Suchergebnisse

Distintas instituciones con presencia física en el territorio, pueden ser fuentes de información sobre procesos que ocurren a escala local o regional. Entre estas se destacan las escuelas rurales, puesto que muchas presentan una distribución más o menos homogénea y están en contacto inmediato con su entorno natural, cultural y social. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en elaborar y evaluar una metodología de utilización de Mapas Encuestas, dirigidos a instituciones educativas rurales, para recabar información sobre la presencia y ubicación árboles exóticos invasores. Para tal fin se confeccionaron carta imágenes (escala 1: 75.000) utilizando datos satelitales de archivos de Quickbird/Landsat TM y ETM disponibles desde Google Earth junto con información cartográfica (localidades, rutas, referencias, leyendas, etc). El modelo Mapa Encuesta (ME) fue acompañado de una Leyenda para su interpretación y de un instructivo para su cumplimentación. La información solicitada incluyó la identificación de cinco especies de árboles exóticos invasores en áreas rurales, grado de abundancia relativa, área de referencia sobre la cual se realizó la identificación, ubicación de su escuela, modalidad de respuesta, profesión/ocupación. Se distribuyeron 52 ME, a través de la Dirección Departamental de Educación de la provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Se recibieron respuestas de 20 escuelas, de las cuales el 80% identificó especies invasoras en el ME. La cartografía generada se validó con información de terreno. Se ha propuesto una metodología que puede aportar a la inclusión de niveles de enseñanza primaria/media y que podría resultar de interés para la obtención de información territorial del área de influencia de la escuela,revisando ciertos criterios de consulta. ; Different institutions present in the territory, can be sources of information on processes occurring at local and regional scale. Among them, rural schools stand out since many have a homogeneous distribution and are in close contact with their natural, cultural and social environment. They also present trained staff with abilities for incorporating new technologies. The objective of this study was to generate and evaluate the use of survey maps in rural schools, as a way to acquire information about the presence and location of five invasive alien tree species. For this purpose maps were produced (1: 75.000 scale) using Quickbird/Landsat TM/ETM data available from Google Earth with ancillary information (locations, roads, references, legends, etc). The map form used for this survey has a legend and an instructive for its completion. With these maps, teachers were asked to fill with local information about the school neighbourhood. The information requested included identification of invasive alien trees in rural areas, abundance, reference area on which identification was performed, location of school, type of response, profession / occupation, age, among others. 52 map forms were distributed through the government post mail. 20 forms were answered, 80% of them recognized the presence of invasive species, pointing the specific area. Maps, generated by schools teachers, were validated with our own field data. This approach offers a methodology that promotes the inclusion of primary and high school education levels on science and technology for rural areas. Reviewing certain query criteria, it also could become a useful tool for the generation of information about the territory ; Fil: Zamboni, Lisandra Pamela. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Rí­os. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro Regional de Geomática; Argentina ; Fil: Bortoluzzi, Andrés Luciano. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina ; Fil: Sione, Walter Fabian. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Rí­os. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro Regional de Geomática; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina ; Fil: Zamboni Galliusi, Luis Victorio. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Rí­os. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro Regional de Geomática; Argentina ; Fil: Rodriguez, Estela Elizabeth. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Rí­os. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro Regional de Geomática; Argentina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina ; Fil: Aceñolaza, Pablo Gilberto. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Rí­os. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro Regional de Geomática; Argentina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina

Environmental Governance is a challenge for countries whose economic growth is underpinned by natural resources. On one hand, the state has to keep political legitimacy reacting to internal demands from a diverse civil society in the context of a democratic regime. On the other, the state has to tackle demands from global capitalism to be in the global market. This dissertation sheds light on how developing countries can build and exert environmental governance. In this dissertation, environmental governance is the process of making decisions regarding public goods or services and providing them integrating actors from outside the state. The case study is the farmed salmon industry in Chile. It is a strategic case because aquaculture is a globalized activity that is presenting ambivalent consequences. It is an opportunity for countries like Chile to develop technology and knowledge in a sector that has a higher level of added value although it is based on natural resources. At the same time, it is an industry that demands coordination between the state and the companies to ensure the social and environmental sustainability of the industry and many workers and communities related to this activity. The farmed salmon industry in Chile has been known as a competitive sector, being the second exporter of farmed salmon in the world. Unfortunately, this rapid growth since the 2000s has had costs. Fish illnesses and pollution of the ecosystem have been present during all this time. A crucial moment was in 2007 when a virus provoked a dramatic breakdown, killing tons of fish and provoking an economic and serious social crisis. This was a milestone in the history of this industry that led the state to implement a process of new regulation and promote a new style of production. This can be considered as a shift in the environmental governance of the farmed salmon industry in Chile. This dissertation examines and explains the mentioned shift and its consequences on the organization of the farmed salmon industry in Chile. Given that is only one case examined, the dependent variable has been explained considering diverse dimensions. To do so, three aspects of sustainability were defined to control differences regarding the environmental governance shift in the farmed salmon industry in Chile. The first is the use of pharmaceutical products, the second is the use of marine location through concessions, and the third aspect is the dependency of the farmed salmon industry on fishmeal. These three aspects were analyzed from an Integrated Political Economy of the Environment perspective. This theoretical framework is based on perspectives of the Environmental Sociology and Sociology of Globalization. The perspective elaborated in this dissertation considers three actors or processes in permanent tension: the state, the civil society, and the globalization. I explain the environmental governance shift for each aspect of sustainability focused on the relationships between these actors. The farmed salmon industry in Chile was a theoretically strategic case. It was carried out codification of trade journal articles, laws, and governmental reports. Codes were based on the three aspects of the dependent variable mentioned above and four aspects of environmental governance. Quantitative data elaborated by organizations and other pieces of research were integrated into the qualitative analysis. Regarding the environmental governance of pharmaceutical products, it was possible to understand that changes were associated with more information from the companies to the government agencies but without a complete transparency. The regulation was not more explicit about the restriction of pharmaceutical products beyond those chemicals internationally banned. The pressure in this regard came from buyers such as supermarket chains, what is the starting point of international regulation though certification schema. Also, International NGOs exert an indirect pressure toward the salmon industry in Chile, demanding better information from American environmental organizations. With respect to the use of marine locations, this dissertation found that the state keeps its prerogative of marine property administration as a mechanism of governance. Based on this principle, the state carried out important transformations that in general aimed to rescue the industry and give a new opportunity allowing its expansion toward southern Chile seeking cleaner waters. Another important measure was the rescue of the industry through subsidies and the possibility to use concessions as collateral for bank loans. Finally, the implementation of biosecurity zones which are known as "Salmon Neighborhoods." These zones allow a better coordination of biosecurity procedures and a faster reaction facing contagious illnesses. Regarding the use of fish feed and dependency on fishmeal, this was not a matter of legislation or agreements at the time of the studied environmental governance shift. It was only a concern of international organizations from which Chile was totally disconnected. As a general conclusion, the new environmental governance of the salmon industry in Chile can be defined as an unstable balance instead of a trilemma. The main aim of this vulnerable balance of governance is to regulate an industry based on the idea of self-regulation and an endless growth and capital accumulation, dramatically conditioned by dynamics of global capitalism.

"Nanotechnology - the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale to produce new materials - has the potential to transform many industries, from medicine to manufacturing, and the products they produce. Research in nanoscale technologies continues to expand worldwide. By 2015, the National Science Foundation estimates that nanotechnology will have a $1 trillion impact on the global economy and employ two million workers, one million of whom will likely reside in the United States. While this emerging technology holds great promise, it also presents unknown risks, especially to the health of workers. Many questions remain about how to best manage and control the potential hazards associated with the safe handling of nanomaterials. Thus for the period 2009-2012, NIOSH will collaborate with stakeholders at home and abroad to fill knowledge gaps related to nanotechnology, to identify and characterize hazards associated with nanomaterials, and to develop guidance for workers exposed to nanomaterials. Protecting the health of workers involved with nanotechnology is a global issue that requires international cooperation, commitment, and collaboration. Nanotechnology and NIOSH Research: The rapid spread of nanotechnology threatens to outpace knowledge about its attendant safety and health risks. As nanotechnology moves forward into all avenues of commerce, stakeholders from industry, academia, labor, occupational safety and health professions, and government must make a concerted effort to identify and characterize the human health hazards associated with nanomaterials. NIOSH will continue to play an active role in this process. In June 2007, NIOSH reported its progress in conducting nanotechnology research and drafting guidance for the safe handling of nanomaterials [see report Progress Toward Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace: A Report from NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center at http://www.cdc.gov/ niosh/topics/nanotech/, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007-123]. An update of the progress report listing project updates from 2007-2008 was published in November 2009 [DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-104]. [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2010-104/ pdfs/2010-104.pdf] NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC): Given the rapid growth and global reach of nanotechnology, NIOSH established the Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC) in 2004 to conduct research and provide guidance to protect workers involved with nanomaterials. The NTRC and its Steering Committee consist of a diverse group of NIOSH scientists charged with overseeing the Institute's scientific and organizational plans in nanotechnology health research. The main goals of the NTRC are to: 1. Determine whether nanoparticles and nanomaterials pose risks of injuries and illnesses for workers. 2. Conduct research on applying nanotechnology to the prevention of work-related injuries and illnesses. 3. Promote healthy workplaces through interventions, recommendations, and capacity building. 4. Enhance global workplace safety and health through national and international collaborations on nanotechnology research and guidance. Strategic Plan: With the input of a broad range of stakeholders in government, academia, and the private sector, NIOSH developed a strategic plan for nanotechnology research and guidance. The strategic plan also highlights how NIOSH's critical research and guidance efforts align with and support the National Nanotechnology Initiative's Environmental Health and Safety priorities. For the period 2009-2012, NIOSH will continue to fill information and knowledge gaps in priority areas. Specifically, NIOSH will: 1. Conduct toxicological research on nanoparticles likely to be commercially available. 2. Conduct research to identify long-term health effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT). 3. Develop recommendations for controlling occupational exposure to fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2) including development of recommended exposure limits (RELs). Conduct research on improving sampling and analytical methods, determining the extent of workplace exposures, and controlling airborne exposures below the REL. Identify what medical surveillance is appropriate. Consider to what extent the observed relationship between TiO2 particle size and toxicity can be generalized to other metal oxides. 4. Develop recommendations for controlling occupational exposures to purified and unpurified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) including development of RELs. Conduct research to address gaps in information on sampling, analysis, exposure assessment, instrumentation and controls. Identify what medical surveillance or epidemiological studies are appropriate. 5. Conduct research on how to identify categories of nanoparticles that can be distinguished on the basis of similar physico-chemical properties. Conduct research to develop RELs and ultimately recommended exposure standards for these categories. 6. Conduct research on explosion potential of various nanoparticles. This plan proposes 38 activities in 10 critical areas to help protect the nanotechnology workforce. It is a large challenge but one that NIOSH is well prepared to accept. " - NIOSHTIC-2 ; "November 2009." ; "Special thanks go to Laura Hodson and Ralph Zumwalde for writing and organizing the report." - p. 13 ; Also available via the World Wide Web. as an Acrobat .pdf file (1.91 MB, 90 p.). ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).

