This study catalogues the treatment of farmers within the tax and social security systems of a large number of OECD countries, knowledge of which has been very scarce up to now. The conceptual basis for deciding what constitutes a concession conferring financial benefit to the farmer is discussed and estimates of the values of those concessions are reported in the few cases where they have been found. Many different types of taxes are covered including income taxes, taxes on property, (annual or on transfer by death or sale), and taxes on goods and services, as is preferential treatment in social security contributions or entitlements. In all, twenty-four countries are covered. The different measures are analyzed from the point of view of their likely impact in distorting production and trade, and how they may affect structure and asset values in the sector. Finally, the report indicates that fuller integration of farming into economy-wide, social safety nets or tax systems could be more efficient, effective and equitable than sectoral approaches in tackling instability or low incomes in farming.--Publisher's description
Introduction -- Concept of social economy: past and present -- Economic liberalisation and social development -- Social consequences of economic policies -- Marginalisation of agriculture sector -- Social implications of political process -- Caste prejudices and human dignity -- Language, culture and social inequalities -- Alternative paradigms -- Epilogue
This article reviews the findings of a study on social responsibility, particularly that of universities in the twenty-first century. It underscores the importance of the university-business-state relationship as a strategy to encourage the development of research and innovation through an association between education, business and government sectors geared towards generating competitive capacity for the advancement of science, technology and production processes aimed at increasing productivity in a way that will contribute to the advancement of society. The article is divided into five parts. In the first, social responsibility is conceptualized as a key element in the business-society relationship. The second part outlines the university's responsibility to society and points out that, in addition to training professionals, it is the university's mission to create and recreate knowledge relevant to the region. In the third section, the responsibility of companies is analyzed in light of their capacity as organizations that acquire processes for innovation and competitiveness through their relationship with academia. In the fourth section, the responsibility of the university in processes of change in relation to the productive sector is identified; and, in the firth, the establishment of university-business-state relations is described as a strategy to create scenarios of trust between the three sectors. The study concludes that the social responsibility of universities in the XXI century is assumed from the standpoint of the relevance of their core functions to the social context. Therefore, universities should integrate with the economic, political, social, cultural and environmental areas of society by playing a significant role in the development of the region and the country. ; Este artículo de revisión es el resultado de investigación sobre la responsabilidad social (RS), particularmente la que debe cumplir la universidad del siglo XXI. Evidencia la importancia de la relación universidad-empresa-Estado como estrategia para propiciar el desarrollo de investigación e innovación, mediante la interrelación de los sectores educativo, empresarial y gubernamental, a partir de la cual se propende por la generación de capacidad competitiva para el avance de la ciencia, la tecnología y los procesos productivos, encaminados a incrementar la productividad para impactar el avance de la sociedad. Se estructura en cinco partes: en la primera se conceptualiza sobre la responsabilidad social como elemento fundamental en la relación empresa-sociedad; en la segunda se presenta la responsabilidad de la universidad frente a la sociedad, y se puntualiza que, además de formar profesionales, tiene la misión de crear y recrear conocimiento pertinente para la región; en la tercera se analiza la responsabilidad de la empresa, como organización que asume procesos de innovación y competitividad desde la relación con la academia; en la cuarta se identifica la responsabilidad de la universidad frente a procesos de cambio en relación con el sector productivo; y en quinto lugar se describe el establecimiento de las relaciones universidad-empresa-Estado como estrategia para instaurar escenarios de confianza entre los tres sectores. El estudio concluye que la responsabilidad social de la universidad en el siglo XXI se asume desde la pertinencia de sus funciones sustantivas con el contexto social; por consiguiente, debe integrarse a los ámbitos económico, político, social, cultural y ambiental, participando significativa en el desarrollo de la región y el país. DOI:10.5294/edu.2015.18.1.6 ; Este artigo de revisão é o resultado de pesquisa sobre a responsabilidade social, particularmente a que deve cumprir a universidade do século XXI. Evidencia a importancia da relação universidade-empresa-Estado como estratégia para propiciar o desenvolvimento de pesquisa e inovação, mediante a inter-relação dos setores educativo, empresarial e governamental, a partir da qual se propende pela geração de capacidade competitiva para o avanço da ciência, da tecnologia e dos processos produtivos, que visam aumentar a produtividade para impactar o avanço da sociedade. É dividido em cinco partes: na primeira, conceitualiza-se sobre a responsabilidade social como elemento fundamental na relação empresa-sociedade; na segunda, apresenta-se a responsabilidade da universidade perante a sociedade, e assinala-se que, além de formar profissionais, tem a missão de criar e recriar conhecimento pertinente para a região; na terceira, analisa-se a responsabilidade da empresa como organização que assume processos de inovação e competitividade a partir da relação com a academia; na quarta, identifica-se a responsabilidade da universidade diante de processos de mudança com relação ao setor produtivo; em quinto lugar, descreve-se o estabelecimento das relações universidade-empresa-Estado como estratégia para instaurar cenários de confiança entre os três setores. O estudo conclui que a responsabilidade social da universidade no século XXI assume-se a partir da pertinência de suas funções substantivas com o contexto social; portanto, deve ser integrada aos ámbitos econômico, político, social, cultural e ambiental, participando deforma significativa no desenvolvimento da região e do país.
It is widely acknowledge that many of e-Participation initiatives often attract wider audience and face serious limited citizens' involvement. The use of social media has been seen as a hope to remedy such limitation. However, despite the recently adoption of social media the lack of citizens' involvement in e-Participation initiatives still remains. This ongoing research paper aims at producing a general overview of e-Participation through social media. So far, the latest research works on such topic have been predominantly focused on a political context of e-Participation, where politicians-citizens interactions and activities are the central interest of the studies. Little existing studies investigate e-Participation in its own right in government context. The findings also reveal that the majority of e-Participation through social media initiatives are more informative than interactive, since few initiatives have been found that aim to considerably enhance citizen participation in policy decision making. ; This work has been supported by Portuguese FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology within the Project Scope UID /CEC / 00319/2013 ...
"In this book, Mark Fedyk offers a novel analysis of the relationship between moral psychology and allied fields in the social sciences. Fedyk shows how the social sciences can be integrated with moral philosophy, argues for the benefits of such an integration, and offers a new ethical theory that can be used to bridge research between the two. Fedyk argues that moral psychology should take a social turn, investigating the psychological processes that motivate patterns of social behavior defined as ethical using normative information extracted from the social sciences. He points out methodological problems in conventional moral psychology, particularly the increasing methodological and conceptual inconsilience with both philosophical ethics and evolutionary biology. Fedyk's "causal theory of ethics" is designed to provide moral psychology with an ethical theory that can be used without creating tension between its scientific practice and the conceptual vocabulary of philosophical ethics. His account aims both to redirect moral psychology toward more socially realistic questions about human life and to introduce philosophers to a new form of ethical naturalism--a way of thinking about how to use different fields of scientific research to answer some of the traditional questions that are at the heart of ethics"--Publisher website.
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Abstract In a critical examination of evidence-based approaches, the contribution argues for the development of a concept of causality that is sustainable for social work in order to explain why it has an impact. Two special features of social work are important in this respect: it is confronted with relatively high complexity and service users shape the effects of social work in their interactions with professionals. A social work conceptualisation of causality should consider both aspects, and it should be analytically grounded in interactions between professionals and service users. However, their interrelated practices do not stand alone. Interactions are always reflexively accompanied by the participants. The awareness and expectation that social work measures (should) have consequences is part of the practice of social work and its effects.
