for the whole year of 2010. However, if the monthly average of exports for the first seven months of 2010, which are included in this study, could be applied to the last five months of the same year, then 2010's exports would exceed those of 2009 by about 22%. The QIZ sector can be presently considered as one of the most successful sectors concerning working conditions and OSH in Jordan, where most of national and international labour standards are observed. The findings of this report represent the general situation existing in the QIZs in Jordan, at the time of the study. There are off course possible exceptions to be found, but these are often on a small scale and in concealed or unreported cases. ; CARIM is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

This dissertation consists of three essays. The objective of the essays is to study the impacts of different regulations on the behavior of regulated agents. The first two essays focus on the analysis of non-traditional regulatory policies that complement traditional regulations consisting of inspections and fines for plants that violate regulations. The third essay studies the impacts of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age regulation on alcohol and marijuana consumption. The first essay of this dissertation analyzes the effects of disclosing information online and through the newspapers about Mexican gas stations that cheat the consumer by selling chiquilitros (liters that are less than a true liter). The information about gas stations that commit fraud is revealed through random inspections that the Consumer Protection Agency (PROFECO by its Spanish acronym) conducts on all gas stations in Mexico and is disclosed in PROFECO's website. Newspapers in different municipalities also publish reports with lists of gas stations that are reported by PROFECO as being in violation of regulations. Using data on inspection histories and local news reports, we estimate the impact of disclosing information online and through the newspapers on the probability of future regulatory compliance. Our findings show that disclosing information online significantly improves compliance with regulations. In contrast, newspaper reports are only effective at improving compliance rates for those gas stations that had been found in violation prior to the publication of the reports. One of the main reasons gas stations improve their behavior is that their sales are negatively affected as a result of bad publicity in the newspapers. Using a unique dataset with monthly gasoline sales at the gas station-level, we show that gas stations that were reported in the newspaper reports suffered a loss of sales of 2.2% to 2.4% in the month of the publication. The results suggest that public disclosure of firm's behavior through the media can serve as a complementary tool for inspections and fines in contexts were fines and sanctions are limited.The second essay studies the impacts of self-policing policies to induce environmental audits. State-level statutes in most of the states of the US provide firms that engage in environmental self-audits and that self-report their environmental violations, with a variety of different regulatory rewards, including "immunity" from penalties and "privilege" for information contained in self-audits. These regulations have been controversial in the environmental arena. Critics argue that they provide with incentives to polluters to reduce the level of care, increasing toxic emissions and inspection costs. Proponents argue instead that these regulations can effectively induce more care by polluting plants and lower EPA's enforcement costs. We find that, by encouraging self-auditing, privilege protections tend to reduce pollution and government enforcement activity; however, sweeping immunity protections, by reducing firms' pollution prevention incentives, raise toxic pollution and government inspection oversight. We conclude that self-policing policies that grant limited incentives to firms to self-audit are effective at reducing both toxic emissions and government enforcement effort, whereas those regulations that grant excessive protection by reducing the penalty from disclosed violations, increase both toxic emissions and enforcement costs.The third essay estimates the causal effect of increased availability of alcohol on marijuana use. We exploit the Minimum Legal Drinking Age regulation that restricts the consumption of alcohol for people younger than 21 and compare alcohol and marijuana consumption in individuals just below and just above the age of 21. We show that both the probability and frequency of marijuana consumption decrease sharply at age 21, while the probability and frequency of alcohol intake increase, suggesting that marijuana and alcohol are substitutes. We further find that the substitution effect between alcohol and marijuana is stronger for blacks than whites and for women than men. Overall, our results suggest that policies designed to limit alcohol use have the unintended consequence of increasing marijuana use.

