Suchergebnisse

Thomas D. Hall (ed.), A World‐Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Cultures, Indigenous Peoples, and EcologyArif Dirlik, Vinay Bahl and Peter Gran (eds.), History After the Three Worlds: Post Eurocentric HistoriographiesSusan Schech and Jane Haggis, Culture and Development: A Critical IntroductionMehran Kamrava, Cultural Politics in the Third WorldAdrian Wood, Raymond Apthorpe and John Borton (eds.), Evaluating International Humanitarian Action: Reflections from PractitionersRichard Black, Refugees, Environment and DevelopmentAristide R. Zolberg and Peter Benda (eds.), Global Migrants, Global Refugees: Problems and SolutionsH. W. Singer with D. J. Shaw (ed.), International Development Co‐Operation: Selected Essays by H. W. Singer on Aid and the United Nations SystemKristoffel Lieten and Ben White (eds.), Child Labour: Policy OptionsC. J. Barrow, Social Impact Assessment: An IntroductionDouglas Saltmarshe, Identity in a Post‐communist Balkan State: An Albanian Village StudyAnne Marie Goetz, Women Development Workers. Implementing Rural Credit Programmes in BangladeshA. Kundu and A. N. Sharma (eds.), Informal Sector in India: Perspectives and PoliciesA. Haroon Akram‐Lodhi (ed.), Confronting Fiji FuturesM. A. Mohamed Salih and John Markakis (eds.), Ethnicity and the State in Eastern AfricaJeanne X. Kasperson and Roger Kasperson (eds.), Global Environmental RiskJames R. Bingen, David Robinson and John M. Staatz (eds.), Democracy and Development in MaliHarri Eglund, From War to Peace on the Mozambique‐Malawi Borderland

How far can wings of belief carry us? What kinds of new social and moral systems evolve out of transnational religious movements? The recent literature on globalisation has shown only little interest in religion, in spite of the cutting-edge global role of beliefs like evangelical Christianity. The literature has attended even less to the movement of non-Western traditions. We do, however, have numerous alternative models of how global ideas in general spread: they can seep through the cracks within and between systems of control based in nation-states; they can flow through mobile cosmopolitans with a global sense of belonging; they can reside in diasporas centred around the idea of a common homeland; they can exist in the institutions of transnational villages; and so on.
These various images of global culture are not mutually exclusive, of course, and none of them alone captures the full complexity of the possibilities. Here I want to explore briefly just two dialectical relationships that characterise some of the features of the transnational Chinese religions discussed in the essays collected here. The first is the relationship between global culture and the continuing institutional power of the nation-state. The second is the counterintuitive combination of universalising beliefs with a strong sense of rootedness in specific places or ethnicities.

Migration research has often stressed the adverse circumstances of Turkish immigrants living in Germany. The situation of the so-called second and third generations in particular has been seen as entailing a problematic double-bind of living "between two cultures." In this scholarship, the image of such youth trapped in a structural culture conflict creates the impression that serious personal and emotional crises are an inevitable part of Turkish migrant youths' coming of age in Germany. Moreover, former guest workers and their families have been treated with a less than hospitable attitude insofar as efforts to facilitate their incorporation, for example, by way of the German legal system. Although the hiring of foreign laborers undeniably contributed to the economic and social recovery of West Germany after National Socialism and World War II, immigration has never been treated as a favorable option in German politics. The project of hiring laborers from abroad on a temporary basis gradually developed intode factoimmigration, unintended on the part of both Germans and Turks. The resulting demographic multi-nationalization has not (yet), however, become a self-evident ingredient of the Germanconsciencecollective (Schiffauer, 1993, pp. 195-98). The very ambivalence of this situation influences the prevalent conceptualizations of the various social groups, as the following brief account illustrates.

