Suchergebnisse

Cette contribution met en évidence la période charnière que constituent les années 70 quant à l'élaboration des politiques industrielles au sein de la Communauté Européenne. Pendant la première moitié du vingtième siècle, les dirigeants économiques et politiques européens sont conscients de l'avantage de taille détenu par les prime movers américains sur les firmes européennes. Ces dernières ne peuvent bénéficier d'un vaste marché domestique intégré qui leur permettrait d'atteindre la taille minimale optimale dans de nombreux secteurs. La formation du Marché Commun avec le Traité de Rome ne résout pas immédiatement ce problème de fragmentation de l'espace économique européen. Pour faire face à la concurrence des prime movers américains (et ensuite japonais), la plupart des grands États membres de la CE continuent de promouvoir une politique de champions nationaux. Cette stratégie implique le maintien des obstacles nationaux à une concurrence intracommunautaire susceptible d'engendrer une restructuration des capacités industrielles européennes par les mécanismes du marché. Cette politique semble soutenable au cours des années 60 et au début des années 70 d'une part du fait de la forte croissance des économies de l'OCDE et d'autre part parce que les entreprises européennes sont à cette période en train de combler une partie de leur retard vis-à-vis de leurs concurrents d'outre-Atlantique. Les années 70 constituent une période de transition au cours de laquelle le ralentissement de l'économie mondiale met en évidence des phénomènes structurels qui rendent de plus en plus problématiques la poursuite de la politique des champions nationaux. Trois phénomènes soulignent l'insoutenabilité pour les États membres de la CE d'une politique industrielle strictement nationale : primo la concurrence accrue des prime movers nippons et américains ; secundo la transformation du processus de production en modèle productif post-fordiste qui accroît la taille minimale optimale dans la plupart des secteurs ; et tertio la détérioration des finances publiques. Il faudra attendre plusieurs années après la crise de 1973 pour que celle-ci soit identifiée comme une crise structurelle et que les trois phénomènes précédemment décrits ne soient clairement perçus par les dirigeants économiques et politiques. Cette lente prise de conscience vient à maturation entre la fin des années 70 et le début des années 80. Dès lors, les principaux obstacles à la poursuite de l'intégration de l'espace économique européen qui résultent de l'application de la stratégie des champions nationaux, sont rapidement levés. Il en résulte pendant la première moitié des années 80 un débat sur la nature et le développement d'une politique industrielle européenne qui donne lieu au transfert vers les institutions supranationales européennes des prérogatives en termes de politique industrielle jusqu'ici détenues par de l'État national. L'émergence de champions européens et d'une politique industrielle supranationale européenne est alors possible.

Certaines études ont démontré que, dans leurs relations avec les immigrants, ils se laissent orienter par des attitudes négatives envers ceux-ci. Ces attitudes qui témoignent de nombreux aspects de notre histoire et de notre situation sociale ont déjà été rassemblées dans cette formulation :
« À cause des immigrés qui reçoivent toutes les laveurs du gouvernement et des employeurs, les Canadiens français se voient relégués aux postes les plus humbles. C'est une injustice flagrante à l'égard de ceux qui ont fondé, colonisé et développé le pays. On leur conteste le droit de commander dans leur propre pays. On veut noyer la race canadienne-française par l'immigration. Ce sont les Anglais qui veulent surtout la détruire, et c'est pour cela qu'ils donnent toujours la préférence aux immigrés. Sans l'immigration, les Canadiens français pourraient bientôt devenir majoritaires par le simple fait de leur accroissement naturel. »:
Cette constellation d'attitudes serait partagée par 77% des Canadiens français. La position dominante (44.65%) chez le groupe Canadien anglais est beaucoup plus positive; elle a été formulée comme suit:
« Pour accéder au rang de grande puissance, le Canada devra accroître sa population. Par ailleurs, il faut choisir des candidats assimilables par l'élément anglo-saxon du pays, ou, du moins, qui ne bouleversent pas la présente situation ethnique. »
Ces recherches démontrent également que le premier déterminant de ces attitudes est le facteur ethnique. « Chaque groupe ethnique aborde le problème de l'immigration d'abord en fonction de sa survivance. » C'est également la position qu'adopte le professeur Garigue. Bernard Mailhot, pour sa part, voit dans cette prédominance du facteur ethnique, une manifestation de ce sentiment de minorité, commun à chaque groupe ethnique, et qui engendre la création de barrières défensives étouffant l'émergence possible de zones d'échanges entre ces groupes.