High-quality and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for the application of genomics to biology, disease, and biodiversity conservation. However, such assemblies are available for only a few non-microbial species1-4. To address this issue, the international Genome 10K (G10K) consortium5,6 has worked over a five-year period to evaluate and develop cost-effective methods for assembling highly accurate and nearly complete reference genomes. Here we present lessons learned from generating assemblies for 16 species that represent six major vertebrate lineages. We confirm that long-read sequencing technologies are essential for maximizing genome quality, and that unresolved complex repeats and haplotype heterozygosity are major sources of assembly error when not handled correctly. Our assemblies correct substantial errors, add missing sequence in some of the best historical reference genomes, and reveal biological discoveries. These include the identification of many false gene duplications, increases in gene sizes, chromosome rearrangements that are specific to lineages, a repeated independent chromosome breakpoint in bat genomes, and a canonical GC-rich pattern in protein-coding genes and their regulatory regions. Adopting these lessons, we have embarked on the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), an international effort to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes for all of the roughly 70,000 extant vertebrate species and to help to enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences. ; B.P.W. and A.M.P. were supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NHGRI, NIH (1ZIAHG200398). A.R. was also supported by the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through KHIDI, funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI17C2098). S.A.M., I.B. and R.D. were supported by Wellcome Trust grant WT207492; W.C., M. Smith, Z.N., Y.S., J.C., S. Pelan, J.T., A.T., J.W. and Kerstin Howe by WT206194; L.H., F.M., Kevin Howe and P. Flicek by WT108749/Z/15/Z, WT218328/B/19/Z and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. O.F. and E.D.J. were supported by Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Rockefeller University start-up funds for this project. M.U.-S. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement (750747). F.T.-N., J. Hoffman, P. Masterson and K.C. were supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NLM, NIH. C.L., B.J.K., J. Kim and H.K. were supported by the Marine Biotechnology Program of KIMST, funded by the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries, Republic of Korea (20180430). M.C. was supported by Sloan Research Fellowship (FG-2020-12932). S.C.V. was funded by a Max Planck Research Group award from the Max Planck Society, and a Human Frontiers Science Program (HFSP) Research grant (RGP0058/2016). T.M.L., W.E.J. and the Canada lynx genome were funded by the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife (F11AF01099), including when W.E.J. held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). C.B. was supported by the NSF (1457541 and 1456612). D.B. was funded by The University of Queensland (HFSP - RGP0030/2015). D.I. was supported by Science Exchange Inc. (Palo Alto, CA). H.W.D. was supported by NSF grants (OPP-0132032 ICEFISH 2004 Cruise, PLR-1444167 and OPP-1955368) and the Marine Science Center at Northeastern University (416). G.J.P.N. and the thorny skate genome were funded by Lenfest Ocean Program (30884). M.P. was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01IS18026C). M. Malinsky was supported by an EMBO fellowship (ALTF 456-2016). The following authors' contributions were supported by the NIH: S. Selvaraj (R44HG008118); C.V.M., S.R.F., P.V.L. (R21 DC014432/DC/NIDCD); K.D.M. (R01GM130691); H.C. (5U41HG002371-19); M.D. (U41HG007234); and B.P. (R01HG010485). D.G. was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1201201, 2018YFC0910504 and 2017YFC0907503). H.C. was supported by the NHGRI (5U41HG002371-19). R.H.S.K. was funded by the Max Planck Society with computational resources at the bwUniCluster and BinAC funded by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg and the Universities of the State of Baden-Württemberg, Germany (bwHPC-C5). T.M.-B. was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (864203), MINECO/FEDER, UE (BFU2017-86471-P), Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu, AEI (CEX2018-000792-M), a Howard Hughes International Early Career award, Obra Social "La Caixa" and Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880). E.C.T. was supported by the European Research Council (ERC-2012-StG311000) and an Irish Research Council Laureate Award. M.T.P.G. was supported by an ERC Consolidator Award 681396-Extinction Genomics, and a Danish National Research Foundation Center Grant (DNRF143). T.W. was supported by the NSF (1458652). J. M. Graves was supported by the Australian Research Council (CEO561477). E.W.M. was partially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01IS18026C). We acknowledge funding from the Wellcome Trust (108749/Z/15/Z)

IMPORTANCE: The balance of mercury risk and nutritional benefit from fish intake during pregnancy for the metabolic health of offspring to date is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations of fish intake and mercury exposure during pregnancy with metabolic syndrome in children and alterations in biomarkers of inflammation in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based prospective birth cohort study used data from studies performed in 5 European countries (France, Greece, Norway, Spain, and the UK) between April 1, 2003, and February 26, 2016, as part of the Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) project. Mothers and their singleton offspring were followed up until the children were aged 6 to 12 years. Data were analyzed between March 1 and August 2, 2019. EXPOSURES: Maternal fish intake during pregnancy (measured in times per week) was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires, and maternal mercury concentration (measured in micrograms per liter) was assessed using maternal whole blood and cord blood samples. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: An aggregate metabolic syndrome score for children was calculated using the z scores of waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and levels of triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. A higher metabolic syndrome score (score range, -4.9 to 7.5) indicated a poorer metabolic profile. Three protein panels were used to measure several cytokines and adipokines in the plasma of children. RESULTS: The study included 805 mothers and their singleton children. Among mothers, the mean (SD) age at cohort inclusion or delivery of their infant was 31.3 (4.6) years. A total of 400 women (49.7%) had a high educational level, and 432 women (53.7%) were multiparous. Among children, the mean (SD) age was 8.4 (1.5) years (age range, 6-12 years). A total of 453 children (56.3%) were boys, and 734 children (91.2%) were of white race/ethnicity. Fish intake consistent with health recommendations (1 to 3 times per week) during pregnancy was associated with a 1-U decrease in metabolic syndrome score in children (β = -0.96; 95% CI, -1.49 to -0.42) compared with low fish consumption (<1 time per week) after adjusting for maternal mercury levels and other covariates. No further benefit was observed with fish intake of more than 3 times per week. A higher maternal mercury concentration was independently associated with an increase in the metabolic syndrome score of their offspring (β per 2-fold increase in mercury concentration = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.01-0.34). Compared with low fish intake, moderate and high fish intake during pregnancy were associated with reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines in children. An integrated analysis identified a cluster of children with increased susceptibility to metabolic disease, which was characterized by low fish consumption during pregnancy, high maternal mercury levels, decreased levels of adiponectin in children, and increased levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor α, and the cytokines interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β in children. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this study suggest that moderate fish intake consistent with current health recommendations during pregnancy was associated with improvements in the metabolic health of children, while high maternal mercury exposure was associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile in children. ; This study was supported by grant 308333 from the European Community Seventh Framework Programme; grant 874583 from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme; grant SEV-2012-0208 from the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; grant 2017SGR595 from the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya; grant CB06/021/0041 from the Consorcio de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica; grant 1999SGR00241 from the Comissió Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnologica, Generalitat de Catalunya; grant 31V-66 from the Lithuanian Agency for Science Innovation and Technology; grant PT17/0019 via the Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013- 2016 project from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund; grants R21 ES029681 and P30 ES007048-23 from the National Institute for Health Sciences (Dr Stratakis); grant P30 DK048522-24 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Dr Stratakis); grants P01CA196569, R01CA140561, and R01 ES016813 from the National Institute for Health Sciences (Dr Conti); grant MS16/00128 from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness at the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Dr Casas); grants R21 ES029681, P30 ES007048-23, and P01 ES022845 from the National Institute for Health Sciences (Dr McConnell); grant RD-83544101 from the Environmental Protection Agency (Dr McConnell); and grants R01 ES029944, R21 ES029681, R21 ES028903, and P30 ES007048-23 from the National Institute for Health Sciences (Dr Chatzi)