For over a century, American religious organizations have waged a battle against scientists and their allies over the idea of human evolution. What began as a dispute about the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection has, over time, developed into a long-running policy conflict over the teaching of evolution and creationism in public schools. At the heart of the matter is a puzzle: Despite a nationwide shift in the policy status quo favoring evolution and two U.S. Supreme Court decisions that placed creationists at a severe institutional and political disadvantage relative to their opponents, what accounts for the ability of creationists to keep the dispute alive and to continue to score policy victories; and conversely, why have scientists and their allies failed to end the conflict? This outcome, called "contested policy change," raises big questions about policy sustainability and the relationship of political and non-political actors to the policy process. Specifically, how can a new policy grow stronger over time, while the winners who advocated for the policy change get weaker, and the losers actually manage to get stronger? To answer these questions, we must first reconceptualize the conflict in two dimensions. The first dimension is the policy conflict between pro- and anti-evolution organizations. At stake is the question of whether evolution or creationism (in its various forms) should be taught in public schools. The second, often overlooked, dimension is the "ideational" conflict between religious authorities and scientists. Motivating this dispute is the question of how human life began. Both conflicts are being waged by individuals and organizations--political and non-political--which occupy two distinct organizational fields. In this dissertation, I argue that perpetuation of the policy conflict can only be explained in relation to the battle of ideas. Specifically, creationists were successful because they engaged in the practice of "field bridging," drawing resources from the organizational field associated with the battle of ideas (i.e., "the ideational field") to sustain and advance their policy agenda. Field bridging is a general mechanism of policy change, which can be found in any policy conflict in which non-political actors are major participants. There are three general mechanisms by which field bridging can advance an organization's policy goals. First, organizations can secure needed material resources from their organizational fields to stay alive and press their policy demands. Second, organizations can supply new ideas to actors in the policy field. Third, organizations can recruit external support from the organizational fields in which they are embedded. In the case at hand, creationists employed all three mechanisms in the wake of their 1960s-era policy defeats. By reframing their policy demands under the banner of "creation science," securing new material resources, and recruiting "creation scientists" and conservative Protestants to the cause, creationist policy activists were able to garner the attention of numerous policy makers during the 1970s and 1980s, while securing a few high-profile victories in several states.On the other hand, scientists let down their guard after the Supreme Court ruled in their favor in 1968. Although some scientists recognized the growing threat posed by the reinvigorated creationism movement, it would take an entire decade for scientists to begin to organize themselves at the state and local level to challenge creationists in the policy field. Although they eventually found their organizational footing, scientists' most decisive policy victories only came about because of their alliance with church-state separationist organizations, such as the American Civil Liberties Union and Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Despite a second decisive Supreme Court victory in 1987, scientists continue to find themselves fighting a seemingly neverending policy conflict against the organizations of the creationism movement, now operating under the banner of "intelligent design." Until one side or the other is able to conquer the battle of ideas, policy strife is likely to persist.

In seeking to define torture in International Humanitarian Law, I have turned to the definition of torture contained in the UN Convention against Torture for guidance: "Article 1.1 For the purposes of this Convention, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third persona information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third persona, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent of acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions." International Human Rights Law, defines Human Rights are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human, are derived from the inherent dignity of the human person, and enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights & other international legal instruments. International Humanitarian Law is a set of rules which seek to limit the effects of armed conflict on civilians through protection of those who are not, or are no longer, taking part in fighting: civilians, religious/medical military personnel, prisoners of war, restrictions on the means and methods of warfare, i.e., weaponry and tactics. The four International Agreements-Geneva Conventions- (1864, 1906, 1929, 1949), and the two additional Protocols (1977) are the principal legal instruments for the International Humanitarian Law. Key Words: Torture; state actors; International Human Rights; International Humanitarian Law. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i6.512 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 6, Segunda época, junio 2010: 55-79 ; En la búsqueda de definir la tortura en el Derecho Internacional Humanitario, he escogido la definición contenida en la Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, misma que establece : "Artículo 1.1 A los efectos de la presente Convención, se entenderá por el término "tortura" todo acto por el cual se inflija intencionadamente a una persona, dolores o sufrimientos graves, ya sean físicos o mentales, con el fin de obtener de ella o de un tercero, información o una confesión, de castigarla por un acto que haya cometido, o se sospeche que ha cometido, o de intimidar o coaccionar a esa persona o a otras, o por cualquier razón basada en cualquier tipo de discriminación, cuando dichos dolores o sufrimientos sean infligidos por un funcionario público u otra persona en el ejercicio de funciones públicas, a instigación suya, o con su consentimiento o aquiescencia. No se considerarán torturas los dolores o sufrimientos que sean consecuencia únicamente de sanciones legítimas, o que sean inherentes o incidentales a éstas".Por otro lado, el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos define los derechos humanos como los derechos que tienen todas las personas por la sola virtud de ser seres humanos, derivados de la inherente dignidad de la persona humana, y contenidos en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos y otros instrumentos legales internacionales.El derecho internacional humanitario es un conjunto de normas que, en tiempos de guerra, protege a las personas que no participan o han dejado de participar en las hostilidades, ya sean civiles, personal militar, religioso o médico, prisioneros de guerra, restringiendo incluso los métodos de guerra (como uso de cierto equipo bélico, tácticas, etc.). Los cuatro Convenios de Ginebra (1864, 1906, 1929, 1949) y los dos Protocolos de 1977 adicionales a estos, son los principales instrumentos legales de Derecho Internacional Humanitario. Palabras claves: Tortura; funcionarios del Estado; Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos; Derecho Internacional Humanitario. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i6.512 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 6, Segunda época, junio 2010: 55-79

Sustainable forest management and the implementation of the European ecological network Natura 2000 are two different approaches to managing natural environments with their own objectives but should be amenable to being reconciled. Both have a multiple use approach to space and they can reach common ground in terms of the objective of sustainable forestry that reconciles production of a resource with achieving a satisfactory ecological state. However, in the Natura 2000 network of sites, achieving a satisfactory state of conservation is a duty to achieve a given result which compels foresters to pay significantly more attention to biodiversity considerations in the various silvicultural planning documents, which are a priori suitable tools, and then to concentrate on implementing management measures. The goal of "favourable conservation status" is complex and difficult to characterise. Evaluation must be performed both at the scale of the site and of the biogeographic area. Indeed, the ecological functionality of forest habitats (which incorporate "favourable conservation status" criteria) and the effects of climate change of forests cannot be adequately taken on board without a dynamic vision of the network of sites. While some actions that favour biodiversity are "easily" reconciled with forest output objectives, others are more demanding. Drawing these two policies together may in those cases be achieved by a continuum of solutions and requires technical or financial support for local players. On sites where the stakes are high, as illustrated by the case of the Compiègne forest, forest management furthermore requires intensified and ongoing consultations to ensure that it is socially acceptable. In a rapidly changing society which finds it difficult to reconcile production and protection objectives, foresters must adopt new attitudes to support the policy choice that, without excluding appropriate use of the status of protected area, posits multiple-use management as still the best means for managing the Natura 2000 network that includes 18% of French forests. ; La gestion durable forestière et la mise en oeuvre du réseau écologique européen Natura 2000 sont deux approches de la gestion de milieux naturels qui, avec leurs objectifs propres, devraient trouver à se concilier : elles ont en commun la multifonctionnalité de l'espace et peuvent se retrouver autour de l'objectif d'une sylviculture durable conciliant la production d'une ressource et l'atteinte d'un bon état écologique. Cependant, dans le réseau des sites Natura 2000, l'atteinte du bon état de conservation est une obligation de résultat : elle implique donc pour le forestier de renforcer significativement la prise en compte des enjeux de biodiversité dans les différents documents de planification sylvicole, outils a priori adaptés, puis de s'attacher à la mise en oeuvre des mesures de gestion. La cible du « bon état de conservation » reste complexe et difficile à caractériser. Son évaluation nécessite de raisonner simultanément à l'échelle du site et à celle de l'aire biogéographique. Seule en effet la vision dynamique d'un réseau de sites permet de prendre en compte la fonctionnalité écologique des habitats forestiers (qu'intègrent les critères du « bon état de conservation ») mais aussi les effets du changement climatique sur les forêts. Si nombre d'actions favorables à la biodiversité sont « aisément » conciliables avec les objectifs de production sylvicole, d'autres sont plus exigeantes. L'articulation de ces deux politiques peut alors se traduire par un continuum de solutions et implique un accompagnement technique ou financier des acteurs locaux. Dans les sites où tous les enjeux sont élevés, comme l'illustre le cas de la forêt de Compiègne, la gestion forestière nécessite en outre une concertation renforcée et continue afin d'assurer son acceptation sociale. Dans une société en rapide mutation qui a du mal à concilier enjeux de production et de protection, de nouvelles postures s'imposent aux forestiers pour soutenir le choix politique que, sans exclure le recours à bon escient au statut d'aires protégées, la gestion multifonctionnelle reste la meilleure voie de gestion du réseau Natura 2000, qui inclut 18 % de la forêt française.