L'ensemble de ces recherches constitue certainement un apport considérable en ce qui a trait au problème des relations ethniques au Canada français. Elles suggèrent que les attitudes envers les immigrants sont largement déterminées par les relations déjà existantes entre Canadiens français et Canadiens anglais. Toutefois, en abordant cette question par le biais du concept d'« attitude », elles en arrivent à une définition de la situation qui met en évidence une certaine polarisation des sentiments réciproques des groupes en présence. Pour notre part, nous croyons que le processus d'interaction construit par les acteurs sociaux au niveau du vécu recèle des éléments beaucoup plus complexes et nuancés que nous le laissent entendre les résultats des recherches précédentes; les significations qu'ils donnent à leurs relations s'ajustent, se modifient et sont constamment réinterprétées tout au long des interactions. C'est cet aspect de la situation que nous voudrions faire ressortir dans cette étude.

ÖzetGöç olgusuyla uzun yıllardır karşı karşıya olmasına rağmen Almanya'nın bir göç ülkesi olmanın sorumluluklarını ve sonuçlarını anlaması uzun bir bekleyişi gerektirmiştir. Alman vatandaşlarının kafasında Alman olmanın değişik karşılıkları vardır. Bu çeşitlilik siyasal partilerin göç konusuna yaklaşımında kendini göstermiştir. Göç karşıtı tutumuyla tanınmalarına rağmen Almanya'nın göçe olan ihtiyacı siyasal partilerin gözardı edemeyeceği bir gerçek haline gelmiştir. Azalmakta olan nufüs ve doğum oranları Almanya için göçü gerekli kılmıştır.Almanya'ya özgü vatandaşlık anlayışı ve buna bağlı olarak, yabancılara karşı tutum değişik dönemlerde farklılık göstermiş ve bu farklılıklar yabancılara karşı şiddet içeren aktiviteler ve ırk ayrımının artışıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Berlin Duvarı'nın yıkımı ile Almaya'nın kitleler halinde göçmen akımıyla karşılaşmaşı bu ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde yabancı karşıtı radikal davranışların artmasına yol açmıştır. New York'taki Dünya Ticaret Merkezine yapılan 11 Eylül saldırıları ve dünyanın diğer kesimlerinde meydana gelen terrörist saldırılar Müslüman nufüsa olan tepkileri arttırmıştır. Bütün bu gelişmeler Almanya ve Göç konusunun güncelliğini ve ilginçliğini korumuş, ayrıca uyum konusunun Almanya gibi göçmen gerçeğiyle başbaşa yaşamak zorunda olan bir ülke için ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Siyasi partilerin tam desteği ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının katkıları olmadan sürdürülebilir bir uyum ve huzur ortamı yaratılması mümkün değildir. AbstractImmigration has been a popular theme for researchers, immigration and Germany as well. The issue keeps its actuality and attractiveness especially coupled with the issue of integration. Germany has a long immigration history as it has been a passageway for immigrants for centuries with its geographical location. The post war immigration history of the country is shaped pretty much by the recruitment of foreign workers to compensate the lacking work force. Under the coverage of this framework millions of people settled permanently in Germany. Today Germany has a multi ethnic society and has to face the challenges of that. Accordingly immigration has always been one of the most sensitive issues in German political agenda and one of the most influential tools of the election campaigns which can be observed in varying approaches of the political parties to the issue. Considering its economic problems, population developments and huge number of foreign population, it is time for Germany to pay greater attention to the problems of immigrants. The prospects show that Germany will stay as an attractive destination for immigration. No matter how will be the future picture of immigration in Germany, immigration is today an unavoidable reality of the country. The politicians and the society should work hand in hand to create the desired model of multicultural society. The civil society organizations and the distribution of offers of those organizations in different regions play an important role in that process especially to facilitate the interaction between the natives and the immigrants to create a healthy society which could live in harmony.

