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The recognition that HIV prevention materials need to be adapted to local cultures is not often sufficiently understood and applied. Counter discourses and determined disputation about the best means of HIV prevention show that success is not simply a matter of mindfully translating globally sanctioned knowledge and presenting it to receptive audiences. Beliefs contrary to global AIDS knowledges will not be displaced inevitably by scientific facts. As this study of born-again Christians in Papua New Guinea shows, there is incommensurability between the globalized approach preferred by the government and the approach of these Christians. The answer may lie in two words: respect and dialogue.

History has always dealt with people, yet often gazing at the people from the perspectives of the non-people - colonizers, intruders, outsiders and the privileged elite insiders - who seem to have internalized the 'mainstream' perspective framed by the outsiders. In this context a group of scholars working on Darjeeling felt that there was a need for an inclusive people's history of the Darjeeling hills.The present volume tries to fill this gap of the missing voices of the people of the Darjeeling hills and their cultures through re-writing inclusive history of society and culture from 'below', not only by de coding the elements that are treated as tradition, but also the trans formations in the realms of arts and ecology. For, the tribal-scape of the Darjeeling hills is not a static/frozen zone and the people (hence, the geo-space) are in continuous transition from traditional beings towards becoming neo-traditional. Accepting history as constantly 'extra mural' the objectives of the book are to focus on un documented histories related to harmony, intimacy, belongingness and environ mental care and thereby, interact the living with what is often projected as 'dead', by rejecting to abide by any given set of references as the final/'scientific'/authentic and, thereby, opening up with other kinds of historical dialogue with the understated historical items that are accessible in Darjeeling.Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the print version of this book in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

A transactional view of speech functions and codeswitching / J.B. Pride -- Extralinguistic variables and linguistic description / Anthony L. Vanek -- Sociolinguistic aspects of pronoun usage in Middle English / Gloria Paulik Sampson -- Codeswitching as a "safe choice" in choosing a lingua franca / Carol Myers Scotton -- Other people's words : an aspect of style in Ga songs / M.E. Kropp Dakubu -- How role-relationships, domains, and speech situations affect language use among bilinguals / Emy M. Pascasio and Araceli Hidalgo -- Correlational sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication / Jacqueline Lindenfeld -- Sociological aspects of Black English dialects in the United States / R.B. Smith -- Communication in culture spaces / Akira Yamamoto -- Sociolinguistic variation and semantic structure : the case of Tamil kaRi / Franklin C. Southworth -- Perspectives on sociolinguistics in India / P.B. Pandit -- A demographic typology for Hindi, Urdu, Panjabi speakers in South Asia / Lachman M. Khubchandani -- Social mobility and specialization in language use / Grace Jolly -- Modal and modish pronunciations : some sex differences in speech / Lewis Levine and Harry J. Crockett Jr. -- The effects of marital status and age on sex differences in language style / Diana Wortman Warshay -- Sampling, elicitation, and interpretation : Orléans and elsewhere / John Ross -- Social differences in white speech / Raven I. McDavid Jr. -- Language choice and socialization in a multilingual community : language use among primary school teachers in Ghana / Jean Ure -- Relational bilingualism : a socioeducational approach to studying multilingualism among Mexican-Americans / Jacob Ornstein -- The future of the oppressed languages in the Andes / Xavier Albó -- A comparative study of language contact : the influence of demographic factors in Wales and the Soviet Union / E. Glyn Lewis -- Linguistic contacts and elements of ethnic identification / M. Guboglo -- Region, religion, and language : parameters of identity in the process of acculturation / Mahadev L. Apte -- Sociopsychological bases of language choice and use : the case of Swahili vernaculars and English in Kenya / Joseph Muthiani -- Cree-English bilingualism in northern Alberta / Regna Darnell -- Bilingualism and language maintenance in two communities in Santa Catarina, Brazil / Jürgen Heye -- Cherokee : a flourishing or obsolescing language? / William Pulte -- Chicano bilingual/bicultural education / Henry Torres Trueba -- Helping Africans to speak for themselves : the role of linguistics / Robert G. Armstrong -- A typology of language education in Nigeria / C.M.B. Brann -- Social and linguistic structures of Burundi, a typical "unimodal" country / A. Verdoodt -- The sociolinguistic structure of the Danube Basin / Gyula Décsy -- Language unification in Taiwan : present and future / Robert L. Cheng -- The persistence of the ideographic script in the Far East : its competitive values versus the alphabet / Fosco Maraini -- Prestige speech styles : the imposed norm and inherent value hypotheses / Howard Giles, Richard Bourhis and Ann Davies -- Attitudes toward the adoption of an international language / Ellen-Marie Silverman and Franklin H. Silverman -- East Europeans and the politics of multiculturalism in Alberta / Baha Abu-Laban -- Universal literacy of the formerly backward peoples of the Soviet Union : a factor of their social self-awareness / V.A. Kumanëv -- Communication in an Indian village / J.S. Yadava -- Emerging patterns of communication networks in a developing society / C. Lakshmanna -- Network concepts in the sociology of language / Evangelos A. Afendras -- Problems of language standardization in India / Bh. Krishnamurti -- Universals of language planning in national development / Charles A. Ferguson and Anwar S. Dil -- The dimensionality and predictability of responses to language planning activities / Joshua A. Fishman