Mario Vargas Llosa ha sido uno de ios autores en lengua española más traducidos en China. El proceso de traducción de la obra vargasilosiana justamente se corresponde con el incremento y desarrollo de la traducción de ia literatura hispánica en China* Por esa razón esta Tesis analiza la traducción del escritor hispanoperuano en China en el contexto de ia difusión más generalizada de ía literatura hispánica en el país oriental. Para conocer ei lugar de Vargas Liosa en la traducción general de la literatura hispánica en China, es necesario deslindar el peso de ésta en la recepción de literatura occidental en el país y, además, comprender cabalmente ia función de la traducción en la historia de la cultura china, las teorías al respecto y las huellas de la misma en la modernidad. Ei primer capítulo de ía Tesis describe, de manera breve pero completa, la historia de ia traducción en China. Esa actividad se remonta a dos mi años atrás, época en ia que se documentan traducciones de poemas de diferentes etnias chinas, aunque pocas y dispersas. Hay que esperar a la dinastía Han dei Este (25-220 d.C.) para que pueda hablarse de origen de la traducción como práctica relevante en ia conformación de ia cultura china y su tradición, con la traducción de sutras budistas en China, que se extiende hasta eí siglo XIX, Aunque durante casi dos mil años el budismo sufrió en China críticas y resistencias, ía traducción de ios sutras constituye un hito en nuestra cultura. En este proceso no sólo surgieron los grandes maestros y teóricos de ia traducción chinos, sino también traductores extranjeros, principalmente de (a India antigua, En esta parte dei trabajo, además de interpretar el proceso de traducción de los sutras budistas, hemos explicado las primeras teorías sobre la técnica y la función de la traducción, fundamentales para entender la traducción literaria en la China contemporánea: se ha privilegiado las reflexiones de Xuan Zang y Jiumo Luoshí, entre los otros, describiendo brevemente ia discusión entre dos posturas enfrentadas: ia traducción fiel o literal y la traducción líbre. En los últimos años del siglo XIX ios países occidentales y Japón comenzaron sus invasiones de China y bajo este fondo histórico cesó ía traducción de ios sutras y comenzó la de obras científicas y tecnológicas. Desde entonces hasta la fundación de la República Popular China (1949) una de las metas más importantes de ios traductores chinos ha sido la posibilidad de salvar ai país de su retraso cultural y tecnológico a través de la traducción de obras clave de ía cultura, eí pensamiento y la ciencia universal, buscando evitar eí aislamiento de China y su pérdida de conexión con la contemporaneidad. Los traductores chinos de los últimos años dei siglo XIX y de comienzos dei XX versionaron una enorme cantidad de obras científicas y tecnológicas, no siempre con criterio, pero con eí objetivo de conseguir que China siguiese el camino de éxito y prosperidad de íos países occidentales más relevantes. En ía misma época hizo su aparición ia traducción literaria, anecdótica hasta ese momento. Aunque la mayoría de estas primeras traducciones de obras {Iterarías no fueron completas ni siempre de calidad, aparecieron ya varios traductores legendarios, como Lin Shu, que tradujo un centenar de obras extranjeras de diferentes íenguas sin conocer ninguna de ellas. Durante este periodo nos hemos centrado en ía figura de Yan Fu, quien propuso ios tres famosos -dentro de ia cultura china- principios que deben guiar una buena traducción: fidelidad, fluidez y elegancia. Estos principios hoy en día siguen siendo evocados y respetados por ios traductores chinos. La traducción de obras tecnológicas y científicas no consiguió los propósitos que se fijaron sus impulsores. En ei ámbito intelectual empezó a surgir la convicción de que ios problemas de la nación tenían más que ver con eí desarrollo cultural e intelectual que con el tecnológico-científico, lo que impulsó la traducción literaria. De hecho, en la primera mitad del siglo XX, aun siendo época de guerras, ios debates literarios y sobre la traducción fueron apasionados y encendidos. Traductores como tu Xun, Mao Dun, entre muchos otros, ofrecieron traducciones de muy aita calidad y desarrollaron sus propias teorías. ¿Traducción literal o libre? ¿De la lengua origina! o aprovechando también traducciones en otras lenguas? Todas estas disputas hicieron que la traducción literaria en China adquiriese una enorme vitalidad. La situación cambió en el año 1966, con ei inicio de la Gran Revolución Cultural. Cesó casi por completo la traducción literaria en China, con la excepción de aquellas obras que respondían plenamente a los objetivos políticos del régimen. La Gran Revolución Cultural duró diez años y solo en los años 80 del siglo pasado se reactivó la traducción literaria en China. Gracias al desarrollo económico del país y a la madurez paulatina de (os traductores, la mayoría de las obras clásicas -también clásicos contemporáneo- de la literatura occidental se tradujo al chino. En cuanto a la traducción de la literatura hispánica en China, desde un punto de vísta macroscópico, puede decirse que se corresponde con eí proceso general de desarrollo de la traducción literaria en este país. Sin embargo, corno en China la difusión de la literatura hispánica ha sido considerablemente menor que la de las literaturas rusa o en lengua inglesa, tiene sus propias características y su particular desarrollo. El segundo capítulo de la Tesis describe y analiza, pues, la historia de la traducción de las literaturas española y latinoamericanas en China. La traducción de literatura española empezó temprano; por ejemplo el ya mencionado Un Shu tradujo una parte del Quijote a principios del siglo XIX y en los años 20 del siglo pasado ya habían adquirido cierta difusión varios escritores reconocidos como Pió Banoja o Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, entre otros. Aun así, hasta los años 80 dei siglo pasado no ha habido un criterio sólido y definido, desde el punto de ! vista académico, que haya regido la paulatina introducción de la literatura en español en China. Han sido más bien acciones dispersas derivadas de criterios editoriales no siempre acertados. En los años 80, coincidiendo con i y motivado por la concesión del Premio Nobel a Gabriel García Márquez en 1982, la traducción ríe literatura hispánica en China alcanza un momento álgido; a partir de ese momento la mayoría de tes obras representativas en español se traducen; autores de Siglos de Oro, de la Generación del 98, dei boom latinoamericano; etc, En 1992 China firmó la Convención Universal sobre Derechos de Autor, lo que afectó mucho a la traducción de la literatura española, ya que ios lectores chinos estaban más familiarizados con la inglesa, francesa o rusa. Además, en los años 90 aminoró el fervor de los lectores por la literatura extranjera, en gran medida provocado éste como reacción a la Revolución cultural china. Sin embargo, en el nuevo siglo, particularmente desde el año 2009, junto con la publicación de nuevas traducciones de novelas de Vargas Llosa, García Márquez y Roberto Bolaño, la traducción de literatura hispánica parece haber remontado, encontrando un mercado interesado por una literatura que, sobre todo gracias al éxito internacional de Bolaño, vuelve a ser atrayente. El tercer capítulo se centra en la traducción de la obra de Vargas liosa en China. Esta parte se divide, a su vez, en cinco. En las tres primeras se describen detalladamente ¡as versiones' al chino de las novelas vargasilosianas en los años 80 y 90 del siglo pasado y en el nuevo siglo, con comparaciones, juicios y análisis minuciosos y valorativos, La primera traducción china de Vargas Liosa, concretamente de La dudad y ¡os perros, apareció en 1981, En los años 80 La casa verde, la tía Juiia y eí escribidor, La guerra dei fin dei mundo, Pantaieón y ias visitadorase Historía de Maytafueron sucesivamente traducidas ai chino. La casa verdees hasta la fecha la única novela vargasllosiana con dos versiones chinas. Hemos querido demostrar que la historia y la cultura china en esos años se refleja en ias circunstancias que rodearon ias políticas y criterios editoriales y académicos de la traducción vargasllosiana. Por ejemplo, Pantaieón y ias visitadoras sufrió la censura de sus escenas eróticas, siendo la literalidad de lo sexual en la literatura algo inusual y cercano al tabú en la cultura china, La traducción de Vargas Llosa en China llegó a su apogeo en los años 90, Fue el autor con un mayor número de obras en "Colecciones de fa literatura latinoamericana", la famosa serie de Yunnan People's Publishing House, y en 1996 empezó a publicarse "Obras completas de Vargas Liosa" colección que incluyó casi todas las obras publicadas hasta esa fecha por el escritor hispano-peruano. Desde 2001 hasta 2.008 solo apareció una nueva traducción vargasllosiana (Cartas a un joven novelista)* Durante unos diez años los lectores chinos; tuvieron poca noticia literaria del autor. La situación mejoró a partir de 2009 con la reedición de la La ciudad y ios perros, y la traducción de Eí paraíso en la otra esquina y La fiesta deí chivo. Tras la obtención del Premio Nobel Vargas Llosa en 2010, se reeditaron muchas novelas vargasilosianas, pero se perdió la oportunidad de revisar, mejorar y/o corregir ias ya antiguas versiones de ios años SO de! siglo pasado. En la cuarta parte dei mismo capítulo se repasan los artículos sobre Vargas Llosa que aparecieron en esos años en algunas Importantes revistas literarias chinas, con el fin de obtener conclusiones acerca de la recepción de la obra dei escritor en China. En la última parte de este capítulo se analiza la difusión de la obra vargasHosiana utiIizand(^ cifra s_de impresión, noticias en prensa y estudios comparativos entre la traducción y el texto original. Como una paradoja, entre los escritores, hispanistas e investigadores chinos hay unanimidad en los elogios hacia Vargas Liosa, mientras que ia venta de sus obras siempre ha sido minoritaria. Dé modo Que en esta Tesis he propuesto dividir a los lectores chinos de Vargas Liosa en dos grupos: eí grupo del ave fénix y eí del buitre. Los primeros, principalmente escritores, hispanistas, investigadores chinos y lectores con experiencia, disfrutan de ías complejidades de la narrativa vargasllosíana y de su singularidad o rareza respectó de la tradición novelística china; mientras que ios segundos, aunque admitiendo el valor artístico de ia producción vargasliosiana, por ia complejidad estructural y las técnicas literarias empíedas, no consiguen entrar en el mundo de ficción creado por él, Si bien avanzo ios tres capítulos anteriores desde una perspectiva macroscópica, en el cuarto capítulo he intentado hacer un análisis microscópico. He procedido a comparar detalladamente las dos versiones chinas de La casa verde identificando sus principales diferencias y estableciendo al respecto razonados y argumentados juicios de valor: i) diferentes expresiones para una misma palabra; 2) interpretación léxica Incorrecta; 3) confusiones e incomprensiones; 4) uso de notas al pie; 5) respeto del valor literario; 6) traducción de frases hechas del español y uso de ia frase hecha china. Sun Jiameng, traductor de La casa verde y otras novelas clásicas españolas como El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de ia Mancha y Rayueia, ha redactado un manual sobre traducción literaria dei español ai chino, con ejemplos procedentes de su propia traducción. En esta parte del trabajo se glosa, además, de manera complementaria, el manual de Sun Jiameng intentando con eilo revisar sus ideas y contribuir a una futura y mejor traducción de La casa verde. Antes de terminar eí trabajo, he hecho un breve recorrido por la situación de la traducción de Vargas Llosa en Taiwán para ofrecer un panorama más completo ríe la traducción del gran literato a la lengua china. En esta parte, he creído pertinente establecer un análisis comparativo entre algunos ia traducción de Taiwán y efe la China continental de Eiparaíso en ia otra esquina. Vargas Llosa es uno de los dos escritores latinoamericanos con edición de sus obras completas en China. Fue presentado a los lectores chinos por primera vez en 1979, a