Suchergebnisse

The administrative court is given the authority to review the request for review of abuse of authority according to the legislation and general principles of good governance as the two touchstones. This review may serve as a testing benchmark to discuss the issue of the request over the abuse of authority as requested by government officials, recalling that abuse of authority has several criteria to proscribe and regulate in the general principles of good governance. The research problems involved the criteria and the bases for determining the type of abuse of authority in the request over the abuse of authority. This research employed a normative method, statutory, and historical approaches. The research results concluded that the Decision 2/P/PW/2017/PTUN.JBI holds the relevance to the current legislation, public interest, and the absence of state losses, while the Decision 09/P/PW/2018/PTUN.Sby only refers to the current legislation in terms of its relevance. Although the general principles of good governance refer to the administrative court as the touchstone, this touchstone is not optimally used in the request for review of abuse of authority.Keywords: AUPB (general principles of good governance); Administrative Court; request for review of abuse of authority.

Adaptation of post-covid-19 pandemic changes is the government's plan in overcoming economic problems as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. SMEs as one of the business sectors that most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic must have a business strategy so that they can revived by the adversity due to the pandemic and ready to face the post-covid-19 changes. This study using SWOT analysis to identify internal and external factors of SMEs Weaving in Tana Toraja Regency and formulate the right business strategy. TOPSIS method is used to rank alternative business strategies. Based on the SWOT analysis, there are four alternative business strategies formulated. The alternative business strategies are making woven product innovation, using digital marketing to sell the weaving products, using a business license to obtain capital for the development of a weaving business, creating a special tourist village for Toraja Weaving. Based on the output analysis of the scenario simulation results using the dynamic system method using Powersim 10 software, if the Weaving SMEs applies the four business strategies alternative, there will be an increase the profit value of weaving sales about 571% with a profit rate of Rp. 127,360,773.78 in a year.

War and conflict have always been human habits throughout the history of civilization. Starting from the beginning of the creation of humans on Earth, war has always been a determining factor for human survival, especially the establishment or destruction of civilizations in the world. Of the many conflicts that exist, the conflict in the form of rebellion attracts attention because it is between the ruling government and armed parties dissatisfied with the relevant government policies. The conflict in Yemen poses a threat to close neighboring countries, including Saudi Arabia. In March 2015, the Saudi Arabian government launched a military operation to crush the Houthi group and help to restore the legitimacy of the Yemeni government. However, this operation also cost the civilian population in Yemen. The United Nations Human Rights Council, through the Regional and International Expert Groups, responded by publishing a report stating that there were allegations of international crimes in the military operation. In order to answer the existing problems, a study based on the view of international criminal law is needed. Answering the urgency of this research, the type of legal-normative research is used with a statutory, conceptual, and analytical approach in reviewing this matter. The technique of tracing legal materials is document study.

Through this research, first a review of the definition of a museum is made, as well as its legal classification. Subsequently, the legislation on copyright applicable to museums is analyzed in order to determine the current possibilities of virtualization of the works that they have in on-site exhibition. Upon verifying the existing problems, the need for a new limitation or exception to the economic rights of author is raised to encourage the reproduction and public communication of works by museums and private collections to promote access to culture. ; A través de la presente investigación, en primer lugar, se hace una revisión de la definición de museo, así como su clasificación legal. Posteriormente, se analiza la legislación sobre derecho de autor aplicable a los museos con la finalidad de determinar las actuales posibilidades de virtualización de las obras que tienen en exhibición presencial. Al constatar los problemas existentes, se plantea la necesidad de un nuevo límite o excepción al derecho patrimonial de autor con la finalidad de incentivar la reproducción y comunicación pública de obras por parte de museos y colecciones privadas en aras de promover el acceso a la cultura.

This paper discusses Democratisation And Conflict In Nigeria. The contemporary history of Nigeria is a tale of internecine conflicts and economic woes. The post-independence vision of Nigeria as a giant of Africa primed to take off into sustained development and democracy has long evaporated. Four decades of nation-building appear to have availed veiy1ittle. Rather than greater integration, there has been, across the nation, a succession of ethnic/religious conflicts, with monumental human 'casualties and tragedies in their wake. Consequently, various views and strategies are currently being canvassed for peace and ethnic/religious conflict management in a democratic Nigeria. In a plural society like Nigeria, conflicts have been more associated with economic, religious, political, ethnic and communal issues. The surge and spate of such conflicts in Nigeria since the return of democratic dispensation, and their unprecedented spread, longevity and intensity have greatly complicated the political, social, economic and environmental problems of the country. Violent conflict threatens everything, including lives, property, development, democracy, and the viability and sustainability of our nation-state. Thus, the need to resolve conflicts in Nigeria is urgent. This chapter is, therefore, an attempt to contribute to the current debate • on civil society and ethnic/religious conflict management in a democratic Nigeria.