Résumé Les politiques sociales connaissent de profondes restructurations qui affectent tant les interventions de l'État que les prestations sociales offertes par d'autres institutions. Dans ce cadre, cet article se concentre sur l'évolution de l'action sociale des caisses de retraite en examinant son rôle dans le système de gestion de la vieillesse. En proposant aux retraités toute une série d'aides plus ou moins innovantes, l'action sociale répond aux ambitions généralistes de la politique nationale de la vieillesse mise en place depuis les années soixante-dix. Elle participe à l'intégration sociale des retraités et constitue de fait un complément aux transferts assurantiels. Néanmoins, elle est aujourd'hui prise dans une dynamique de redéfinition de ses priorités en se ciblant avant tout sur les populations les plus démunies. Cette évolution permet de s'interroger sur les transformations de la protection sociale et notamment sur les tensions entre l'universalité des prestations sociales et l'assistance aux plus défavorisés.
"Die Verfasserin diskutiert die Frage nach dem ökonomischen Wert von Corporate Social Responsibility. Sie gibt einen Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Diskussion zum Wert von Gütern und verdeutlicht hierdurch die prinzipielle interpretatorische Offenheit und soziale Bedingtheit der Wertbestimmung. In Analogie zur Ausbildung positionaler Güter bzw. eines eigenen 'Markenwerts' deutet die Autorin die Diskussionen um CSR als sozialen Konstruktionsprozess, an dessen Ende sich der Wert moralischer Güter institutionalisiert haben könnte." (Textauszug)
A internacionalização é fundamental para à construção das disciplinas académicas e profissionais, porque o conhecimento científico que orienta e suporta o agir profissional tem que ser universal, mas contendo em si próprio orientações sobre dinâmicas e processos para o necessário ajustamento aos problemas, contextos económicos, sociais, políticos e culturais locais. A internacionalização no serviço social confronta-se inevitavelmente com valores, culturas, contextos sociais e políticos heterogéneos e muitas vezes conflituantes. Por isso o artigo vai abordar os desafios e problemas relacionados com a internacionalização e os recursos que a Europa e Portugal especificamente podem oferecer para apoiar a internacionalização.
Social Policy, Politics and Economics of Welfare, Business and Management, Innovation, Sociology, Economic Sociology, Politics, Citizenship, Social Policy and Welfare
Se abordan varios temas uno de ellos muy difícil de ser investigado "Deuda externa y Comunicación", pues esta es más devastadora que cien hiroshimas, por lo que se incita a los periodistas a tomar partido y defender a los pueblos tercermundistas. Sobre la estabilidad democrática y el periodismo, se hace un llamado a periodistas y dueños de los medios de comunicación a defender "sus" frágiles democracias, debilitadas por la deuda externa. En relación al área de comunicación crisis y desastres naturales esta es inexplorada por los periodistas, a pesar de que cada año son diezmados centenares de pueblos. La información preventiva y la movilización, son campos de la comunicación social. Por último la era de los satélites toma a la sociedad de sorpresa, sin políticas adecuadas para aprovechar esta nueva avalancha tecnológica.
The neutral approach of the natural scientist to the study of the physical environment contrasts with the social science approach. The unit of study is the same: in both cases it is the society, but instead of value-free adapta tions (of the natural sciences), the social sciences tend to evaluate environmental relations as beneficent or dangerous to man. American society has its adaptive niche on the North American continent, but in its brief history, we note a change in attitude from the first settlers' confident belief that nature will provide for man's wants, to our present sense of the threat to social existence generated by environmental problems. This is coupled with a growing conviction that past policies of uncontrolled depletion have brought about the change from an ecology of abundance to an ecology of scarcity. In order to comprehend our present strait, compare the civilizations of olden Central Asia, where water was in scarce supply. There, however, water was not a threat, but a positive value; its scarcity was dealt with by practical legal and technical means. Thus, there is no necessary connection between scarcity and a given set of attitudes. We are passing through a climacteric at present regarding quantity and quality of water supply, and as we change our philosophy of natural resources generally, so do we change our management policies toward them in particular. We are making up our minds that what was cheap or free will now become expensive. The pills of rising costs and taxes are a bitter dosage.
Bei dieser Archivnummer handelt es sich um eine technische Datensatznummerierung. Alle Informationen und die inhaltliche Beschreibung der Studie sind unter der ZA-Studien-Nr. 1620 abrufbar.