través de un artículo escrito por Zhao Deming, principal traductor de Vargas Llosa en China; dos años después, el mismo Zhao tradujo La ciudad y tos perros. B decir; justo en ios años inmediatamente posteriores al fin de ía Gran Revolución Cultural irrumpía un escritor nuevo y atractivo que podía colmar las ansias de literatura extranjera que muchos lectores chinos aguardaban con impaciencia. Podemos decir que, en algún sentido, la traducción china de Vargas Llosa también ha sido testigo y producto de la historia cultural china de ios últimos treinta y cinco años. La traducción de Vargas Liosa, como se ha querido mostrar, representa ei desarrollo, la decadencia y el repunte actual de la traducción de ¡a literatura en español en China. Con este trabajo, me he propuesto describir minuciosamente el proceso de la traducción de Vargas Llosa al chino, siempre en el contexto más amplio de i a difusióíi de la literatura hispánica en China. En segundo lugar, quiero también mostrar la situación, calidad y circunstancias de ios traductores chinos de lengua española y de la realidad cultural del iector chino como hipotético receptor de literatura extranjera. Por último, además de concluir ios éxitos conseguidos en el campo de la traducción literaria en China, también indico en este trabajo los problemas existentes que se deben abordar y resolver: carencia de diferentes versiones de una misma novela o ausencia de traductores jóvenes. Aún así, con ei creciente número de estudiantes de filología hispánica y fas nuevas traducciones de escritores de íengua española en estos arlos, y con ia progresiva transición de los lectores dei grupo de buitre a! del ave fénix, creemos que ia traducción de la literatura hispánica en China tiene un futuro prometedor. ; Mario Vargas Llosa is a great Latin American author in the world,and his works are translated very often in China. His works in Chinese version accord with the translation law of the Spanish literature. In this passage, we will take his works as examples to show the general translation situation of Spanish and Latin American literature in China. In order to study the state of his works' translation into Chinese in the Spanish literature' translation into Chinese, we should know the important state of the Spanish literature in the foreign literature' translation into Chinese, and we must figure out what the literature translation matters in China. The process of study is just like his writing style "China set box". In the first chapter, I will show the history of Chinese translation. Two thousands years ago, therehas been some translation activities in China. In that period, the translation mainly serves the government, and there is also poem translation in different nations, but these translations are less of systematic. In the dynasty of Dong Han(BC25-220), Buddhist sutras have been Introduced to China- The translation of Buddhist continues to the 19th century. During almost 1900 years, the translation of Buddhist sutras goes through critique and resistance, but for rulers, the translation of Buddhist sutras is always the important thing. During translating Buddhist sutras, many excellent Chinese translators and foreign.translators mainly from ancient India make great conJj'ibLition. in this chapter, except for stating the general process of Buddhist translation in China, I also introduce some translators' translation theories, for example, Hsuan Tsang and Kumarajiva, and state the battle between transliteration and free translation. In the end of 19* century, with the Invasion from west countries and Japan, instead of translating Buddhist; translators focused on the works about technology. From then to 1949, one important target of translation is to save the nation. In the end of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century, Chinese translators translated many technology works to spread tiie advanced technology and successful patterns from west countries. At the same time, the translation of foreign literature entered the stage of start. In this period, most translations of works are lack of system and are of poor quality, but many translators are full of legend. For instance, Lin Shu who doesn't study any foreign languages translates hundreds of foreign literature works. In the first chapter, the translator Yan Fu Is referred frequently. His translation theory^faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" is regarded as translation standard in China. The translation about technology works doesn't make difference in that time, so the Chinese translators gradually realize that It's thought not technology that can save China. Accordingly the translation of foreign literature is thought highly. In the first half of the 20th century, although being in the war time, Hie scholars were passionate for the debate on the literature and literature translation. Many translators such as LuXun and Mao Dun have many excellent translation versions of foreign literature and their own translation theories. The debate on transliteration or free translation makes the translation of foreign literature more energetic in China. In 1966, the Great Culture Revolution was broken, and translation of foreign literature had great change. In this period, the translation of foreign literature was almost stopped, except for the translation of some politically positive works. Until the end of the Great Culture Revolution, the translation of foreign literature gradually regain the energy. With the development of economy and translators, almost all important foreign literature works were translated into Chinese. The translation of Spanish literature Is an important branch of the translation of foreign literature. Generally their development trend is unanimous. As a minority language, the Spanish literature different from English and Russian literature can't rank the important standing, but the Spanish literature translation has its own unique characters. LinShu is the early one who translated Spanish literature, and he is the first one who translates^/? Quixote de id Mancha. In the 20th century, the works of the Spanish authors, PioBaroja and Vicente Blasco Ibafiez, have been translated into Chinese. In 1980s, the translation of Spanish and Latin American literature is still lack of systematic in China. In 1982, after GardaMarquez was awarded Nobef Prize, the translation of Spanish literature entered the boom period. The masterpieces of the famous Spanish authors were almost translated into Chinese, in 1392, China signed trie Universal Copyright Convention, which made great negative influence to the translation of Spanish literature in China. In 1990s, the Chinese readers preferred to the English, Russian and French literature, and they were less passionate for reading foreign literature than the reader of 1980s. The translation of Spanish literature met its Waterloo in China. In the 21th century, especially in 2009, the works of Vargas Llosa, GarciaMcirquez and Roberto Boiano etc. were translated into Chinese again, and the translation of Spanish literature recovered its vitality. In the third chapter, I summarize the process of Vargas Uosa's works' translation in China. This chapter will be divided into five parts. In the first three parts, I state the Vargas Uosa's works' translation situation in 1980s, 1990s and In the 21th century in China, meanwhile, I also show my own comparisons and comments. La ciudaci y ios perrons Chinese version published in 1981 is Vargas Uosa's work that was first translated into Chinese in all of his works, in 1980s, La casa verde, La tia Julia y ei escribidortL& guerra del fin dei mundo,Pantafeon y lasvisitadoras and Historia de Mayta,etc, they were all translated Into Chinese. Among these works, la casa verde Is the only one that has two translation versions in China. Through summarizing the process, I also want to show tiie whole situation of translation of foreign literature in China in different periods. For example, the Chinese translation version of Pantaieon y lasvisitsdoras is not the complete translation, because of a lot of love and sex scenes in this book. In 1990s, the translation of Vargas Uosa's works in China entered the prosperous period. In the famous Latin American literature series published by Yunnan People's Publishing House, Vargas Llosa's works are the most translated In quantity. From 1996, Vargas Llosa collected works that almost cover his all books published. From 2001 to 2008, there is only one new translation version of his book {Cartas a unjovennovellsta). In the latest ten years, Chinese readers almost have no Idea ahoutVargas Llosa. From 2009, with the publication of the Chinese versions of La ciudad y ios perms, 0 paratso en ia otraesquina and La fiesta del chivo, and after Vargas Llosa was awarded Nobel Prize in 2010, the most works of Vargas Llosa were published again, but these are almost the re-publication of the 1980s' old versions. In the fourth part of the third chapter, I scan some Chinese versions of Vargas Uosa's articles in some I important foreign literature magazines. The earliest article that introduces Vargas Llosa was published in i979's periodical, and from 2001 to 2008, the introduction about Vargas Llosa only appeared in these periodicals. So I think this passage will be incomplete if not referring these magazines. In the last part of this chapter, I will introduce and analyzethe spread and reception of Vargas Llosa's books. Here I adopt the methods of comparison between Spanish original book and Chinese versions, and I use the printing volume and media reports, There is a contradiction, that is, although Chinese writers, translators and literature researchers are full of praise about Vargas Llosa's works, the sale of the Chinese versions of these books is not good. I advocate we should divide the readers into two types. One is phoenix type readers, the other vulture type readers. Chinese i writers, translators and literature researchers and readers who often read foreign literature belong to the first! type, and they can understand the complicated writing skills in Vargas Llosa's books, and they can appreciate his books' positive meaning. The readers belonging to the second type know the value of Vargas Llosa's books, but they shrink back at the sight of the writing skills and complicated novel structure. In the first three chapters, I do a general analysis, and in the fourth chapter I will do the research in detail. I compare the two Chinese versions of La casa verde in detail, and I find there are six big differences between these two Chinese versions. They are:!, the different expression of the same phrase; 2, the mistranslation of the original text; 3. the readers' misunderstanding caused by the Chinese versions; 4. the application of annotations; 5. the reservation of literary value; 6, the translation of Spanish proverbs and the adoption of Chinese proverbs. Sun Jiameng, the Chinese translator of La casa verde, translates many Spanish literature works into Chinese, such as E( Ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de fa Mancha, Rayuefa, etc. He published the book- A course in Spanish-Chinese translation in which he takes many translations of Vargas Llosa's works as examples. In