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This article examines the dynamics of military promotion and explores its consequences both for individual officers and for military organization. The central argument is that performance, while a necessary standard for acceptability into a rather large pool of officers from which the elite will emerge, is nonetheless a minor influence on promotion and becomes even less discriminating as an officer's career progresses, whereas visibility–the extent to which an individual has developed contacts with peers and superiors who can influence his movement in the organization–begins moderately and eventually becomes the dominant influence. To present this argument, the article first examines the prevailing concepts of performance and seniority and outlines an expanded model of the promotion process. The component variables of that model are applied to three separate military career levels–junior, middle-grade and senior officers–and are traced longitudinally through the entire officer career pattern. Finally, the impact of contextual factors on the model, particularly the differences between wartime and peacetime, is discussed and illustrated with data from general officer promotion in the army. The implications of this theory are significant for civil control of the military. Through the control of access to the elite nucleus represented by the promotion system, especially with the emphasis on visibility, the military is able to sustain a high degree of autonomy. By the time Congress or other civilian actors are able to exercise selection of the military elite, the promotion system has already preselected those individuals who most highly represent military values held by preceding leaders.

One of the six listed priorities of the Australian aid to other countries is "gender equality and empowering women and girls" [Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2014a:25]. If we take into account this and in the same time the general aims stated in the title of the government paper, such as reducing poverty and promoting prosperity, we can clearly see that increasing women's role in the economy, including making them more active as entrepreneurs, is an important issue for the Australian authorities. According to some commentators, the current government in Canberra seems to be even more preoccupied with the advancement of women abroad than inside Australia [Harris Rimmer, Sawer 2016]. (…) Firstly, the paper presents in brief both major theoretical concepts, which are used in this argument. Then it shows main documents and other elements of the institutional framework, which provide the foundations of the Australian policy in this field. This is followed by a description of some projects on the ground, which serve as examples of the execution of aims and priorities stated in the documents. In the final part of the paper, the assembled research material is analysed in the light of the above-mentioned theoretical concepts. The author also tries to formulate an assessment of the Australian foreign policy in this area. (fragment of the text) ; Jako jeden zsześciu priorytetów australijskiej pomocy dla innych państw wymienia się "równość płci oraz upodmiotowienie kobiet idziewcząt" [Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2014a:25]. Jeśli zestawić to zwyrażonymi już wtytule rządowej publikacji celami ogólnymi – zmniejszaniem biedy ipromocją dobrobytu, to widać wyraźnie, iż kwestią istotną dla australijskich władz jest zwiększanie zaangażowania kobiet wgospodarkę, wtym przez prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej na własny rachunek. Wocenie części obserwatorów obecny rząd wCanberze wydaje się kłaść nawet większy nacisk na poprawę losu kobiet poza granicami kraju niż wsamej Australii [Harris Rimmer, Sawer 2016]. (…) ...

To measure fear of crime, the dichotomous single-item question is often used. The question has several inherent limitations which cause problems in validity and reliability in measurement of fear of crime. To overcome the limitations, researchers have advanced measurement of fear of crime. The advancements in measurement of fear of crime made researchers understand fear of crime more deeply. The current paper demonstrates the limitations and advancement by using several examples.

Citation: Burtner, Nellie. The relation of food to the advancement of civilization. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1900. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: This is an age of industrial and political reform just as truly as the period of The Reformation and the French Revolution, though unaccompanied with the inhumanity and carnage which attended these upheavals. The Caucasian race is far in advance of the barbarous methods of progress. In the future the reforms will be brought about gradually, and the word reform will lose its terror and be changed to a word meaning simply advancement only. Science is quietly revolutionizing the world by exploding many of the old theories which have stood for decades. The search for truth is growing more and more zealous and extensive. It is revealing more and more of the fundamental principles of life, and the extensive studies in Physiology and Psychology are permitting a keen insight into the laws governing the mental and moral habits of man. Not satisfied still, he has penetrated the bowels of the earth, and explored the mysteries of the heavens with the gigantic telescope. The chief end of all this research is to benefit and uplift man. Experience long has taught us that all races are not alike susceptible to learning, nor is it confined to any one. Caucasian race includes the most civilized people in the world, and it occupies the most desirable portions of the globe. This people is characterized by its industry morality and brain energy. Their history has been one of progress and triumph, which is manifested in many ways, viz. intellect, mode of living, surroundings, food, social and political relations, and morality. To treat these fully, would require many volumes or to treat any one accurately would fill a large book. In the following one will confine ourselves to the discussion of the food of a nation in regard to its degree of civilization.