The one-child policy was designed as a basic national policy in China and was written into the Constitution in 1982. The main content and purpose of the policy are to advocate late marriage, late childbearing and fewer births to control population growth in a planned way. Since the implementation of the basic national policy, its positive effect upon China's economic development cannot be ignored, but after entering the 21st century, the problems related to population aging became obvious. Consequently, the basic pension system is confronted with great challenges. Under these circumstances, China initiated the two-child policy in 2016. This paper tries to forecast the change of pension shortfall after the implementation of the "two-child" policy in Anhui Province in China by establishing a pension revenue model, a pension expenditure model and a population prediction model. The prediction results reveal that the "two-child" policy helps to alleviate the pressure on the pension system, but the effect is limited and the "two-child" policy cannot change the trend of increasing pension shortfall in the long run. To reduce the burden on the pension system, the government can consider extending the pension contribution period and retirement age to make pension system sustainable.

Sustainability is an imperative of the 21st century in order to preserve the environment for the next generations, but sustainable development also requires the introduction and use of new technologies, and the related abilities for their use. The United Nations have adopted the Human Development Index HDI in order to assess human well-being. This index includes a component related to knowledge, the Education Index, which is expressed in terms of the mean schooling years. However, this information does not contain a measure of the student's ability to solve complex problems or ability to reason, which are fundamental skills for sustainable development. In this study, an improved version of the Education Index was developed by considering the data available from the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This new index takes into account both the social impact of schooling years and the outcomes of the education systems for each country (PISA scores). As a consequence of this new Education Index, a new Human Development Index, HDI*, is proposed. Two case studies were performed, comparing the European and non-European countries, focusing on government education spending. Moreover, the trends of an energy and an environmental indicator are analyzed in relation to the HDI*.

Cemeteries are sites for the final disposal of human bodies that constitute a source of contamination of soil and water as a result of the cadaveric decomposition generated. The current research performed an initial study on the contamination of soil and water due to the influence of cemeteries and verified compliance with the legislation regulating land use and occupation of Central Ecuador (PUGS) with the aim of proposing an environmental and territorial solution to the problems generated by the mismanagement of cemeteries, through the physicochemical analysis of soil and water and studies of land use compatibility. The results indicate the tendency of contamination caused by the studied cemeteries, since the samples taken in both the rainy and dry season for the measurement of parameters BOD5, COD, DO, pH and electrical conductivity fail to meet the established requirements of the Ecuadorian and international environmental regulations. In addition, land use conflicts were encountered in the cemetery grounds. It is concluded that the existing cemeteries should be subjected to more detailed environmental analysis and subsequently should be treated as security landfills in the closure and post-closure stage. Also, it has been concluded that the cemeteries should not be located in urban or peri-urban areas.

Dietary supplements (DS) in the countries of the European Union falls within the scope of the food law. DS may, however, contain substances that are simultaneously applied in medicinal products as defined in the pharmaceutical law. The presence of such ingredients may cause problems with the product qualification. The phenomenon of applying such borderline ingredients in dietary supplements may require additional regulations, and ensuring them may be problematic. We conducted an analysis aiming to identify dishonest market practices resorted to by the producers and distributors of non-conforming dietary supplements. We examined mostly questioned DS and compared them with data from the RASFF system and registers of medicinal substances and pharmaceutical entities. The results show that some operators tend to re-notify the same products in response to the initiation of official control procedures. Products in the form of capsules or powders were the most common re-notifications within the 50–100 days. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that some entities are obliged to document the safety of the product or its compliance with the regulations, use the imperfection of the notification procedure, and re-notify the questioned product in order to keep it on the market despite potential non-compliance.