the fourth chapter, I show my opinion about La casa verde, and I try to analyze the Chinese version of La casa verde from the point of my view, In the last part of the passage, I also introduce the translation situation of Vargas Llosa's books in Taiwan, and I want to show the overall translation situation of his books in China. In this chapter, I compare and study the mainland version and Taiwan version of 0 para/so en la otraesquina. Vargas Llosa is one of the only two Latin American writers who published the collected works in China, in 1978, Zhao Demlng,professor of Spanish literature in the University of Seijing,wrote an article which is the earliest introduction about Vargas Llosa. After two years, he published the Chinese translation version of La ciudad y /os perros. Vargas Llosa was introduced to China at the end of Cultural Revolution and in that time Chinese readers were full of passion for reading foreign literature. To some degree, Vargas Llosa became a witness of the translation of foreign literature In China during 35 years. The process of publication of Vargas Llosa's works' Chinese versions exactly right goes through the development, decline and revival of the translation of Spanish literature in China. On the basis of complete description and analysis of translation, publication and reception situation of Vargas Llosa's works, I want to do a complete analysis about the translation of Spanish literature in China. I also want to show the development of Chinese translators studying Spanish-Chinese translation and the situation of Chinese readers who read foreign literature. At the last, on the basis of performance we have achieved, I will point out the problems appearing in the process of translating Vargas Llosa's works and other Spanish literature works in China, For instance, we lack of different versions of the same works, and we need more young translators. With the rise of the number of students majoring in Spanish and with the translations of the most Spanish writers' works, the vulture type readers gradually turn Into the phoenix type readers. So I think Spanish literature still has great potential in China

Ali E. Abbas (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is an associate professor in the Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He received an M.S. in electrical engineering (1998), an M.S. in engineering economic systems and operations research (2001), a Ph.D. in management science and engineering (2003), and a Ph.D. (minor) in electrical engineering, all from Stanford University. He worked as a lecturer in the Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford and worked in Schlumberger Oilfield Services, where he held several international positions in wireline logging, operations management, and international training. He has also worked on several consulting projects for mergers and acquisitions in California, and cotaught several executive seminars on decision analysis at Strategic Decisions Group in Menlo Park, California. His research interests include utility theory, decision making with incomplete information and preferences, dynamic programming, and information theory. Dr. Abbas is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). He is also an associate editor for the Decision Analysis and Operations Research journals of INFORMS. Email: aliabbas@illinois.edu . Kash Barker (" Decision Trees with Single and Multiple Interval-Valued Objectives ") is an assistant professor in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. He holds a Ph.D. in systems engineering from the University of Virginia, where he was a research assistant in the Center for Risk Management of Engineering Systems, and B.S. and M.S. degrees in industrial engineering from the University of Oklahoma. His primary research interests lie in modeling interdependent economic systems and decision making for large-scale system sustainment, with research funded by the National Science Foundation, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Army Research Office. Email: kashbarker@ou.edu . J. Eric Bickel (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus " and " A Simulation-Based Approach to Decision Making with Partial Information ") is an assistant professor in the Graduate Program in Operations Research (Department of Mechanical Engineering) at the University of Texas at Austin. In addition, Professor Bickel is a fellow in both the Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy (CIEEP) and the Center for Petroleum Asset Risk Management (CPARM). His research interests include the theory and practice of decision analysis and its application in the energy and climate-change arenas. His work has addressed the modeling of probabilistic dependence, value of information, scoring rules, calibration, risk preference, decision education, decision making in sports, and climate engineering as a response to climate change. Prior to returning to academia, Professor Bickel was a senior engagement manager for Strategic Decisions Group. He has consulted around the world in a range of industries, including oil and gas, electricity generation/transmission/delivery, energy trading and marketing, commodity and specialty chemicals, life sciences, financial services, and metals and mining. Professor Bickel is the vice president/president-elect of the Decision Analysis Society and an associate editor for Decision Analysis. He holds an M.S. and Ph.D. from the Department of Engineering–Economic Systems at Stanford University. Email: ebickel@mail.utexas.edu . Vicki M. Bier (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is a full professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she is currently department chair and also directs the Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis. She is also the past president of the Decision Analysis Society and is an associate editor for Decision Analysis. Her research interests include applications of operations research, risk analysis, and decision analysis to problems of homeland security and critical infrastructure protection. Email: bier@engr.wisc.edu . Samuel E. Bodily (" Multiplicative Utilities for Health and Consumption ") is the John Tyler Professor of Business Administration at the University of Virginia's Darden School. He has published textbooks and more than 40 articles in journals ranging from Harvard Business Review to Management Science. His publications relate to decision and risk analysis, multiattribute utility, forecasting, strategy modeling, revenue management, and eStrategy. Along with Casey Lichtendahl, he was runner-up for the 2012 Decision Analysis Publication Award. He has edited special issues of Interfaces on Decision and Risk Analysis, and Strategy Modeling and Analysis. Professor Bodily has published well over 120 cases, including a couple of the 10 best-selling cases at Darden. He received the Distinguished Casewriter Wachovia award from Darden in 2005 and three other best case or research Wachovia awards. Professor Bodily is faculty leader for the executive program Strategic Thinking and Action. He is the course-head of and teaches in a highly valued first-year M.B.A. course in decision analysis; has a successful second-year elective, Management Decision Models; and has taught eStrategy and Strategy. He is a past winner of the Decision Sciences International Instructional Award. He has served as chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. He has taught numerous executive education programs for Darden and private companies, has consulted widely for business and government entities, and has served as an expert witness. Professor Bodily was on the faculties of MIT Sloan School of Management and Boston University and has been a visiting professor at INSEAD Singapore, Stanford University, and the University of Washington. He has Ph.D. and S.M. degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.S. in physics from Brigham Young University. Email: bodilys@virginia.edu . David V. Budescu (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is the Anne Anastasi Professor of Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology at Fordham University. He held positions at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and the University of Haifa, and visiting positions at Carnegie Mellon University, University of Gothenburg, the Kellogg School at Northwestern University, the Hebrew University, and the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion). His research is in the areas of human judgment, individual and group decision making under uncertainty and with incomplete and vague information, and statistics for the behavioral and social sciences. He is on the editorial boards of Applied Psychological Measurement, Decision Analysis (associate editor), Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition (2000–2003), Multivariate Behavioral Research, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (1992–2002), and Psychological Methods (1996–2000). He is past president of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making (2000–2001), fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, and an elected member of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychologists. Email: budescu@fordham.edu . John C. Butler (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is a clinical associate professor of finance and the academic director of the Energy Management and Innovation Center in the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin, the outgoing secretary/treasurer of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society, and an associate editor for Decision Analysis. Professor Butler received his Ph.D. in management science and information systems from the University of Texas at Austin in 1998. His research interests involve the use of decision science models to support decision making, with a particular emphasis on decision and risk analysis models with multiple-performance criteria. Professor Butler has consulted with a number of organizations regarding the application of decision analysis tools to a variety of practical problems. Most of his consulting projects involve use of Visual Basic for Applications and Excel to implement complex decision science models in a user-friendly format. Email: john.butler2@mccombs.utexas.edu . Enrico Diecidue (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is an associate professor of Decision Sciences at INSEAD (France) and holds a Ph.D. from the CentER (Center for Economic Research), Tilburg University, the Netherlands. Since 2001 he has been a resident faculty member at INSEAD, except for 2008–2009 when he was a visiting professor at Wharton and 2010–2011 when he was on sabbatical at the Erasmus School of Economics (the Netherlands). His main research interests are in individual decision making under uncertainty, health decisions, and experimental economics. He is interested in the role of regret, aspiration levels, and time in individual decisions. His current research is also addressing the role of groups in complex and ambiguous decisions. Professor Diecidue's research has appeared in leading journals in economics and management. He is on the editorial board