We conducted an experimental study to compare the effects of organization-sponsored gender diversity management programs on women's evaluations of organizational attractiveness in two countries: the United States and France. Importantly, we examined perceived potential for advancement as a mediator of the relationship, thus elaborating on an underlying mechanism implied by signaling theory. Results from a sample of 230 women in the United States and France provided overall support for the model. We found that country and individual characteristics affect how diversity management signals are translated into perceptions of the organization. We discuss the theoretical and practical contributions of the study, as well as limitations and opportunities for future research.

'Victims' Stories and the Advancement of Human Rights' addresses a set of critical topics that victims' stories of human rights abuse raise but that philosophers have thus far neglected: paradigms of victimhood and unjustifiable exclusions from the category of victim; narrative structures as constraints on victims' stories and as vehicles for articulating human rights norms; the role of emotional responses to victims' stories in discerning their normative significance; empathy with victims' stories as a pathway to moral understanding and human rights commitment; and the need for an ethical framework for obtaining victims' stories and for civil society institutions that can disseminate these stories for purposes of advancing human rights

This paper elaborates on the idea of multilevel citizenship as a compound of collective attachments which favours supra-national legitimacy and sub-state democratic accountability in the implementation of social policies. The focus of analysis is on the latter process. Likewise, attention is paid on the aspirations of regions and sub-state layers of governance to advance social citizenship. In the following section a brief conceptual review is carried out on the various citizens' attachments in multilevel and transnational institutional settings. Subsequently, the "new social risks" are analysed considering sub-state possibilities of welfare development regarding, for instance, policies of activation, welfare assistance, care services and safety nets of social protection. To meet such ends, financial autonomy is identified in the following section as a key resource for policy innovation together with the concomitants issues of redistribution and solidarity. The concluding section of the paper puts forward the idea that the advancement of social citizenship in Europe may be best achieved if the virtuous circle of emulation is encouraged among and within member states (policy learning and transfer, "soft" regulation, "benchmarking" and "best practices"). ; Peer reviewed

Drawing from social role theory, it is theorized that stereotypes about working mothers will drive biased perceptions about their attitudes toward work and family that will partially account for the `maternal wall'. Survey responses from a sample of 166 junior faculty members with children and 93 of their senior colleagues suggested that parent gender influences superiors' ratings of junior faculty's work involvement, commitment, and flexibility. Moreover, after accounting for self-reports of these attitudes, senior colleagues' ratings partially explained the relationship between parent gender and advancement. Thus, this research provides evidence of maternal bias by demonstrating gender differences in perceptions of work—family attitudes that influence success.

than their female counterparts due to the heavy fieldwork and irregular working hours. Determining whether this assumption remains relevant, this study maps the proportion of female and male journalists in ten Indonesian mass media organizations while also exploring the factors that contribute to the condition.This research applies quantitative and qualitative mixed methods, involving journalists in 10 media (n = 811) at both the reporter and managerial levels, and a focused-group discussion (FGD) with 14 female editors. At the reporter level, there are 64% male and 36% female journalists. At the managerial level, the figures change to 77% (men) and 23% (women). The three factors that hinder the career of female journalists are a double burden (career and household), mental barriers, and 'masculine' office politics.