National audience ; Call centers and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) well symbolise the rise of an " information economy ". As IT-enabled services, call centers 2 could have been regarded as footloose. Actually, call centers take advantage from a large array of location factors, the most important being the availability of labour. The map of French call centers shows a strong, but irregular metropolitan pattern. A much finer analysis demonstrates that the closeness to Paris has been a strong location factor in the recent de-concentration process. In a first time, CRM firms have targeted medium cities in the surroundings of Paris, with a strong presence of universities, offering a well educated workforce. During the last three years, these labour pools went to saturation. Thus, call center companies shifted to smaller or more remote cities, often with high unemployment rates. In such places, call center location has become a major tool for economic development, particularly in those which suffered from recent industrial downturns. In order to attract call center-related investments, several local communities have established dedicated training programs and offer purposebuild, ready-for-delivery premises. Without mention of incentive packages. Nevertheless, "the driving effects" of CRM business are reportedly low. Spillover effects cannot be expected, because call center operations are highly taylorian and require, on average, low skills. Moreover, CRM investments per employee are small and easily movable. With respect to the rise of overseas locations, call center perspectives for sustainable, local development seem to be narrow. For local communities, focusing on call centers only would be a dangerous bet. ; Les centres d'appels constituent une des activités émergentes de la nouvelle économie. Ils proposent au géographe une problématique intéressante : quels sont les facteurs de localisation d'établissements qui délivrent au client un service à distance. La carte des implantations dans les aires urbaines françaises, comptabilisées par postes de travail, montre une répartition spatiale irrégulière, mais qui reste fortement métropolisée. Une analyse plus fine met en évidence un processus de diffusion hiérarchique, à partir de la Capitale, puis vers les métropoles régionales, et enfin vers l'espace à dominante rurale. Ce processus créé des opportunités de créations d'emploi. Les centres d'appels sont devenus la cible des politique locales de développement économique, et un outil de reconversion des bassins d'emploi en difficulté. Mais la croissance des délocalisations outre-mer fait peser une menace sur ces activités nouvelles. La croissance des centres d'appels est un des phénomènes par lesquels les territoires entrent dans l'ère du " capitalisme cognitif ", dans un contexte de globalisation et de métropolisation. Mais les effets dynamisants de cette activité fortement taylorienne sont incertains, et elle ne saurait en aucun cas devenir une mono-activité.

National audience ; Call centers and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) well symbolise the rise of an " information economy ". As IT-enabled services, call centers 2 could have been regarded as footloose. Actually, call centers take advantage from a large array of location factors, the most important being the availability of labour. The map of French call centers shows a strong, but irregular metropolitan pattern. A much finer analysis demonstrates that the closeness to Paris has been a strong location factor in the recent de-concentration process. In a first time, CRM firms have targeted medium cities in the surroundings of Paris, with a strong presence of universities, offering a well educated workforce. During the last three years, these labour pools went to saturation. Thus, call center companies shifted to smaller or more remote cities, often with high unemployment rates. In such places, call center location has become a major tool for economic development, particularly in those which suffered from recent industrial downturns. In order to attract call center-related investments, several local communities have established dedicated training programs and offer purposebuild, ready-for-delivery premises. Without mention of incentive packages. Nevertheless, "the driving effects" of CRM business are reportedly low. Spillover effects cannot be expected, because call center operations are highly taylorian and require, on average, low skills. Moreover, CRM investments per employee are small and easily movable. With respect to the rise of overseas locations, call center perspectives for sustainable, local development seem to be narrow. For local communities, focusing on call centers only would be a dangerous bet. ; Les centres d'appels constituent une des activités émergentes de la nouvelle économie. Ils proposent au géographe une problématique intéressante : quels sont les facteurs de localisation d'établissements qui délivrent au client un service à distance. La carte des implantations dans les aires urbaines françaises, comptabilisées par postes de travail, montre une répartition spatiale irrégulière, mais qui reste fortement métropolisée. Une analyse plus fine met en évidence un processus de diffusion hiérarchique, à partir de la Capitale, puis vers les métropoles régionales, et enfin vers l'espace à dominante rurale. Ce processus créé des opportunités de créations d'emploi. Les centres d'appels sont devenus la cible des politique locales de développement économique, et un outil de reconversion des bassins d'emploi en difficulté. Mais la croissance des délocalisations outre-mer fait peser une menace sur ces activités nouvelles. La croissance des centres d'appels est un des phénomènes par lesquels les territoires entrent dans l'ère du " capitalisme cognitif ", dans un contexte de globalisation et de métropolisation. Mais les effets dynamisants de cette activité fortement taylorienne sont incertains, et elle ne saurait en aucun cas devenir une mono-activité.