International audience ; Durant les campagnes agricoles 1999 et 2000, une étude sur le semis direct avec désherbage chimique a été réalisée au sud du bassin cotonnier du Nord-Cameroun. L'objectif était de faire un diagnostic sur cette innovation, afin de savoir comment elle se diffuse, les principales contraintes et envisager les voies d'amélioration. Cette synthèse est le résultat d'une série d'enquêtes et d'observations dans 55 exploitations agricoles, réparties dans différents terroirs de la zone d'étude. Les paramètres pris en compte sont, les superficies cultivées en semis direct et en labour, le taux d'équipement, les types des herbicides et les différentes doses utilisées par les paysans. Cette innovation représente 40% à 70% des superficies cultivées en cotonniers selon les régions. L'adoption et le succès de cette technique auprès des agriculteurs, sont liés à une politique des prix d'achat attractifs et au passage dans le domaine public des herbicides totaux (paraquat et glyphosate), mais aussi au fait que cette technique permet la mise en place rapide et précoce des cultures. En outre, l'utilisation des herbicides procure une économie en temps de travail (18 à 24 heures/ha) et en investissement. Après avoir relevé les difficultés liées à la maîtrise des mauvaises herbes, l'étude permet d'orienter les voies d'amélioration de ce système de culture vers des itinéraires techniques sans travail de sol et avec couverture végétale. (Résumé d'auteur)

International audience ; Durant les campagnes agricoles 1999 et 2000, une étude sur le semis direct avec désherbage chimique a été réalisée au sud du bassin cotonnier du Nord-Cameroun. L'objectif était de faire un diagnostic sur cette innovation, afin de savoir comment elle se diffuse, les principales contraintes et envisager les voies d'amélioration. Cette synthèse est le résultat d'une série d'enquêtes et d'observations dans 55 exploitations agricoles, réparties dans différents terroirs de la zone d'étude. Les paramètres pris en compte sont, les superficies cultivées en semis direct et en labour, le taux d'équipement, les types des herbicides et les différentes doses utilisées par les paysans. Cette innovation représente 40% à 70% des superficies cultivées en cotonniers selon les régions. L'adoption et le succès de cette technique auprès des agriculteurs, sont liés à une politique des prix d'achat attractifs et au passage dans le domaine public des herbicides totaux (paraquat et glyphosate), mais aussi au fait que cette technique permet la mise en place rapide et précoce des cultures. En outre, l'utilisation des herbicides procure une économie en temps de travail (18 à 24 heures/ha) et en investissement. Après avoir relevé les difficultés liées à la maîtrise des mauvaises herbes, l'étude permet d'orienter les voies d'amélioration de ce système de culture vers des itinéraires techniques sans travail de sol et avec couverture végétale. (Résumé d'auteur)

We evaluated the performance of a generic PCR test to detect adenoviruses (AdV) in throat swab specimens collected from asymptomatic and ill military recruits with acute respiratory disease. Samples (n = 210) were collected at entry to basic training and at the time of large outbreaks of AdV-associated acute respiratory disease among military recruits at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, from 1997 to 1998. Compared to cell culture, a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 98% were noted for the PCR method to detect AdV in throat swabs. Similar results were obtained with or without DNA extraction, suggesting the absence of significant inhibitors for the PCR method in throat swab samples. No AdV was detected by culture or PCR in throat swabs from healthy recruits, suggesting the absence of latency or asymptomatic shedding. Throat swab specimens proved to be adequate, noninvasive samples to rapidly diagnose respiratory disease in young adults. This generic direct PCR proved to be a useful test for the rapid diagnosis of AdV-associated respiratory disease, detecting all serotypes tested to date and furnishing results within 6 h of specimen arrival. The use of this direct, rapid, sensitive, and specific assay would assist health care providers and public health practitioners in the early diagnosis, management, and control of AdV-associated respiratory disease.

In Anlehnung an H. Nicklas und C. E. Osgood werden 3 Stufen des interkulturellen Lernprozesses vorgestellt (interkulturelle Naivität, Kulturschock und Einheit in versöhnter Verschiedenheit), die in der Spirale des interkulturellen Lernens durchlaufen werden. Mit Blick auf den Kulturschock wird in Anlehnung an S. Yagi die "Front-Struktur" der Grenze als Beispiel für die Verflechtung von Eigenem und Fremdem und nicht wie allgemein üblich - als Muster der Abgrenzung und Trennung - präsentiert. Dabei haben sich die Kunst der Neugierde und die Kunst der Frage, Ambiguitätstoleranz und Perspektivenwechsel sowie die Verflechtung von Eigenem und Fremdem als erfolgversprechende Methoden und Einstellungen gezeigt. Verflechtung meint dabei natürlich nicht die Aufhebung der Unterschiede, sondern ein in sich einheitliches und stimmiges Bild bei Aufrechterhaltung der unterschiedlichen und ursprünglichen Identitäten. (Autor) ; Following H. Nicklas and C. E. Osgood, 3 stages of the intercultural learning process are presented (intercultural naivety, culture shock and unity in reconciled diversity), which are passed through in the spiral of intercultural learning. With a view to culture shock, the "front structure" of the border is presented, following S. Yagi, as an example of the interweaving of one's own and the foreign and not, as is generally the case, as a pattern of demarcation and separation. The art of curiosity and the art of questioning, tolerance of ambiguity and change of perspective, as well as the interweaving of the own and the foreign have shown themselves to be promising methods and attitudes. Interweaving, of course, does not mean the elimination of differences, but rather a consistent and coherent image while maintaining the different and original identities. (Author)