of Journal of Risk and Uncertainty and is an associate editor for Decision Analysis. He teaches M.B.A., executive M.B.A., and executive participants on topics such as uncertainty, data and judgment, decision making under uncertainty, risk management, and management decision making. He has won teaching awards at INSEAD and Wharton. Email: enrico.diecidue@insead.edu . Robin L. Dillon-Merrill (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is an associate professor in the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University. Professor Dillon-Merrill seeks to understand and explain how and why people make the decisions that they do under conditions of uncertainty and risk. This research specifically examines critical decisions that people have made following near-miss events in situations with severe outcomes (i.e., hurricane evacuation, terrorism, NASA mission management, etc.). She has received research funding from the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security through the University of Southern California's National Center for Risk and Economic Analysis for Terrorism Events. She has served as a risk analysis and project management expert on several National Academies Committees, including the review of the New Orleans regional hurricane protection projects and the application of risk-analysis techniques to securing the Department of Energy's special nuclear materials. She is an associate editor for Decision Analysis. Email: rld9@georgetown.edu . Raimo P. Hämäläinen (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is a professor of operations research and director of the Systems Analysis Laboratory at Aalto University, Finland. He received his M.Sc. and Dr. Tech. degrees in systems theory and applied mathematics from the Helsinki University of Technology. His research interests include decision analysis, risk and game theory, and experimental economics, as well as dynamic optimization with aerospace applications. He is widely known for his work in environmental decision making and energy policy. He is the designer of widely used decision analysis software, including the first Web-based value tree software, Web-HIPRE; Smart-Swaps; and the Joint Gains negotiation support system. He has recently introduced the concept of Systems Intelligence, which opens a new perspective to organizational learning and personal growth. He is on the editorial board of a number of journals, including Decision Analysis (associate editor), European Journal of Operational Research, Journal of Group Decision and Negotiation, and EURO Journal on Decision Processes. Dr. Hämäläinen has received the Edgeworth-Pareto Award of the International Society for Multiple Criteria Decision Making. He is also the honorary president of the Finnish Operations Research Society. Email: raimo.hamalainen@aalto.fi . Ralph L. Keeney (" Value-Focused Brainstorming ") is a research professor emeritus at the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University. His education includes a B.S. in engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Ph.D. in operations research from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research interests are in the areas of decision making and risk analysis. He has applied such work to important personal decisions and as a consultant for private and public organizations addressing corporate management problems, environmental and risk studies, and decisions involving life-threatening risks. Prior to joining the Duke faculty, Professor Keeney was a faculty member in Management and Engineering at MIT and at the University of Southern California, a research scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria, and the founder of the decision and risk analysis group of a large geotechnical and environmental consulting firm. Professor Keeney is the author of many books and articles, including Value-Focused Thinking, Decisions with Multiple Objectives, coauthored with Howard Raiffa, and Smart Choices, coauthored with John S. Hammond and Howard Raiffa, which has been translated into 15 languages. Dr. Keeney was awarded the Ramsey Medal for distinguished contributions in decision analysis by the Decision Analysis Society and is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering. Email: keeney@duke.edu . L. Robin Keller (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is the outgoing Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. She has been appointed to the editorial board of the new EURO Journal on Decision Processes. Email: lrkeller@uci.edu . Anton Kühberger (" Explaining Risk Attitude in Framing Tasks by Regulatory Focus: A Verbal Protocol Analysis and a Simulation Using Fuzzy Logic ") is a professor of psychology at the University of Salzburg, Department of Cognition and Development, and a member of the Center of Neurocognitive Research at the University of Salzburg. His research interests include the following areas: judgment and decision making, in particular framing, and the role of risk, ambiguity, and uncertainty in decision making; thinking and reasoning, in particular counterfactual thinking and the notion of rationality; and social cognition, in particular the foundation of the understanding of oneself and others either by a theory of mind or by simulation. In addition, he is interested in the development of scientific methods such as verbal protocol analysis and in understanding the role statistics for the accumulation of knowledge. He is a member of the editorial board of several scholarly journals and currently is vice-dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Salzburg. Email: anton.kuehberger@sbg.ac.at . Kenneth C. Lichtendahl Jr. (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus " and " Multiplicative Utilities for Health and Consumption ") is an assistant professor of business administration at the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. He is an associate editor for Decision Analysis. He received his Ph.D. in decision sciences from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University. His research focuses on decision analysis, Bayesian statistics, game theory, and dynamic programming. Email: lichtendahlc@darden.virginia.edu . Jason R. W. Merrick (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is a professor in the Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research at Virginia Commonwealth University. He has a D.Sc. in operations research from George Washington University. He teaches courses in decision analysis, risk analysis, and simulation. His research is primarily in the area of decision analysis and Bayesian statistics. He has worked on projects ranging from assessing maritime oil transportation and ferry system safety, the environmental health of watersheds, and optimal replacement policies for rail tracks and machine tools. He has received grants from the National Science Foundation, the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the American Bureau of Shipping, British Petroleum, and Booz Allen Hamilton, among others. He has also performed training for Infineon Technologies, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, and Capital One Services. He is an associate editor for Decision Analysis and the EURO Journal on Decision Processes. Email: jrmerric@vcu.edu . Luis Vicente Montiel (" A Simulation-Based Approach to Decision Making with Partial Information ") is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Texas at Austin. His main research interest is mathematical modeling for optimization under uncertainty, with a special interest in decision analysis and simulation learning for optimization. His current research is dedicated to providing a theoretical and practical framework for approximating joint distributions under partial information. Luis has a Ph.D. in operations research from the University of Texas, an M.S. in financial engineering from Columbia University, and an M.S. in management science and engineering from Stanford University. Email: lvmontiel@utexas.edu . Jay R. Simon (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") is an assistant professor in the Defense Resources Management Institute of the Naval Postgraduate School. He holds a Ph.D. in operations and decision technologies from the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine, an M.S. in management science and engineering, and a B.S. in mathematical and computational science from Stanford University. His primary research interest is multiattribute preference modeling, particularly involving outcomes that occur over time, space, or groups of people. His current and recent work includes a prostate cancer decision model, preference models for health decisions, preferences over geographical data, altruistic utility modeling, and multiattribute procurement. He is an associate editor for Decision Analysis and is the webmaster and social media officer for the Decision Analysis Society of INFORMS. Email: jrsimon@nps.edu . Christian Wiener (" Explaining Risk Attitude in Framing Tasks by Regulatory Focus: A Verbal Protocol Analysis and a Simulation Using Fuzzy Logic ") received his doctorate from the University of Salzburg, Austria. His first research area was the application of the EEG in connection with dyslexia. Later he moved to the area of social cognition, where his research was focused on framing and especially the simulation of decision-making behavior using a fuzzy-logic expert system. Since the completion of his dissertation, he has been working as a clinical psychologist with developmentally delayed children. Email: christian.wiener@gmx.at . Kaycee J. Wilson (" Decision Trees with Single and Multiple Interval-Valued Objectives ") completed M.S. and B.S. degrees in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Oklahoma in 2012 and 2010, respectively. Her primary interests lie in healthcare operations and reliability-based decision making, and she holds a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. Email: kaycee.j.wilson-1@ou.edu . George Wu (" From the Editors: Brainstorming, Multiplicative Utilities, Partial Information on Probabilities or Outcomes, and Regulatory Focus ") has been on the faculty of the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business since September 1997. His degrees include an A.B. (applied mathematics, 1985), an S.M. (applied mathematics, 1987), and a Ph.D. (decision sciences, 1991), all from Harvard University. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Chicago, Professor Wu was on the faculty at Harvard Business School. Professor Wu worked as a decision analyst at Procter & Gamble prior to starting graduate school. His research interests include descriptive and prescriptive aspects of decision making, in particular decision making involving risk; cognitive biases in bargaining and negotiation; and managerial and organizational decision making. Professor Wu is a coordinating editor for Theory and Decision, an advisory editor for Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, on the editorial boards of Decision Analysis (associate editor) and the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, and a former department editor of Management Science. Email: wu@chicagobooth.edu .

