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The use and abuse of anachronism is often seen as the quintessence of the writing of history. Historians tend to conceive it as the hardcore of their m?tier to avoid anachronism. It designates a confusion in order of time, especially the mistake of placing an event, attitude, or circumstance too early. The awareness of historical anachronism is omnipresent in times of a radical rewriting of history, in particular as a result of political transformation. History reflects the needs and ambitions of a political context, and the sense of what is deemed historically significant does not remain unattached hereby. Chronology and anachronism are essential to particular conceptions of history, and if history is in a process of being rewritten, they are the first items to be addressed by the defenders of the old system and the advocates of a new discourse. In political debates on the use or abuse of history anachronism is often seen as ultimate proof of the (un-)reliability of new insights and conceptions. As anachronism is defined as a way of transferring contemporary sets of values, assumptions and interpretative categories, every political reorientation inevitably provokes a discussion on that level. If a ?new nation? is in search of a ?new past?, a new reflection on the basic categories of historical thinking becomes necessary. The changing discourses in South African historiography since the end of Apartheid serve here as an illuminative example.

A clear distinction must be made between studies on race relations & problems of inter-group relations. Relations between diff races in South African countries include the relationships between soc, econ, & pol'al factors, & indicate the need for further study in inter-group relations. In a summary analysis of res in the field, the problems between native & immigrant (largely European) groups are distinguished as (1) the use of race as a status symbol, (2) racial stratification, SM, & the role of the African elite in relation to modernization, (3) cultural diff's, (4) soc structure instability, (5) conflicting att's, & (6) native religious movements. A pop chart of the states & territories concerned is appended. P. D. Montagna.

International Law — Sources — General principles of law — Principles relating to capacity — Application to com promissory clause in Mandate — Right of Members of League of Nations to bring proceedings against Mandatory — Effect on this right of cessation of membership of League.International law — Sources — Applicability of private law principles — International tutelage — Mandates System — Inhabitants of mandated territories compared with wards in municipal law League of Nations as tutelary authority — Legal consequences of this concept — Joint and several responsibility of Members of League for fulfilment of "sacred trust" — Trust comprising legal obligations correlative with rights of inhabitants — Supervision of Mandatory by Mandator organization.Mandated territories — Sovereignty over — Legality of unilateral exercise of Mandate without supervision by United Nations Whether such exercise amounts to annexation of mandated territory.Mandated territories — Status of — Comparison with provisions of U.N. Charter relating to non — self — governing territories — Article 22 of Covenant of League and Article 73 of Charter — Whether Article 73 applies to mandated territories not placed under trusteeship.Treaties — In general — Conception and function of — Application of principle of good faith — Charter of United Nations, Article 2 (2) — Effect of non-registration of treaty — Whether treaty a nullity ipso jure — Relevance of good faith — South West Africa Mandate — Effect of non-re gist rat ion of — Relevance of exercise of Mandate by South Africa for many years.Treaties — In general — Forms of international agreements — Whether any significance attaches to use of particular term to describe agreement — Agreements arising out of unilateral acts — Whether law of treaties contains doctrine of consideration — Whether necessary to identify document or instrument embodying agreement.Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Registration — Reasons for requirement of — Covenant of League of Nations, Article 18 — Effects of non-registration — South West Africa Mandate — Date of entry into force of Mandate — Whether requirement of registration applied to treaties to which League was a Party — Whether deposit of Mandate in Declaration in archives of League constitutes registration.Treaties — Operation of — Effect on third parties — Stipulations in favour of third parties — Provisions contained in unilateral engage-ment — Requirement that third party must accept provisions-South West Africa Mandate — Protection of third party rights by judicial proceedings under Article 7 of Mandate — Whether privity of contract a general principle of law — Stipulation in favour of third parties constituting a standing offer.Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — In general — Separability — Whether certain provisions of treaty can lapse while others continue — South West Africa Mandate — Continuance of Mandate as institution — Whether compromissory clause (Article 7) also continues — Whether clause became inoperable on dissolution of League of Nations.Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Natural and ordinary meaning of words — Whether relied on in preference to spirit, purpose and context of provision.Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Principle of eftectiveness — Presumed intention of parties-Limits upon application of principle — South West Africa Mandate.Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — When appropriate — Ambiguous provision — Compromissory clause of Mandate for South West Africa.International organization — In general — Treaty-making capacity — League of Nations — Whether League or League Council had such capacity.International organization — In general — Dissolution of organization — Dissolution of League of Nations — Continuation of Mandates System — Agreement of all Members that Mandates should continue — Whether agreement applied to compromissory clause — Continuation of Mandate as treaty between Mandatory and Members of League — Indefinite duration of Mandate — Analogy between dissolution of League and death of guardian in municipal law — Whether any general succession to League by United Nations.International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Objections to jurisdiction — Extent to which Court may take into account merits when considering preliminary objections — Relevance of whether issues on merits are capable of legal determination.International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Article 36 of Statute — Requirement of a "dispute" — Meaning of dispute — Mandate for South West Africa, Article 7 — Requirement of a dispute which "cannot be settled by negotiation" — Meaning of — Collective negotiations in forum of international organization — Concept of parliamentary diplomacy — Whether direct negotiations with common adversary State also required — Whether individual legal right or material interest on part of applicant States required — Relevance of representational capacity of applicant States — Relevance of Article 62 of Statute — Whether States may have legal interest in observance in territory of another State of general welfare treaty provisions — Examples of I.L.O. Conventions and Minorities Treaties.Mandated territories — Rights and duties of Administering Authority — Duty to submit to jurisdiction of International Court of Justice in disputes with other Members of League relating to interpretation or application of Mandate — Mandate for South West Africa, Article 7 — Statute of I.C.J., Article 37 — Interpretation of Article 37 — Meaning of "treaty or convention " — Intention to preserve as much as possible of jurisdiction of P.C.I.J. — Mandate as treaty or convention — Origin of Mandate as bilateral convention between Great Britain and South Africa — Convention confirmed by Council of League of Nations — Contractual and statutory character of Mandate — Relevance of acceptance of Mandate by Mandatory — Contractual nature of acceptance — Relevance of treaty — making capacity of League — Identity of parties to Mandate — Whether inclusion of Article 7 was ultra vires Council of the League — Absence of compromissory provision in Article 22 of Covenant of League — Competence of Council to "define" conditions of administration and control for each Mandate — Effect of dissolution of League upon Article 7 of Mandate — Whether frustration occurred — Effect of substitution of I.C.J. for P.C.I.J. by virtue of Article 37 of Statute — Effect of undertaking by Mandatory to continue to administer territory in accordance with obligations of Mandate — Whether obligations include obligation to accept jurisdiction of Court under Article 7 — Locus standi of applicant States — Whether Members of League "third parties" to Mandate — Duration of right of legal intervention of Members — Effect upon it of dissolution of League before expiry of Mandate — Whether reference to "Members of the League" a condition for bringing proceedings or a means of identifying certain States — Whether Members of League possess direct legal interest in fulfilment of Mandate — Existence of "dispute" between applicant States and Mandatory.