National audience ; Call centers and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) well symbolise the rise of an " information economy ". As IT-enabled services, call centers 2 could have been regarded as footloose. Actually, call centers take advantage from a large array of location factors, the most important being the availability of labour. The map of French call centers shows a strong, but irregular metropolitan pattern. A much finer analysis demonstrates that the closeness to Paris has been a strong location factor in the recent de-concentration process. In a first time, CRM firms have targeted medium cities in the surroundings of Paris, with a strong presence of universities, offering a well educated workforce. During the last three years, these labour pools went to saturation. Thus, call center companies shifted to smaller or more remote cities, often with high unemployment rates. In such places, call center location has become a major tool for economic development, particularly in those which suffered from recent industrial downturns. In order to attract call center-related investments, several local communities have established dedicated training programs and offer purposebuild, ready-for-delivery premises. Without mention of incentive packages. Nevertheless, "the driving effects" of CRM business are reportedly low. Spillover effects cannot be expected, because call center operations are highly taylorian and require, on average, low skills. Moreover, CRM investments per employee are small and easily movable. With respect to the rise of overseas locations, call center perspectives for sustainable, local development seem to be narrow. For local communities, focusing on call centers only would be a dangerous bet. ; Les centres d'appels constituent une des activités émergentes de la nouvelle économie. Ils proposent au géographe une problématique intéressante : quels sont les facteurs de localisation d'établissements qui délivrent au client un service à distance. La carte des implantations dans les aires urbaines françaises, comptabilisées par postes de travail, montre une répartition spatiale irrégulière, mais qui reste fortement métropolisée. Une analyse plus fine met en évidence un processus de diffusion hiérarchique, à partir de la Capitale, puis vers les métropoles régionales, et enfin vers l'espace à dominante rurale. Ce processus créé des opportunités de créations d'emploi. Les centres d'appels sont devenus la cible des politique locales de développement économique, et un outil de reconversion des bassins d'emploi en difficulté. Mais la croissance des délocalisations outre-mer fait peser une menace sur ces activités nouvelles. La croissance des centres d'appels est un des phénomènes par lesquels les territoires entrent dans l'ère du " capitalisme cognitif ", dans un contexte de globalisation et de métropolisation. Mais les effets dynamisants de cette activité fortement taylorienne sont incertains, et elle ne saurait en aucun cas devenir une mono-activité.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-224). ; The broad theoretical concern of the thesis is to examine an ambivalent dimension in the formation of social identities in which similarities in attributes and symbolic representations can become the source of conflict when they appear to have been appropriated and alienated. In studies of the role of ethnicity in the creation and reinforcement of social identity there is very often the assumption that social cohesion arises from similarity and that actual or perceived differences lead people to identify one another as members of opposing ethnic groups. I have suggested, however, that differentiation arises from the claims that are made to this distinctiveness, and that disputes over cultural commonalities or shared ethnic symbolism actually serve to sustain ethnic boundaries in situations where powerful external forces are at work in promoting integration. I have used Tambiah's theoretical model for the investigation of ethnic identity to structure a series of case studies drawn from a community study of Pella, a communal area with a Roman Catholic mission station, and studies of other former Coloured and Nama Reserves associated with Christian missions in the Lower Orange River Basin of Namaqualand. A distinctive historical feature of this region is a general trend towards social integration as opposed to the separation found in other parts of southern Africa. In the case studies that make up the body of the thesis I have presented the sociality of the community at Pella from three perspectives, socio- political, religious and material cultural, to show the complex ways in which ethnicity has operated over time in the formation of social identities. Setting the colonial and post-colonial encounters in Gramsci's notion of hegemony as involving asymmetrical class relations and cultural imperialism, I argue that the ongoing role of the universalist Christian churches in shaping patterns of identity has to be understood in terms of their commitment to what has come to be called "inculturation" as a way of indigenizing their versions of Christianity in Africa and throughout the world. In addressing the questions of coercion and resistance, hegemony and accommodation, localization and revitalization, and the role of missions in identity politics, I contend that the concept of "inculturation" is vital to an understanding of oppositional responses to globalization, as these are expressed in cultural and ethnic terms at local level through a politics of similarity as a form of everyday resistance to the coercive and hegemonic forces of globalization. The thesis is thus a contribution to a wider debate in anthropology on role of ethnicity in cultural transformation and continuity in the context of the gathering crisis of the nation-state and the ongoing revolutionary reconstruction of the contemporary world order.