Suchergebnisse

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders' Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration or minimum standards as commercialisation rules. The main result is that the combination of minimum standards and PBRs (patents) provides higher incentives for sequential and initial innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator when sunk investment costs are low (high) and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high (low). ; Cet article porte sur l'impact de la législation dans le secteur semencier, en particulier sur les incitations à la création variétale. La première catégorie de règles consiste en des droits de propriété intellectuelle et est présente pour corriger des problèmes d'incitation à innover. La seconde catégorie concerne des règles de commercialisation dans le but de remédier à un problème de sélection adverse. Nous proposons un modèle dynamique d'équilibre de marché avec une différenciation verticale des produits. Ceci nous permet de prendre en compte les conséquences économiques de l'utilisation d'un Certificat d'Obtention Végétale (COV) ou un brevet comme DPI et d'un catalogue ou des standards minimum comme règle de commercialisation. Le résultat principal est que la combinaison des standards minimum et des COV (brevet) apporte une plus grande incitation à la fois pour une innovation initiale ou séquentielle et peut être préférée par les autorités publiques quand les coûts de R&D sont bas (haut) et que la probabilité de succès est suffisamment haute (basse).

International audience The privatisation of farm advisory services resulted in the creation of new service firms. Surveys were conducted in three regions, in Germany, France and the Netherlands in the cereals sector. They show the emergence of new types of farm advisory providers (consulting firms, suppliers of softwares to support decision making). The logics of performances and the back-office configurations of these firms are very different from those which prevailed in the public extension services or those which exist in the upstream and downstream enterprises that provided advice to farmers (cooperatives, commodity traders). This evolution invites to open a new research agenda on the evolution of the quality of evidence that will be available to support farm advisory services. ; La privatisation du conseil agricole a débouché sur la création de nouvelles firmes de service. Des enquêtes réalisées dans trois régions, en Allemagne, en France et aux Pays-Bas, auprès de prestataires de conseil technique dans la filière céréales, montrent l'émergence de nouveaux types de prestataires (cabinets de consultants, fournisseurs de logiciels d'aide à la décision). Ces nouveaux acteurs ont des logiques de performances et des configurations de back-office très différentes de celles qui prévalaient dans les dispositifs de conseil publics ou de celles qui existent dans les entreprises d'amont et d'aval qui font du conseil (coopératives, négociants). Ce constat invite à ouvrir un agenda de recherches sur l'évolution de la qualité des « preuves » sur lesquelles peut s'appuyer le conseil.

This handbook updates and expands upon the learning in IFC's 2000 community development resource guide entitled, Investing in People: Sustaining Communities through Improved Business Practice. It was produced in response to demand from companies for updated how-to guidance and current good practice approaches. Companies around the world engage in community investment efforts as a way to promote local development and benefit stakeholders in their areas of operations. For the private sector, effective community investment programs can help companies gain a social license to operate, access land, reduce project and reputational risks, boost productivity, meet government requirements or global standards, and/or successfully compete for the next venture. The aim of this handbook is to help IFC client companies and the wider private sector operating in emerging markets to think strategically about how they can support community investment programs that are successful, sustainable, and consistent with their business objectives. The handbook is meant for use by anyone who is interested in developing a company-supported community investment program or improving the performance of an existing one. The content of the handbook is organized around seven key areas comprising a comprehensive strategic planning framework for community investment. To help users with practical application, the Handbook is also supplemented by additional tools and information which are included in the tools section or listed under useful references.

International audience Local cultural heritage document collections are characterized by contents strongly attached to a territory and its associated land history. Our contribution aims at enhancing such a content retrieval process efficiently each time a query includes geographic criteria. We propose a unified model for a formal representation of geographic information. This geographic model allows space features to be described independently of their representation mode (text, graphics) in the documents. We have developed a prototype implementing geographic Information Extraction (IE) and geographic Information Retrieval (IR) processes. We process geographic IE with semantic techniques combined to classic IE approaches. Then, we implement geographic IR with intersections researching algorithms: these algorithms search for all geocoded entities in the documents collections indexes which intersect any entity in the user's query. This paper focuses on IR and Visualization proposals relying on the geospatial characteristics of cultural heritage corpora.

The course examines the global political economy as it developed since the end of Second World War. It deals with the general themes of power and production, order and disorder, finance, the international monetary system, international trade and the transnational corporation. It also explores various facets of capitalist expansion and crisis, including North-South relationships, development and underdevelopment, the impact of financial flows, the new wars and the future of the global political economy.