Increasingly, eGovernment (the use of ICTs in order to achieve better government) is moving its focus from web presence and electronic service provision to striving for an interoperable public sector. Interoperability refers to the ability for information exchange across organizational borders, concerning technology as well as business aspects. Policy for such change has been formulated and implementation is currently taking place in many government sectors. In such programs there is a strong need for coordination with regard to the way in which interoperability is to be implemented. Interoperability work requires coordination, as it is a complex endeavour because of the interrelatedness of information systems, public services, departments and organizations, as well as policies, constraints and regulations. In order to achieve interoperability, architectural approaches are increasingly used in the public sector to try to coordinate interoperability work. One such approach, Enterprise Architecture (EA), is becoming increasingly influential. EA has been defined as an overview of the complete business processes and business systems, both in terms of how they overlap and their interrelatedness. However, previous research show that state-of-the-art EA is seldom fully applied in practice. Previous research has also proposed that information infrastructures and architectures should be seen as evolving dynamically during the implementation process through changing relationships between actors. The implementation of IS architecture for interoperability is thus seen as an evolving process of social production. As the research field is still immature further research on the evolution of public information infrastructures and architectures is needed, as well as how the strategic alignment of handling of goals, and ambiguities in implementation is done. This thesis hence addresses the challenges of implementing national public sector interoperability as an evolving process by addressing the research question: How is interoperability interpreted and enacted by different actors in public sector implementation? In order to approach the research question, an interpretive case study is performed. The case studied in this thesis is from the implementation of the Strategy for eHealth in Sweden, where healthcare is mainly publicly funded, and catered for by 20 county councils (who mainly focus on healthcare, and 290 municipalities (who also cater for a great deal of other public services). The case is an example of how interoperability is implemented, from the early stages of outlining a general picture of goals and requirements, to the formulation of a strategy and an architecture. This case is also an example of how EA influences an interoperability program through enterprise thinking. The research uses an interpretive case study approach influenced by Actor-Network Theory (ANT). ANT is used as a toolbox for telling stories about technology in practice, as emergent in socio-material relations. A number of complementary qualitative methods are used. These include semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis, with the foremost part of the empirical material being first-hand. In order to understand interoperability implementation in the public sector I examine the background to eGovernment implementation, by contrasting conceptualizations of eGovernment evolution to contemporary theories of public policy implementation. It is shown that, during the last decade, stage models have been used as tools for describing, predicting and directing the evolution of eGovernment. The stage model approach has been criticized for presenting a linear development which has little empirical support and delimits the understanding of eGovernment development as a dynamic process. Newer stage models have started to take this criticism into consideration and alternative models on eGovernment have also been developed. Consequently, eGovernment implementation is in this thesis perceived as a process in which technologies, policies and organizations are in a process of mutual shaping, where policymaking and policy implementation are intermingled. Implementing interoperability is hence not a matter of disseminating a policy that is to be implemented in every setting exactly as stated on paper, but a process in which the goals and means of interoperability are constantly being negotiated. Also, EA has been proposed as an approach to treat technology and business in the public sector as interrelated. However, since previous research show that state-of-the-art EA is seldom fully applied in public sector practice, the concept of enterprise thinking is developed in this thesis. Enterprise thinking is intended to be a concept that describes EA as a contemporary zeitgeist which in practice is adopted in varying ways. The results of the thesis show how interoperability in eHealth was roughly outlined before implementation although still containing conflicts and ambiguities. Central to this thesis is the controversy of defining "the enterprise", as the health care sector was delimited as one enterprise, which became increasingly problematic during implementation. This to a large extent concerned municipalities, whose business area stretched much wider than just the health care sector, and hence the definition of the enterprise became problematic. Another central aspect was legal obstacles to cooperation, as there was a clash between the values of efficiency and patient privacy as a result of a new law that had been implemented in order to allow for information sharing. The legal grounds for sharing information proved to be problematic, which lead to that several involved actors perceived that a large portion of the patients in health care could not benefit from interoperability as their information could not be shared despite this law. The legal challenges also dampened the enthusiasm for the eHealth program as a whole. The program had also outlined a technology architecture before implementation. This architecture was however treated in conflicting ways, both as a blueprint (something to be implemented) and a tool for communication (as a way of discussing what was to be implemented). For instance, several municipalities perceived that the planned infrastructure was unsuitable to their business needs (as it did not meet the requirements of other actors in eGovernment), and thus questioned it, using it as a tool for communication rather than a blueprint. Meanwhile, other actors argued that the blueprint had already been decided, and thus needed to be implemented. The case also shed light on the use of informal networks, outside traditional bureaucracy, as a means to deal with interoperability. Such networks were used in order to align actions and perceptions of a large number of autonomous municipalities. This revealed issues concerning local decision as knowledge of, and resources for, ICT and architectural work was lacking in several municipalities. Also, as the networks lacked formal power no decisions could be taken jointly, but in the end had to be negotiated locally. This made coordinated decision making hard as the processes were lengthy and often lacked clear incentives. Furthermore, ambiguous feedback from national authorities, as well as an overall lack of understanding among local actors, concerning what was legal to do in terms of procurement and information sharing, complicated the situation further. These findings are summarized in four main conclusions; The process of defining which organizations are to be made interoperable, or what is to be considered as "the enterprise", is a political process which might be brought into question and require re-negotiations throughout implementation, as the drawing of boundaries of "the enterprise" can be filled with conflict. Different perspectives on an enterprise, from different architectural viewpoints, are often described as complementary, and it has previously been shown that different architectural metaphors can be used by different actors during implementation. However, in practice, different use of metaphors for architectures can open up for discussion and conflict. These may not only be different, but may also contradict other actors' use of metaphors, since different metaphors might clash. Interoperability work can be a novel task for some local governments. Therefore, there is a need for negotiation and to establish forms of formal decision making and informal dissemination because such structures might be lacking. It should be anticipated that implementation might be slow because of a lack of understanding about interoperability programs (particularly in terms of something other than ICT). In addition, there may be few forums for coordinated decision making, or there may be obstructions in the form of prior formal and legal arrangements. Enterprise thinking is interconnected with Enterprise Architecture as a zeitgeist for interoperability work. It draws upon EA as an ideal, whilst acknowledging that public organizations are influenced by this zeitgeist, although practical conditions might not allow for adoption of an EA approach. Enterprise thinking thus refers to the notion of EA as an ideal, not as a specific way of applying EA. Enterprise thinking has a process focus on interoperability. ICT, business goals, and work practices are perceived as interconnected, and hence need to be treated from a holistic perspective. How this is approached is, however, dependent upon the context in which it is implemented. Further research efforts could approach how enterprise thinking affects interoperability work in the long run with a longitudinal approach. Also, as this thesis has shown how the use of different architectural metaphors can clash, further research could focus on the positive and negative effects of negotiations being initiated by such conflict. From a project management perspective the risks and benefits of using smaller projects as "enrolment devices" for interoperability programs, where an architecture cannot be pushed but is voluntary, should be of interest. Furthermore the use of EA as an ideal which cannot be fully followed in several public settings, although might intentionally be used as a guiding light, is interesting for further research. For instance, it would be of interest to see how the rhetoric of EA may be applied in practice in order to legitimate programs. This is of interest as to examine to which extent the use of such concepts influence actual practice, or if they are only "empty words". The conceptualization of enterprise thinking proposed in the conclusions of this thesis can be used in further research. Indeed, they could be useful for investigating different approaches, influenced by EA, in different contexts. For instance, it may be of interest to countries that might not share the same institutional characteristics of Sweden, but are influenced by enterprise thinking in different ways. This would be of interest for outlining different practical approaches to enterprise thinking. Also, the further development in Sweden specifically could be of interest, as other sectors are at the time of writing preparing their own interoperability programs, and aim to benefit from the lessons learned in the healthcare sector. ; I ökande utsträckning har e-förvaltningens (användningen av IKT för att förbättra verksamheten i offentlig sektor) fokus förflyttats från webb-närvaro och elektroniska tjänster mot att sträva efter en interoperabel offentlig sektor. Interoperabilitet avser möjligheten för informationsutbyte över verksamheters olika gränser, vilket innefattar teknologiska såväl som organisatoriska aspekter. Policys för sådana förändring har utarbetats och implementeras för närvarande i flera offentliga organisationer. I sådana program finns det ett starkt behov av samordning gällande det sätt på vilket interoperabilitet skall genomföras. Interoperabilitetsarbete kräver således samordning, eftersom det är en komplex uppgift på grund sammanvävda informationssystem, offentliga tjänster, organisationer, policys, begränsningar och regler. För att uppnå interoperabilitet används arkitekturella tillvägagångssätt alltmer inom den offentliga sektorn, för att försöka samordna arbetet. Ett sådant tillvägagångssätt, Enterprise Architecture (EA), har fått ett ökande inflytande. EA har definierats som en översikt av hela affärsprocesser och affärssystem, både vad gäller hur de överlappar med varandra och hur de hänger samman. Dock visar tidigare forskning att EA i praktiken sällan tillämpas fullt ut. Tidigare forskning har också påvisat att informationsinfrastrukturer och arkitekturer bör ses som dynamiskt framväxande under implementeringsprocessen, genom förändrade relationer mellan aktörer. Implementering av informationssystemsarkitektur för interoperabilitet bör därmed ses som en framväxande och socialt producerad process. Då