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação. ; Pode a Internet acrescentar valor e induzir novas práticas na Comunicação Municipal e na Governação Local? Eis a questão de que se partiu para a elaboração desta Dissertação de Mestrado, que tem como pano de fundo a Sociedade da Informação e do Conhecimento e os novos paradigmas que lhe estão associados, bem diferentes dos arquétipos que guiaram as sociedades Industrial e pós-Industrial. E a constatação é que aos Municípios se oferece, hoje, a possibilidade de ocuparem um lugar no ciberespaço e de, tendo-o por referência, adoptarem novos modelos de governação, seja numa perspectiva administrativa, centrada nos serviços, seja no plano democrático, ao nível das interacções entre eleitos e eleitores, cidadãos e autarquia, ou ainda na promoção externa e no marketing do território. É sobre estas vertentes, feitas de fluxos no espaço virtual, que se escreve nas páginas seguintes. O trabalho que se apresenta está dividido em duas grandes áreas: a primeira corresponde aos Capítulos I e II e o seu conteúdo constitui o enquadramento teórico, caracterizando-se, sucintamente, a Era Digital; a segunda desenvolve-se ao longo de três Capítulos e centra-se na Comunicação Municipal e na Governação Local com recurso à Internet e às redes telemáticas. São palavras-chave desta Dissertação: cidadania, governação electrónica, democracia electrónica, literacia digital, acesso, proximidade, inovação, modernização, transparência, eficácia. Can Internet induce new practices and add some value to Municipal Communication and Local Government? This was the issue we took into consideration to write this Mastership Essay regarding the Society of Information and Knowledge and the new patterns that are related to it, very different from the archetypes of the Industrial and Post-industrial societies. And the fact is that Municipalities can at present hold a position in the cyberspace and, having it as a reference, they can adopt new models of governing, either from an administrative perspective, service centred, or on the democratic plan as to the interaction between the elected and the electors, citizens and municipality or still in the external promotion and marketing of the territory. Next pages are about these flux-made matters in virtual space. The present work is divided into two main areas: the first one corresponds to chapters I and II and its content is about theoretical framework and the Digital Era is succinctly characterized; the second develops in three chapters and focuses on Municipal Communication and Local Government with resort to the Internet and to telematics networks. In this essay the key-words are: citizenship, electronic governing, electronic democracy, digital literacy, access, proximity, innovation, modernization, transparency, effectiveness.

In the current globalization debate the law appears to be entangled in economic and political developments which move into a new dimension of depoliticization, de-centralization and de-individualization. For all the correct observations in detail, though, this debate is bringing about a drastic (polit)economic reduction of the role of law in the globalization process that I wish to challenge in this paper. Here one has to take on Wallerstein's misconception of "worldwide economies" according to which the formation of the global society is seen as a basically economic process. Autonomous globalization processes in other social spheres running parallel to economic globalization need to be taken seriously. In protest against such (polit)economic reductionism several strands of the debate, among them the neo-institutionalist theory of "global culture", post-modern concepts of global legal pluralism, systems theory studies of differentiated global society and various versions of "global civil society" have shaped a concept of a polycentric globalization. From these angles the remarkable multiplicity of the world society, in which tendencies to re-politicization, re-regionalization and re-individualization are becoming visible at the same time, becomes evident. I shall contrast two current theses on the globalization of law with two less current counter-theses: First thesis: globalization is relevant for law because the emergence of global markets undermines the control potential of national policy, and therefore also the chances of legal regulation. First counter-thesis: globalization produces a set of problems intrinsic to law itself, consisting in a change to the dominant lawmaking processes. Second thesis: globalization means that the law institutionalizes the worldwide shift in power from governmental actors to economic actors. Second counter-thesis: globalization means that the law has a chance of contributing to a dual constitution of autonomous sectors of world society. ; Deutsche Fassung: Globale Privatregimes: Neo-Spontanes Recht und duale Sozialverfassungen in der Weltgesellschaft. In: Dieter Simon und Manfred Weiss (Hg.) Zur Autonomie des Individuums. Liber Amicorum Spiros Simitis. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2000, 437-453 und in Bruno Dechamps, Eduard Kroker (Hg.) Zeitenwende, Verlag Frankfurter Allgemeine Buch, Frankfurt 2001, 169-175. Englische Fassung: Global Private Regimes: Neo-Spontaneous Law and Dual Constitution of Autonomous Sectors? In: Karl-Heinz Ladeur (Hg.) Public Governance in the Age of Globalization. Ashgate, Aldershot 2004, 71-87. Italienische Fassung: Regimi privati globali: diritti neo-spontanei e costituzione duale di settori autonomi nella società-mondo? . In: Gunther Teubner, Costituzionalismo societario. Armando, Roma 2004 (im Erscheinen). Französische Fassung: Un droit spontané dans la société mondiale? In: Charles-Albert Morand (Hg.) Le droit saisi par la mondialisation. Bruylant, Bruxelles 2001, 179-220. Portugiesische Fassung: Regimes privados: direito neo-espontaneo e constituicoes dualistas na sociedade mundial. In: Gunther Teubner, Direito, Sistema, Policontexturalidade, Editora Unimep, Piracicaba Sao Paolo, Brasil 2005, 105-128