The course examines the global political economy as it developed since the end of Second World War. It deals with the general themes of power and production, order and disorder, finance, the international monetary system, international trade and the transnational corporation. It also explores various facets of capitalist expansion and crisis, including North-South relationships, development and underdevelopment, the impact of financial flows, the new wars and the future of the global political economy.

This work analyzes relations between scientific and technical progress realized in information and in communication since the 1960's, the economic organization and the territories. First part explains due to a filtering which allows to hold the most striking and demonstrative features of the evolution of the technico-economic performances of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), through notably the example of the "tele-teaching" in the department of La Manche (Normandie - France), in which and how the field of possible in allowance and in creation of notably informative resources is profoundly widened, what implies to rethink the space and the spatial economy at least as regards services. Second part proposes a theoretical interpretation of evolutions bound to the information and in ICT by characterizing "informational mutation" and its impact, under the influence of the asymmetries of informative power that it engenders, on markets, organizations and territories. Through the emergence of a New Logic of Economic Organization (NLOE) touching the poles that are basic conditions, structures, behavior and performances of markets, firms, the economy in general and the relations of influence existing between these poles, the ascendancy of behavior on the set of the LOE is revealing, as an important characteristic of the effects of the informational mutation. Finally third part attempts to include new articulations engendered with the NLOE, between territories, information and innovation, by means of the spatial economy, of the economy of the information and of the socio-economy of the innovation. The bases of the theoretical foundation of an informational policy and tools of assistant in the public decision are proposed to maximize the effects of this informational mutation in terms of economic development and regional development, due to the concept of " Serviciel Space " and in the notions of " learning by commuting " and of "Collective Rent on Information". ; Ce travail analyse les relations entre la ...

This work analyzes relations between scientific and technical progress realized in information and in communication since the 1960's, the economic organization and the territories. First part explains due to a filtering which allows to hold the most striking and demonstrative features of the evolution of the technico-economic performances of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), through notably the example of the "tele-teaching" in the department of La Manche (Normandie - France), in which and how the field of possible in allowance and in creation of notably informative resources is profoundly widened, what implies to rethink the space and the spatial economy at least as regards services. Second part proposes a theoretical interpretation of evolutions bound to the information and in ICT by characterizing "informational mutation" and its impact, under the influence of the asymmetries of informative power that it engenders, on markets, organizations and territories. Through the emergence of a New Logic of Economic Organization (NLOE) touching the poles that are basic conditions, structures, behavior and performances of markets, firms, the economy in general and the relations of influence existing between these poles, the ascendancy of behavior on the set of the LOE is revealing, as an important characteristic of the effects of the informational mutation. Finally third part attempts to include new articulations engendered with the NLOE, between territories, information and innovation, by means of the spatial economy, of the economy of the information and of the socio-economy of the innovation. The bases of the theoretical foundation of an informational policy and tools of assistant in the public decision are proposed to maximize the effects of this informational mutation in terms of economic development and regional development, due to the concept of " Serviciel Space " and in the notions of " learning by commuting " and of "Collective Rent on Information". ; Ce travail analyse les relations entre la ...

This work analyzes relations between scientific and technical progress realized in information and in communication since the 1960's, the economic organization and the territories. First part explains due to a filtering which allows to hold the most striking and demonstrative features of the evolution of the technico-economic performances of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), through notably the example of the "tele-teaching" in the department of La Manche (Normandie - France), in which and how the field of possible in allowance and in creation of notably informative resources is profoundly widened, what implies to rethink the space and the spatial economy at least as regards services. Second part proposes a theoretical interpretation of evolutions bound to the information and in ICT by characterizing "informational mutation" and its impact, under the influence of the asymmetries of informative power that it engenders, on markets, organizations and territories. Through the emergence of a New Logic of Economic Organization (NLOE) touching the poles that are basic conditions, structures, behavior and performances of markets, firms, the economy in general and the relations of influence existing between these poles, the ascendancy of behavior on the set of the LOE is revealing, as an important characteristic of the effects of the informational mutation. Finally third part attempts to include new articulations engendered with the NLOE, between territories, information and innovation, by means of the spatial economy, of the economy of the information and of the socio-economy of the innovation. The bases of the theoretical foundation of an informational policy and tools of assistant in the public decision are proposed to maximize the effects of this informational mutation in terms of economic development and regional development, due to the concept of " Serviciel Space " and in the notions of " learning by commuting " and of "Collective Rent on Information". ; Ce travail analyse les relations entre la ...