According to the World Bank Group, 36 of the 50 most polluted cities in the European Union are in Poland. Thus, ambient air pollution and its detrimental health effects are a matter of immense importance in Poland. This narrative review aims to analyse current findings on air pollution and health in Poland, with a focus on respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, as well as the Poles' awareness of air pollution. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched. In total, results from 71 research papers were summarized qualitatively. In Poland, increased air pollution levels are linked to increased general and respiratory disease mortality rates, higher prevalence of respiratory diseases, including asthma, lung cancer and COVID-19 infections, reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). The proximity of high traffic areas exacerbates respiratory health problems. People living in more polluted regions (south of Poland) and in the winter season have a higher level of air pollution awareness. There is an urgent need to reduce air pollution levels and increase public awareness of this threat. A larger number of multi-city studies are needed in Poland to consistently track the burden of diseases attributable to air pollution.

Local government officials play a central role in post-disaster community reconstruction. However, few studies have reported on the actual difficulties during a complex disaster involving a nuclear accident. A self-rated questionnaire survey was administered to a total of 583 public employees in four municipalities around the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The relationship between universal occupational factors and radiation disaster-specific factors on job satisfaction and intention to leave the job due to radiation anxiety was evaluated using structural equation modeling. The results showed that interpersonal problems (β = −0.246) and service years (β = −0.127) were related to job satisfaction, whereas radiation-specific factors were not related to job satisfaction, and only to the intention to leave work due to radiation anxiety. A sense of coherence was associated with job satisfaction (β = 0.373) and intention to leave work due to radiation anxiety (β = −0.182), and it served as a moderator of the universal occupational factors and the radiation disaster-specific factors. Therefore, it is suggested that outcomes could be improved through increased stress coping capacity by providing support for relationships and radiation risk communication to public employees during the disaster recovery period.

Consumer awareness of environmental protection is getting stronger. However, with the development of the logistics industry, the environmental pollution caused by express packaging has become increasingly severe. Therefore, it is of great importance to know consumer cognition and willingness about how to reduce the express packaging pollution. In this study, through the analysis of 561 questionnaires, we analyze the impact of consumer evaluation of recyclable express packaging and green express packaging on responsibility awareness of government, logistics enterprises, and e-commerce corporates, and analyze whether there is a positive correlation between consumer evaluation and reducing environmental pressure. We find that consumers are willing to use recyclable express packaging and green express packaging, especially the latter. Moreover, the government is supposed to play a central role in solving environmental pollution problems caused by express packaging. It is recommended that the government proposes some corresponding solutions, such as introducing a packaging tax policy, setting up an environmental fund, and developing environment-friendly packaging materials. Meanwhile, consumers expect logistics enterprises and e-commerce companies to cooperate with the government actively and switch to using environment-friendly express packaging in a timely manner.

In order to ensure the safety of cultivated land and promote urban productivity, the Chinese government began to promote intensive land use at the legislative level from 2014. At the same time, China faces problems of carbon emissions and energy, so we need to improve energy efficiency. Therefore, this paper aims to verify the spatial effects of intensive land use on energy efficiency of China from 2009 to 2018. We further use an index system to quantify intensive land use and use chain DEA (data envelope analysis) to quantify energy efficiency. This paper finds that: (1) intensive land use can significantly improve energy efficiency. A 1% increase in the level of intensive land use will increase energy efficiency by 1.3%. (2) The intensive use of land in one city will have a negative impact on the energy efficiency of surrounding cities. The reason is that the intensive use of land in a single city may lead to the transfer of energy-consuming industries to surrounding cities. (3) The impact of intensive land use on the energy efficiency of surrounding cities has negative threshold characteristics, and the negative impact will be weakened as the level of integration of the city increases.

The food security challenge is one of the most topical issues of the 21st Century. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the least food-secure region, and solutions are constantly being sought to alleviate the problem. The region's exponentially growing population is in dire need of affordable and nutritious food. The "Gene Revolution" (genetic engineering) presents opportunities in which food security can be ensured in SSA. Genetic modification (GM) has potential to solve myriad problems currently being experienced in SSA agriculture, hence improving yields and reducing the costs of production. Most of the SSA countries have a precautionary stance towards GM crops; thus, only a handful of countries have approved the commercialized production of transgenic crops. The lack of understanding and sound knowledge about the GM system is reflected in the formulation of policies and regulatory frameworks for biosafety and their implementation. There is need to conscientize the policymakers and the public about the general principles of genetic engineering for better decision making. Considering the multiple beneficial aspects demonstrated by transgenic crops it will not be prudent to ignore them. The versatility of GM technology makes it adaptable to the food crisis in SSA.