Les auteurs se proposent de porter un regard à la fois rétrospectif et prospectif sur la dynamique récente du marché du riz à Madagascar et ses effets d'entraînement sur la situation des campagnes malgaches. La communication s'appuie sur une analyse de la filière en 1999-2000, sur un relevé hebdomadaire et mensuel des prix en milieux urbain et rural et sur un diagnostic de la commercialisation en 2004-2005, pour analyser cette évolution conjoncturelle et son potentiel à modifier structurellement la situation de la filière rizicole et plus largement les revenus et les conditions de vie des paysans. La manifestation la plus visible d'une situation qualifiée "de crise", a été une augmentation substantielle des prix de détail. Elle est due à une combinaison de facteurs, d'une part, internes et externes; d'autre part, physiques, monétaires et politiques: aléa climatique, difficulté à estimer le "gap" entre production et consommation, dépréciation de la monnaie, augmentation des prix internationaux et intervention de l'Etat. Cette crise a eu certains effets redistributifs immédiats dont la pérennisation est questionnée: le prix du riz a incontestablement été un facteur d'enrichissement pour les uns et d'appauvrissement pour les autres. Cette situation exceptionnelle a offert plusieurs opportunités qui peuvent déboucher sur des perspectives favorables de relance de la filière riz: (i) les signaux de prix sont arrivés aux paysans leur donnant la possibilité de cibler le riz comme culture commerciale mais aussi permettant aux ménages de limiter le risque de pénurie vivrière; (ii) le ratio prix de l'engrais/prix du paddy s'est amélioré pouvant être une incitation pour les riziculteurs à utiliser l'engrais et à améliorer leur productivité; (iii) les cours élevés du riz au niveau international pourraient permettre au riz malgache de redevenir compétitif à l'exportation; (iv) enfin la situation 2004 a montré qu'il était important d'exploiter la diversité des possibilités techniques offertes par la riziculture malgache, des cultures marginales comme le riz précoce ou tardif ayant atténué la pénurie à des moments critiques. La crise s'est jouée sur le terrain économique mais plus que tout a pointé un problème institutionnel qui est le manque de transparence et de confiance entre les partenaires de la filière riz qui a nuit à la gestion collective de cette période difficile. Les modalités d'un pilotage public/privé de la filière riz sont indispensables mais difficiles à trouver après une longue habitude d'interventionnisme plus ou moins marqué de l'Etat et une libéralisation plus imposée que choisie. Par ailleurs un des acquis de cette période difficile a été d'élargir le spectre des possibilités de devenir pour cette filière montrant qu'il convient de préparer la phase post-autosuffisance.

The paper explains that the Spanish Army have been the owners of vast real estate holdings for many years.The vested capacity to obtain land and the need to do so have both led to the Armed Services' being one ofthe major national landowners.Recent research has made patent both the extent and high utility rating of such land in the National Capital.This concentration, though certainly owing much to acquisitions during the first thirty years of the lastcentury must also be understood as likewise to be the upshot of Franco's regime when military housing wasendowed with a number of exclusive service urbanistic privileges.The current process of reconverting military land holdings in Madrid got underway in 1977 as part as anational endeavour. Although on a national level the alienating of ground given over to military purposeshas been going on for some while now, the process of Armed Services re-newel and the making of themprofessional has accelerated the process post 1984.The paper sets out to show the changes undergone in the real estate heritage of the Armed Forces bycataloguing the location and characteristics of this in the late seventies from which material to then tracethe nature of the changes to this that have taken place along with those means by which such change wasaccomplished. ; A lo largo de la historia, las Fuerzas Armadas han llegado a reunir un patrimonio inmobiliariomuy importante. Debido a su gran poder y amplias necesidades, Defensa ha ido acumulando suelo e instalacioneshasta convertirse en uno de los grandes propietarios inmobiliarios del país.La investigación da cuenta de la importancia de los espacios y usos militares en Madrid. Su relevancia enla ciudad está vinculada a la capitalidad. Esta fuerte concentración militar es el resultado del aumento delas propiedades en el primer tercio de siglo, pero, sobre todo, de la potente intervención del franquismo queincluyó también una gran cantidad de servicios exclusivos, en particular, las viviendas militares que cobraronun especial protagonismo y se asentaron por toda la ciudad y en las inmediaciones de las instalacionesmilitares. La transformación reciente del espacio militar en la Comunidad de Madrid y los mecanismos utilizadospara su reconversión, entre 1977 y 2003, son el resultado del mismo proceso de cambio que afecta atodo el país. La pérdida de las propiedades militares en el conjunto nacional se ha producido en un largo período,sin embargo, su protagonismo es más destacado en las dos últimas décadas en correspondencia conla modernización y profesionalización de las Fuerzas Armadas.El trabajo muestra los cambios del patrimonio de Defensa partiendo de la localización y caracterización desus propiedades a finales de los años setenta, para analizar los rasgos y los mecanismos empleados en unproceso de reconversión aún inconcluso.