The 2007 international economic crisis may have begun in capitalism's heartland with credit default swops and sub-prime mortages, nevertheless some of its most dramatic manifestations have been at the edge. In Europe, the peripheral economies of Iceland, Greece and Ireland have manifested crises that have shaken Europe to the core, and generated crisis discourse that may well prove central. Certainly previous talk of crisis seem to have been key to political change processes in the past (Hay, 1996; Mårtenson and Lindhoff, 1998).While there has been some initial analysis of the discursive response to the economic crisis (Hartz, 2010; O'Rourke, 2010) this paper focuses on what some have considered the most conservative of 'frames' through which the crisis has been viewed (Thompson, 2009: 523): enterprise discourse. Furthermore this work concentrates on enterprise discourse in a post-celtic tiger crisis-ridden Ireland. Ireland is an economy, society and culture at the edge. On the one hand Ireland is on the edge of the USA /UK model. It is English-speaking, has a common law tradition, an Anglo-American banking model, low corporate tax rates and strong cultural and economic ties with both the USA and the UK. On the other hand, Ireland is also on the edge of mainland Europe with its membership of the Euro, its social Partnership model of labour relations until 2009, its early adoption of European Labour rights, generally pro-European stance and its historic cultural and economic ties to the continent. Enterprise discourse in Ireland is influenced by both USA/UK and European Union (EU) developments. However, Irish enterprise discourse is not merely a 'local adoption'. For example, during the 'Celtic Tiger' period (1987-2007), high Irish economic growth rates have coincided with the development of the EU's enterprise policy, thus giving the impression that Ireland could serve as a model of development. Since the crisis Ireland, numbered among the 'PIGS' (Totaro, 2010) or 'GIPSY' club (Gros, 2010), has been represented both as a model victim of free-market fundamentalism (Krugman, 2010) and as a model of how public expenditure should be drastically cut (Halligan, 2010; Tett, 2010). Thus an examination of enterprise discourse in Ireland is of concern to more than residents of Ireland. References Gros, D. 2010. Adjustment Difficulties in the GIPSY Club. http://ssrn.com/paper=1604568 (accessed 03 January, 2011). Halligan, L. 2010. Servicing our debt is tough now, but it's only going to get tougher. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/7870200/Servicing-our-debt-is-tough-now-but-its-only-going-to-get-tougher.html (accessed 4 July 2010). Hartz, R. 2010. Crisis, what Crisis? A reconstruction of the discursive formation of the economic crisis in Germany. In: Reed , C. , Keenoy, T. ,Oswick, C., Sabelis, I., and Ybema, S.: Organizational Discourse: Crisis, Corruption, Character and Change, London: KMCP, pp. 98-99. Hay, C. 1996. Narrating Crisis: The Discursive Construction of the `Winter of Discontent'. Sociology, 30(2), 253-277. Krugman, P. 2010. An Irish Mirror. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/08/opinion/08krugman.html (accessed 8 July 2010) Mårtenson, B. and Lindhoff, H. 1998. State, Market, Crisis: Swedish News Journalism on the Economy. Nordicom Review 19(1), 85-100. O'Rourke, B. K. 2010. Discourse at the Edge: Enterprise Discourse in Ireland. In: Reed , C. , Keenoy, T. ,Oswick, C., Sabelis, I., and Ybema, S.: Organizational Discourse: Crisis, Corruption, Character and Change, London: KMCP, pp. 167-168. Tett, G. 2010. Irish treat pain of crisis like a hangover, Financial Times. London. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a819bfc8-5d27-11df-8373-00144feab49a.html#axzz19iBXdWFG (accessed 31 September 2010) Thompson, G. 2009. What's in the frame? How the financial crisis is being packaged for public consumption. Economy and Society, 38(3), 520-524. Totaro, L. 2010. The 'I' in 'Pigs' Stands for Ireland, Not Italy (Update2); http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-05/the-i-in-pigs-is-ireland-not-italy-unicredit-report-says.html (accessed 29 June, 2010)

The European Union is developing an immigration policy being integration one of its aspects. The Lisbon Treaty has introduced a legal basis for doing it, but pointing out that the Union may only adopt measures to support actions of Member States which are the primary responsible for the integration of third country nationals. This legal basis reflects the method that has been used in integration policy by the European Union, whose peak was the adoption of eleven common basic principles in November 2004. These principles, although not binding, have become the guide to be followed by both the Union in its subsequent actions and thus in developing the integration policy, and the States that must take it as a reference. Monitoring is carried out through a method of coordination. This article analyses the causes of the adoption of these common basic principles. It also pays attention to their monitoring and impact through various measures, particularly those taken the Commission, and its incorporation into the national law. We take Spain as example because it is a country receiving large numbers of immigrants from recently, reason by which is now defining its policy of integration ; L'Union européenne développe une politique d'immigration étant l'inté- gration un de ses aspects. Le traité de Lisbonne a introduit une base juridique pour le faire, mais en soulignant que l'Union ne peut adopter des mesures que pour soutenir les actions des États membres qui sont les responsables principaux pour l'intégration des ressortissants des pays tiers. Cette base juridique reflète la méthode qui a été utilisé par l'Union Européenne dans la politique d'intégration, sommet duquel a été l'adoption d'onze principes de base communs en Novembre 2004. Ces principes, bien que non contraignants, sont devenus le guide à suivre par l'Union dans ses actions ultérieures et donc dans le développement de la politique d'intégration, aussi