En este artículo se analiza el mundo editorial y librero del exilio español republicano en América Latina y en Francia. Las condiciones de publicación fueron más difíciles en el país galo debido a la condición socioprofesional de los exiliados, al conflicto bélico mundial y a la cuestión lingüística. En concreto se aborda la experiencia editorial y librera de Antonio Soriano, propietario de la Librairie Espagnole de París desde 1948. Este establecimiento se convirtió en referente y paso obligado de todos los disidentes del franquismo. Aparte de contribuir a la difusión de la cultura española silenciada por los vencedores, publicó libros muy significativos en el contexto cultural del exilio. ; This study analyzes the publishing and bookselling world of Republican exile circles in France and Latin America following the Spanish civil war. Publishers ran into difficulties in France thanks to their social and professional status, the onset of the Second World War, and the language barrier. In this context the evolution of the publisher and bookseller Antonio Soriano, the owner of the Librairie Espagnole in Paris since 1948, proved exceptional. This bookstore became a landmark and meeting place for all dissidents during the Franco period. Soriano contributed to diffusing strains of Spanish culture silenced by the victors of the civil war, in addition to publishing books that played an important role in Republican exile culture. ; Publicado

Les forêts naturelles humides de montagne couvrent encore des superficies significatives dans l'est de Madagascar. Elles ont une faible productivité mais ont des fonctions écologiques importantes. Pression démographique, pratiques agraires, riziculture pluviale ou riziculture irriguée, cultures de rente et risques cycloniques se combinent pour influencer de façon diversifiée les transformations des paysages forestiers. La forêt naturelle de l'est est menacée de longue date par deux fronts pionniers distincts, à l'est et à l'ouest. À l'est, leur dynamique est déterminée par les cultures de rente et l'évolution des marchés. À l'ouest, ils sont orientés par le développement de la riziculture irriguée, qui conduit à une disparition presque totale de la forêt naturelle. Les paysages sont, ensuite, recomposés par des plantations forestières paysannes d'eucalyptus. Dans certains cas, les dynamiques de ces deux fronts sont corrélées et influencées par les relations économiques établies entre les groupes vivant de part et d'autre de cette forêt d'altitude: les marchés des produits de rente et les stratégies foncières paysannes, qui déterminent les évolutions des paysages forestiers. La mise en place d'une nouvelle politique forestière fondée sur le transfert de la gestion locale des forêts naturelles aux communautés rurales peut être une solution pour le maintien de la forêt naturelle d'altitude, si les populations locales exploitent et valorisent à leur profit ces espaces forestiers.

AbstractScholarly literature has not taken Burmese accounts of warfare seriously. Colonial historians viewed statistics in these sources as fanciful, exaggerated, and unreliable. Later scholars, both indigenous and western, have followed suit. They judge the chronicle accounts of Burmese warfare solely on the merits of the "objective" data. Much of this valuable material thus remains untouched or unconsidered in the secondary literature. This article suggests alternative ways in which the indigenous warfare accounts can be read. Lists of armies and numbers of soldiers convey significant subjective data on indigenous views of precolonial Burmese history, culture, and society.La littérature érudite n'a pas approché avec sérieux les récits de guerre birmans. Les historiens coloniaux ont considéré les chiffres fournis par ces sources, fantaisistes, exagérés et peu fiables. Plus tard, les chercheurs locaux et occidentaux en ont fait de même. Ils jugent les récits de guerre dans les chroniques birmanes uniquement en se fondant sur les données "objectives." Une bonne partie de ces précieuses informations est ainsi délaissée par la littérature secondaire. Cet article suggère des manières alternatives de lire les récits de guerre indigènes. Les listes d'armées et les nombres de soldats transmettent des données subjectives majeures sur les visions indigènes de l'histoire, la culture et la société birmanes.