WITFOR CONFERENCE Gaborone, Botswana 1 September 2005 ICTs in Education: Can Digital Dividend Replace Digital Divide? By: Sir John Daniel, Paul West (Commonwealth of Learning) Susan D'Antoni (UNESCO-IIEP) and Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić (UNESCO) // The themes of this WITFOR [World Information Technology Forum] conference include Building the Infrastructure and Education and I shall concentrate on those two themes this morning. My title is ICTs in Education: Can Digital Dividend Replace Digital Divide. This session also highlights collaboration between international intergovernmental organisations. I am giving a practical example of such collaboration because I have prepared this keynote address with three co-authors. // First is Susan D'Antoni of UNESCO's International Institute for Educational Planning. Through the virtual forum that she has organised on virtual universities and similar events that she is planning for the future, Susan is helping to create a global community of practice in online learning. // Stamenka Uvaliæ-Trumbiæ, my former colleague at the UNESCO Secretariat in Paris, heads UNESCO's unit that deals with reform, innovation and quality assurance in higher education. Most recently she has guided the joint work of UNESCO and the OECD on the development of guidelines for the quality assurance of cross-border higher education. // The third co-author is Paul West, a South African colleague at the Commonwealth of Learning who guides our work in knowledge management. One of Paul's objectives is to help people in developing countries use online learning to expand the scope, scale and impact of education and training. For this reason he is particularly interested in discovering how the range of technologies that are used in developing countries can contribute to the learning experience. // The four of us are united by a common aim, which is to promote development through learning. Eradicating the grinding poverty that scars much of our contemporary world is not a simple phenomenon. In many places the notions of information or knowledge societies seem like mirages - or at best realities on the distant horizon. // Specifically we shall focus on online learning, or eLearning, which is currently a major manifestation of ICTs in education. We shall look at government interest in eLearning; barriers to eLearning that require a coordinated response; recommendations for coordination between partners; and what educational leaders can do to promote eLearning. // The fundamental question we shall try to answer appears in our title. Can digital dividend replace digital divide in the developing world? We shall focus particularly on post-secondary education: not because it is the most important level of education but because success there will spread through the education system. So how can we make eLearning a bridge across the digital divide?

National audience ; Call centers and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) well symbolise the rise of an " information economy ". As IT-enabled services, call centers 2 could have been regarded as footloose. Actually, call centers take advantage from a large array of location factors, the most important being the availability of labour. The map of French call centers shows a strong, but irregular metropolitan pattern. A much finer analysis demonstrates that the closeness to Paris has been a strong location factor in the recent de-concentration process. In a first time, CRM firms have targeted medium cities in the surroundings of Paris, with a strong presence of universities, offering a well educated workforce. During the last three years, these labour pools went to saturation. Thus, call center companies shifted to smaller or more remote cities, often with high unemployment rates. In such places, call center location has become a major tool for economic development, particularly in those which suffered from recent industrial downturns. In order to attract call center-related investments, several local communities have established dedicated training programs and offer purposebuild, ready-for-delivery premises. Without mention of incentive packages. Nevertheless, "the driving effects" of CRM business are reportedly low. Spillover effects cannot be expected, because call center operations are highly taylorian and require, on average, low skills. Moreover, CRM investments per employee are small and easily movable. With respect to the rise of overseas locations, call center perspectives for sustainable, local development seem to be narrow. For local communities, focusing on call centers only would be a dangerous bet. ; Les centres d'appels constituent une des activités émergentes de la nouvelle économie. Ils proposent au géographe une problématique intéressante : quels sont les facteurs de localisation d'établissements qui délivrent au client un service à distance. La carte des implantations dans les aires urbaines françaises, comptabilisées par postes de travail, montre une répartition spatiale irrégulière, mais qui reste fortement métropolisée. Une analyse plus fine met en évidence un processus de diffusion hiérarchique, à partir de la Capitale, puis vers les métropoles régionales, et enfin vers l'espace à dominante rurale. Ce processus créé des opportunités de créations d'emploi. Les centres d'appels sont devenus la cible des politique locales de développement économique, et un outil de reconversion des bassins d'emploi en difficulté. Mais la croissance des délocalisations outre-mer fait peser une menace sur ces activités nouvelles. La croissance des centres d'appels est un des phénomènes par lesquels les territoires entrent dans l'ère du " capitalisme cognitif ", dans un contexte de globalisation et de métropolisation. Mais les effets dynamisants de cette activité fortement taylorienne sont incertains, et elle ne saurait en aucun cas devenir une mono-activité.