В статье публикуется коллекция железных наконечников стрел из некрополя булан-кобинской культуры Чобурак-I (Чемальский район Республики Алтай), исследования которого проводились экспедицией Алтайского государственного университета в 2017–2019 гг. В результате классификации 48 изделий, представленных полными и частично разрушенными образцами, выделены 14 типов наконечников, дополненных 24 вариантами. Типологическое исследование позволило определить относительную хронологию разных модификаций проникателей и их возможный генезис. Среди ярусных наконечников присутствуют образцы хуннуской (сюннуской) традиции II–V вв. н.э. (типы 1а, 2а, 4а–б) и южно-сибирской традиции III–V вв. н.э. (типы 1б, 2б, 3а, 4в). Трехлопастные наконечники стрел датируются разным временем: шестиугольные без упора (тип 8а) – II в. до н.э. – V в. н.э.; асимметрично-ромбические и ромбические без упора (типы 6а, 7а) – II–V вв. н.э.; асимметрично-ромбические, ромбические, шестиугольные с кольцевым упором (типы 6б, 7б, 8б) – III–V вв. н.э. Трехгранно-трехлопастные наконечники типа 10а являются результатом сочетания местной и среднеазиатской (кенкольской) традиций военного дела. Бронебойные наконечники (типы 11а–б, 12а–б, 13а, 14а) демонстрируют знакомство населения Северного Алтая с передовыми средствами поражения защитного доспеха, получившего широкое применение в Центральной Азии со 2-й половины IV в. н.э. под влиянием оружейного комплекса поздних сяньби. Публикуемые материалы расширяют источниковую базу для сравнительного изучения оружия дальнего боя народов восточной Евразии середины I тыс. н.э. ; The article publishes a collection of iron arrowheads from the Choburak-I necropolis of the Bulan-Koby culture (the Chemal district of the Altai Republic), the research of which was conducted by the expedition of Altai State University in 2017–2019. As a result of the classification of 45 products, represented by complete and partially destroyed samples, 13 types of arrowheads were identified, supplemented by 23 options. A typological study made it possible to determine the relative chronology of various modifications of the intruders and their possible genesis. Among the longline tips there are samples of the Xiungnu tradition of the 2nd – 5th centuries AD (types 1a, 2a, 4a–b) and the South Siberian tradition of the 3rd – 5th centuries AD (types 1b, 2b, 3a, 4c). Three-bladed arrowheads date from different times: hexagonal without emphasis (type 8a) – the 2nd century BC – the 5th century AD; asymmetric rhombic and rhombic without emphasis (types 6a, 7a) – the 2nd – the 5th centuries AD; asymmetric rhombic, rhombic, hexagonal with an annular emphasis (types 6b, 7b, 8b) – the 3rd –the 5th centuries AD. Trihedral-three-lobed tips of type 10a are the result of a combination of local and Central Asian (Kenkol) military traditions. Armor-piercing tips (types 11a–b, 12a–b, 13a) demonstrate the familiarity of the population of the Northern Altai with advanced means of defeating protective armor, which was widely used in Central Asia from the 2nd half of the 4th century AD influenced by the late Xianbi weapons complex. Published materials expand the source base for a comparative study of the long-range battle weapons of the peoples of eastern Eurasia in the middle of the 1st millennium AD.

The military recently recognized the importance of taking sociocultural factors into consideration. Therefore, Human Social Culture Behavior (HSCB) modeling has been getting much attention in current and future operational requirements to successfully understand the effects of social and cultural factors on human behavior. There are different kinds of modeling approaches to the data that are being used in this field and so far none of them has been widely accepted. HSCB modeling needs the capability to represent complex, ill-defined, and imprecise concepts, and soft computing modeling can deal with these concepts. There is currently no study on the use of any computational methodology for representing the relationship between adverse events and infrastructure development investments in an active war theater. This study investigates the relationship between adverse events and infrastructure development projects in an active war theater using soft computing techniques including fuzzy inference systems (FIS), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) that directly benefits from their accuracy in prediction applications. Fourteen developmental and economic improvement project types were selected based on allocated budget values and a number of projects at different time periods, urban and rural population density, and total adverse event numbers at previous month selected as independent variables. A total of four outputs reflecting the adverse events in terms of the number of people killed, wounded, hijacked, and total number of adverse events has been estimated. For each model, the data was grouped for training and testing as follows: years between 2004 and 2009 (for training purpose) and year 2010 (for testing). Ninety-six different models were developed and investigated for Afghanistan and the country was divided into seven regions for analysis purposes. Performance of each model was investigated and compared to all other models with the calculated mean absolute error (MAE) values and the prediction accuracy within (&)#177;1 error range (difference between actual and predicted value). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effects of input values on dependent variables and to rank the top ten input parameters in order of importance.According to the the results obtained, it was concluded that the ANNs, FIS, and ANFIS are useful modeling techniques for predicting the number of adverse events based on historical development or economic projects' data. When the model accuracy was calculated based on the MAE for each of the models, the ANN had better predictive accuracy than FIS and ANFIS models in general as demonstrated by experimental results. The percentages of prediction accuracy with values found within (&)#177;1 error range around 90%. The sensitivity analysis results show that the importance of economic development projects varies based on the regions, population density, and occurrence of adverse events in Afghanistan. For the purpose of allocating resources and development of regions, the results can be summarized by examining the relationship between adverse events and infrastructure development in an active war theater; emphasis was on predicting the occurrence of events and assessing the potential impact of regional infrastructure development efforts on reducing number of such events. ; 2013-08-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Industrial Engineering and Management Systems ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.