Victims of major depressive illness often find that this disease shapes their sense of self in profound and lasting ways. Exactly how individuals experience and give meaning to their depression, however, varies through history and across cultures. This article considers two revolutions in the conceptualization of depression: the modern revolution in the late nineteenth century that turned from a religious to a psychological outlook; and the postmodern revolution, that supplants the psychological with the biochemical. Historically western culture has valued melancholy for its poetic, artistic and philosophical virtues. The depressed conciousness has often been viewed as a fount of genius or inspired truth. What if, in fact, it primarily reflects biochemical instabilities? What can or should the depressed 'do' with their biochemically unstable consciousness? What kind of self emerges from the biochemical understanding of depression? This article argues that the psychological self retained significant ties with the divine soul, and that it retained depression as a central locus of meaning and cultural effervescence. The biochemical revolution cuts the self free from depression's narratives. This radical freedom opens onto uncharted terrain for the elaboration of selfhood. Whether individuals will seize this freedom to create new narratives and what those narratives might be remains to be seen.

Some units of post-Soviet Eurasia have avoided or minimized ethnic conflict; others have suffered from internal ethnic strife or ethnically inspired wars with neighboring states; & still others have managed since 1991 to repress ethnic strife. Jack Snyder argues that democratization is the key variable that accounts for these divergent outcomes. But achievements & difficulties on the path from Communist rule to a new way of life are more fully explained by each society's relative 'fitness.' This term, derived from complexity theory, signifies a society's capacity to cope with complex challenges & opportunities. A fit society can deal constructively with ethnic as well as with other political, economic, & cultural problems. If a society fails on any of these fronts, ethnic grievances are likely to become more acute & may explode in violence. When this happens, the society's ability to cope with other issues also declines. Thus, societal fitness is both cause & effect of overall development. Variations in fitness reflect the strength of what complexity theorist call 'self-organization.' This quality, in turn, depends heavily on culture. Cultures long devoted to universal literacy & to independent thinking have a far greater capacity for self-organization than those that resisted universal literacy & free thinking. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 37 References. Adapted from the source document.

Arguing that the US & Europe are fundamentally different, their distinct strategic cultures are discussed. It is contended that in addition to a transatlantic power gap -- with the US more powerful -- there is an ideological gap as well; these differences reinforce each other. How the transatlantic power gap generates a difference in strategic perception is considered before looking at the underlying psychology. In addition to the power gap, Europe is said to have developed a distinct perspective on the role of power in international relations springing from its post-WWII experience, which is different from the formative historical experience of the US for that period. The evolution of Europe's foreign policy in that time is examined in this light. Noting the irony, it is asserted that US power allows for the existence of Europes new Kantian order, wherein the latter now believes US military power & its strategic culture is outmoded & dangerous. Thus, it is stated that in the postmodern world, there will be a double standard: Europe can only keep its new pacific system if it has some means of protecting itself. This also means that while the US has played a key role in fostering Europe's post-historical Kantian paradise, it cannot have access & must remain stuck in history. Some remarks on how Europe & the US can make this paradox work are offered in closing. D. Edelman

The role of entertainment in any society offers an important window onto its values, customs, culture and traditions. The socio-economic and political importance of play and entertainment is demonstrated by its inclusion of all classes, ages and genders. The discussion of its role and consequence within a society offers a comprehensive social tool, encompassing how, why, when and where a culture celebrates and enjoys play. The following examination is an inquiry into the various forms of entertainment in pre-Norman Ireland. All available source material has been explored and applied, though principal attention has been given to the early literature and legal material of the Old and Middle Irish periods. Subsequent discussion and examination of extant archaeological and artefactual evidence is also emphasised. Several early legal texts with translation have been added as an appendix to this study. Hitherto untranslated, the texts provide useful insight into the legal stipulations and considerations of various sports. Additionally, they provide important classifications of sport and game according to the age of participant, the inherent danger of the game and the liability for injuries incurred. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie ; Print thesis water damaged as a result of the Berkeley Library Podium flood 25/10/2011