que par les États qui doivent les prendre comme une réfé- rence. La surveillance est effectuée par une méthode de coordination. Cet article analyse les causes de l'adoption de ces principes de base communs. Il également prête attention à leur surveillance et leur impact à travers diverses mesures, notamment celles prises par la Commission, et son incorporation dans la loi nationale. En ce cas l'espagnole par ce que l'Espagne est un pays accueillant un grand nombre d'immigrants d'arrivée récente, raison par laquelle est en train de définir sa politique d'intégration ; La Unión Europea está desarrollando una política de inmigración, y un aspecto de la misma es la integración. El Tratado de Lisboa ha introducido una base jurídica para ello pero señalando que la Unión únicamente puede adoptar medidas de apoyo a las acciones de los Estados miembros que son los primeros responsables de la integración de los nacionales de terceros países que residen en su territorio. Esta disposición refleja el método que la Unión ha seguido en materia de integración cuyo punto álgido fue la adopción de once principios básicos comunes en noviembre de 2004. Principios que, a pesar de no ser vinculantes, se han convertido en la guía a seguir tanto por la Unión en sus actuaciones posteriores y por tanto en el desarrollo de la política de integración, como por los Estados que deben tomarla como referente. Seguimiento que se lleva a cabo a través de un mé- todo de coordinación. En el presente artículo se analizan las causas de la adopción de los principios básicos comunes y su seguimiento e influencia a través de diversas actuaciones especialmente de la Comisión, y de su incorporación en la legislación nacional, en este caso la española por tratarse de un país receptor de un gran número de inmigrantes desde hace poco tiempo y que por lo tanto está definiendo su política de integración

Background: Annually, throughout the world, an estimated 271 million people suffer from work related injuries, and 2 million die from the injury. In recent years, in developed countries the occupational health and safety of workers has improved but it is not true in developing countries. Ethiopia is categorized among under developed countries and do not have much data on health and safety. But assessment made by the Federal Civil Service Agency describes in 2000 E.C. that 14 males and 8 females died, 7 males and 8 females discharged from work due to disability and 6 males and 27 females' transfers to other jobs due to various work place. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) in fifty five Federal Government Organizations who higher Occupational Safety and Health experts. Methodology: An analytical research method was used to conduct the study in the selected organizations because facts or information are already available, and analyze these to a critical evaluation of the material. A total of 258 study subjects were randomly selected from fifty organizations according to their civil servants number proportions and fifty five Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) experts were directly selected from their respective organizations. The data was collected using the questionnaires A, and B. Questionnaire A was filled by OSH experts, questionnaire B filled by civil servants where as interviews were made with some officials in the former Federal Civil Service Agency and five Heads ,of Human Resource Managers of the surveyed organizations. Both questionnaire were pre-tested for their accuracy and validation prior to the actual study and the necessary adjustments were done accordingly. The data were entered after being encoded and analyzed using frequencies percentages. Results: The existence of Occupational hazards and disease are Physical (17.11%), Chemical(16.49%), Biological(22.92%), Ergonomic(24.58%) and Psychological(18.87%). On the other hand degree of effectiveness Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) in fifty five Federal Government The finding was that most of the experts described that Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) in the surveyed organizations did not effectively implement. The major challenges are lack of awareness of top and middle level managements and civil servants, insufficient or lack of budgetary support; failure to customizes OSHMS to organizational needs; weak management commitment; lack of integration with general management functions and systems and restricting OSH functions to OSH experts Findings/Results The response of most civil servants also shows that they are not aware about the practice or implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) in their organizations . They described work injuries occurred in the past 12 months were broken bones /fracture 10%, concussion/ internal injuries14.78%, burns/scalds5.21%, eye injury/ eye strain22.17%, asphyxia /lack of oxygen18.69%, sprain, strain, dislocation6.08%, electric shock5.65%, acute poisoning exposure to toxic8.26% and others 9.13%. Out of total respondents 10(3.90%) receive, 223(87.10%) did not receive medical treatment while 23(8.98%) cannot say any. Absentees from work in the same period was 12(8.00%) less than 2, 23(15.33%) 2-4, 11(7.33%) 4- 6,40(26.66%) 6-8, 39(26.00%) 25 and (16.66%) greater than 10 days. The result of interviews with Heads, of Human Resource Management also indicates that the application of Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) with general management practice was not employed in their organizations. Conclusions and recommendations: Some occupational hazards were indentified in the surveyed organizations. Besides effective Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is not in place in the surveyed organizations as conclusion. Recommendations were implementation of occupational safety and health according to proclamation No 515/2006 Article 47-56. In addition to this commitment of management to a successful OSHMS in the work place, allocate sufficient resources (financial and human) for the proper functioning of occupational safety and health program