National audience ; Call centers and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) well symbolise the rise of an " information economy ". As IT-enabled services, call centers 2 could have been regarded as footloose. Actually, call centers take advantage from a large array of location factors, the most important being the availability of labour. The map of French call centers shows a strong, but irregular metropolitan pattern. A much finer analysis demonstrates that the closeness to Paris has been a strong location factor in the recent de-concentration process. In a first time, CRM firms have targeted medium cities in the surroundings of Paris, with a strong presence of universities, offering a well educated workforce. During the last three years, these labour pools went to saturation. Thus, call center companies shifted to smaller or more remote cities, often with high unemployment rates. In such places, call center location has become a major tool for economic development, particularly in those which suffered from recent industrial downturns. In order to attract call center-related investments, several local communities have established dedicated training programs and offer purposebuild, ready-for-delivery premises. Without mention of incentive packages. Nevertheless, "the driving effects" of CRM business are reportedly low. Spillover effects cannot be expected, because call center operations are highly taylorian and require, on average, low skills. Moreover, CRM investments per employee are small and easily movable. With respect to the rise of overseas locations, call center perspectives for sustainable, local development seem to be narrow. For local communities, focusing on call centers only would be a dangerous bet. ; Les centres d'appels constituent une des activités émergentes de la nouvelle économie. Ils proposent au géographe une problématique intéressante : quels sont les facteurs de localisation d'établissements qui délivrent au client un service à distance. La carte des implantations dans les aires urbaines françaises, comptabilisées par postes de travail, montre une répartition spatiale irrégulière, mais qui reste fortement métropolisée. Une analyse plus fine met en évidence un processus de diffusion hiérarchique, à partir de la Capitale, puis vers les métropoles régionales, et enfin vers l'espace à dominante rurale. Ce processus créé des opportunités de créations d'emploi. Les centres d'appels sont devenus la cible des politique locales de développement économique, et un outil de reconversion des bassins d'emploi en difficulté. Mais la croissance des délocalisations outre-mer fait peser une menace sur ces activités nouvelles. La croissance des centres d'appels est un des phénomènes par lesquels les territoires entrent dans l'ère du " capitalisme cognitif ", dans un contexte de globalisation et de métropolisation. Mais les effets dynamisants de cette activité fortement taylorienne sont incertains, et elle ne saurait en aucun cas devenir une mono-activité.

Traditional definitions of organised crime tend to focus on its links with the market. They depict organised crime as an alternative industry based on the stable supply of a criminal market, characterised by the use of force or threat by it, and motivated by illicit profit or a quest of political power. These definitions arise from the historically most common depictions of specific activities of organised crime, which in most parts of Europe and North America have traditionally been associated with the illegal collection of debts, extortion rackets, contract murders or systemic corruption leading to, and associated with, a transnational trade in drugs. Through the evolution of the definitions, these stereotypes have gradually waned away, and the use of violence, as well as the primary motivation by material profit, has been omitted from the lists of obligatory characteristics that a crime must fulfill in order to be classified as ?organised crime?. More recently, in the European Union definition, the use of violence and motivation by profit alone have been made only conditional criteria, and the quest of institutional power has been recognised as a motivating factor for organised crime equal to that of generating illicit profit. These new definitional approaches have opened the way to revolutionary ways of understanding the development of organised crime, specifically to including white-collar crime and massive fraud in the future definitions of organised crime, as well as further elaborating the aspect of political violence that is present in many organised crime activities across the world. In the Balkans, these new moments in defining organised crime appear to have been tested particularly directly in Serbia, where, first, there has been a long public debate over a systematic ?siphoning away? of public funds to the accounts of private companies through the mass corruption of a former, post-communist government until 2001. Subsequently, organised criminal rings have been accused of having masterminded and executed the assassination of the late Serbian Prime Minister, Dr Zoran Djindjic. The Balkans, and particularly Serbia, have been exposed to some of the most destructive consequences of organised crime. Correspondingly, the region can serve as a polygon or testing grounds for the exploration of the conceptual issues associated with organised crime. Finally, the experiences in crime control gained in this process could be valuable tools to address organised crime elsewhere. This especially concerns the emergence of what has recently become known in criminological discourse as the ?New War-Making Criminal Entity?. This paper explores the key features of organised crime against the background of the Serbian, and, by extension, Balkan circumstances, and draws conclusions as to how these experiences can be useful more globally.