forskningsområdet fortfarande är omoget behövs ytterligare forskning om framväxten av offentliga informationsinfrastrukturer och arkitekturer, samt hur strategisk sammanjämkning av mål och oklarheter i implementeringen sker. Denna avhandling behandlar därför utmaningarna som finns i implementeringen av interoperabilitet i offentlig sektor, som en framväxande process, genom att behandla frågeställningen: Hur tolkas och sätts interoperabilitet i praktiken av olika aktörer under implementering i offentlig sektor? För att närma sig frågeställningen utförs en tolkande fallstudie. Fallet som studerats i denna avhandling är från implementeringen av strategin IT-strategin för vård och omsorg (eHälsostrategin) i Sverige, där vården i huvudsak är offentligt finansierad, och tillhandahålls av 20 landsting (som huvudsakligen fokuserar på sjukvård), och 290 kommuner (som också tillhandahåller en mängd andra offentliga tjänster). Fallet är ett exempel på hur interoperabilitet implementeras, från de tidiga skeden då en generell bild av mål och krav målas upp, till utformningen av en strategi och en arkitektur. Detta fall är också ett exempel på hur EA påverkar ett interoperabilitetsprogram via "enterprise thinking". En fallstudie genomförs med en tolkande ansats, influerad av Actor-Network Theory (ANT). ANT används som en verktygslåda för att berätta historier om teknik i praktiken, som framväxande genom sociomateriella relationer. Merparten av det empiriska materialet har samlats in i förstahand och ett antal kompletterande kvalitativa metoder används. Dessa metoder inkluderar semi-strukturerade intervjuer, observationer och dokumentanalys. För att förstå interoperabilitetsimplementering i offentlig sektor undersöker jag bakgrunden till implementation av e-förvaltning, genom att kontrastera begreppsbildningar av hur e-förvaltningen växer fram mot samtida teorier om implementation i offentlig sektor. Jag påvisar att under det senaste decenniet har stegmodeller använts som verktyg för att beskriva, förutsäga och styra utvecklingen av e-förvaltning. Denna typ av modeller har kritiserats då de framhåller en linjär utveckling som har bristande empiriskt stöd och begränsar förståelsen för e-förvaltningens framväxt som en dynamisk process. Nyare stegmodeller har börjat ta hänsyn till denna kritik och alternativa modeller på e-förvaltning har också utvecklats. Följaktligen ses i denna avhandling implementeringen av e-förvaltning som en process där teknik, policy och organisationer är i en ständig process av ömsesidig påverkan, där policyskapande och policyimplementering är sammanvävt. Att implementera interoperabilitet är därför inte en fråga om att sprida en policy som skall genomföras av varje aktör så som det står angivet på pappret, utan en process där mål och metoder för interoperabilitet ständigt omförhandlas. EA har föreslagits som ett tillvägagångssätt för att behandla teknik och verksamhet som integrerade. Dock, eftersom tidigare forskning visar att EA sällan tillämpas fullt ut i praktiken i offentlig sektor, så utvecklas begreppet enterprise thinking i denna avhandling. Enterprise thinking är avsett att vara ett koncept som beskriver EA som en samtida tidsandan som i praktiken närmas på olika sätt. Resultaten i avhandlingen visar hur interoperabilitet i e-hälsa skisserades ut grovt innan implementeringen, i en bild som innehöll konflikter och tvetydigheter. Centralt för denna avhandling är problematiken i att definiera verksamheten ("the enterprise"), då hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn var avgränsad som en verksamhet, vilket blev allt mer problematiskt under implementeringen. Detta berörde till stor del kommuner, vars verksamhetsområde sträcker sig mycket bredare än bara hälso- och sjukvården. Därmed blev definitionen av verksamheten problematisk. En annan central aspekt var juridiska hinder för samverkan, då det fanns en konflikt mellan värdena effektivitet och patientens integritet. Detta var delvis en följd av en ny lag som hade införts just i syfte att möjliggöra informationsutbyte. De rättsliga grunderna för att dela information visade sig vara problematiska, vilket ledde till att flera inblandade aktörer uppfattade att en stor del av patienterna i vården inte kunde dra nytta av interoperabilitet, eftersom deras information inte kunde delas trots denna lagändring. De rättsliga utmaningarna dämpade också entusiasmen för eHälsoprogrammet som helhet. Programmet hade också skisserat ut en teknikarkitektur innan implementeringen. Denna arkitektur behandlades dock på motstridiga sätt, både som en "ritning" (en klar bild av vad som skulle genomföras) och som ett verktyg för kommunikation (som ett sätt att diskutera vad som skulle genomförts). Till exempel uppfattade flera kommuner att den planerade infrastrukturen var olämpliga för deras verksamhetsbehov (då den inte uppfyllde kraven från andra aktörer inom e-förvaltning), och ifrågasatte därmed den genom att använda arkitekturen som ett verktyg för kommunikation snarare än en ritning. Samtidigt menade andra aktörer att man redan hade tagit beslut om denna ritning och att den därmed skulle följas. Fallstudien kastar också ljus på användningen av informella nätverk, utanför den traditionella byråkratin, som ett sätt för att arbeta med interoperabilitetsfrågor. Sådana nätverk användes i syfte att sammanjämka åtgärder och uppfattningar hos ett stort antal självstyrande aktörer. Detta visade på en problematik gällande lokalt beslutsfattande och resurser gällande IKT och arkitekturellt arbete, då kompetenser och erfarenheter för detta saknades hos flera kommuner. Relaterat till detta är att i de nätverk där diskussionerna fördes saknades även formell makt, och inga beslut kunde fattas gemensamt därigenom. I slutändan var man istället tvungna att diskutera de frågor som togs upp där lokalt. Detta gjorde samordnat beslutsfattande svårt eftersom processerna var långa och ofta saknade tydliga incitament. Dessutom fanns en problematik i att nationella aktörer ofta gav tvetydig respons på frågor, samt en allmän brist på förståelse bland lokala aktörer, gällande vad som var lagligt att göra beträffande upphandling och informationsutbyte. Detta komplicerade situationen ytterligare. Dessa resultat sammanfattas i fyra huvudsakliga slutsatser; 1. Processen med att definiera vilka organisationer som skall göras interoperabla, eller vad som ska betraktas som "verksamheten", är en politisk process som kan ifrågasättas och kräva omförhandlingar under implementeringen, eftersom hur man definierar gränserna kring "verksamheten" kan vara konfliktfyllt. 2. Olika perspektiv på en verksamhet, från olika arkitekturella perspektiv, beskrivs ofta som komplementära, och det har tidigare visats att olika arkitekturella metaforer kan användas av olika aktörer under implementeringen. I praktiken kan dock olika användning av arkitekturella metaforer öppna upp för diskussion och konflikt. Dessa är inte nödvändigtvis bara annorlunda och komplementära, utan kan också motsäga andra aktörers användning av metaforer, då olika metaforer kan kollidera. 3. Interoperabilitetsarbete kan vara en ny uppgift för lokala aktörer. Det finns därför ett behov av förhandlingar och att upprätta former för formellt beslutsfattande och informell "spridning" av information eftersom strukturer för detta kan saknas. Detta kan vara en långsam process på grund av bristande förståelse för interoperabilitetsprogram (särskilt i fråga om att de skulle handla om något annat än bara IKT). Dessutom finns ibland få (om ens några) forum för samordnat beslutsfattande, och det kan även finnas formella och legala hinder för detta. 4. Enterprise thinking ("verksamhetstänkande") är sammankopplat med Enterprise Architecture, som är en tidsanda för interoperabilitetsarbete. Det bygger på EA som ett ideal, då offentliga organisationerna påverkas av denna tidsanda, men att praktiska förutsättningar kanske inte möjliggör att man antar en EA-strategi. Enterprise thinking hänvisar således till EA-begreppet som ett ideal, och är alltså inte ett specifikt sätt att tillämpa EA. Enterprise thinking har ett processfokus på interoperabilitet. IKT, verksamhetens mål och arbetsrutiner ses som sammanlänkade och måste därför behandlas utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv. Hur man närmar sig detta i praktiken är dock beroende på i vilken kontext det implementeras. Vidare forskning skulle kunna behandla hur enterprise thinking påverkar interoperabilitetsarbete på lång sikt, med en longitudinell ansats. Då denna avhandling visar på hur användningen av olika arkitekturella metaforer kan kollidera föreslås ytterligare forskning som fokusera på de positiva och negativa effekterna av att förhandlingar initieras av sådana konflikter. Från ett projektledningsperspektiv kan riskerna och fördelarna med att använda mindre projekt som symboler för att få med flera aktörer i interoperabilitetsprogram fokuseras. Detta är i synnerhet intressant i arkitekturprogram där en arkitektur inte kan tvingas på aktörerna, men att implementation är frivillig. Användning av EA som ett ideal som ofta inte kan följas fullt ut i offentlig sektor, men avsiktligt användas som en ledstjärna, är intressant för vidare forskning. Till exempel skulle det vara intressant att se hur EA-retorik kan tillämpas i praktiken för att legitimera program. Det är av intresse att undersöka i vilken utsträckning användningen av dessa begrepp påverkar verksamheten, eller om de bara är tomma ord. Begreppet enterprise thinking föreslås som användbart för vidare forskning. Det kan vara användbart för att undersöka olika tillvägagångssätt, influerade av EA, i olika kontexter. Exempelvis kan det vara av intresse att se till länder som inte har samma institutionella egenskaper som Sverige, men påverkas av enterprise thinking på olika sätt. Detta skulle vara av intresse för att undersöka på vilka olika sätt enterprise thinking närmas i praktiken. Även den fortsatta utvecklingen i Sverige kan vara av särskilt intresse, då andra sektorer i skrivande stund förbereder egna interoperabilitetsprogram och ämnar dra nytta av lärdomar från arbetet inom vårdsektorn.

Transcript of an oral history interview with Philip R. Marsilius, conducted by Sarah Yahm on 20 May 2015 as part of the Norwich Voices oral history project of the Sullivan Museum and History Center. Philip Marsilius was a member of the Norwich University Class of 1943. The bulk of his interview focuses on his military service in World War II as well as his continuing relationship with Norwich University as a student, alumnus, and trustee. ; Philip Marsilius, NU '43, Oral History Interview May 20, 2015 Sullivan Museum and History Center Interviewed by Sarah Yahm SY: So let's start out with, where were you born? And when you were a kid, what did you want to be when you grew up? PM: Well, I was born in Woodstock, Illinois in 1921. My father was running a company there. And my family consisted of a brother four years older, and a sister two years older. The sister and I were born in Woodstock. My father had been in World War I, and an ordinance making French 75 guns. And after that, was hired by this Woodstock typewriter company, which is older than the old typewriters, who was owned by the Sears family. And they made in addition, calculators and typewriters. And so I grew up there for two years. And then my father took an opportunity in Bridgeport to run a machine tool company, hence we moved here and lived in the north end of Bridgeport. Grew up there, went to public schools. Went to Harding High school, and from Harding, then to Norwich. SY: And did your father talk about his experiences in World War I? PM: Yes. He was a Norwegian immigrant. Came over from Southern Norway when he was 14, and learned his English in Boston at the YMCA. And then was hired by a company that made shoe machinery -- big, big company. And then they recommended he go to MIT, and he went and graduated as a mechanical engineer. And went immediately into the Army, and came out as a captain. And he was in machine tools all his life. He came here, and through the younger years -- then -- and when I was at Norwich, my folks moved to Trumbull, built a house there. And I spent a little time there, but we were accelerated in our senior year at Norwich. We went out early because they wanted us in the service. And we couldn't go to summer camp in our junior year, which was the standard routine. We were horse cavalry in those days. And we would take a trip through the back roads of Vermont up to Burlington area to the fort. And they had too many trainees at that time, so they ended up saying, we can't take you. You're gonna have to go to OCS. After four years at Norwich, we still had to go to OCS. SY: So, were you mad? PM: No, because we got out early. We got out end of February. SY: And I've heard stories of everybody on campus marching down and enlisting, was that what happened? Or? PM: Well, everybody -- a lot of them left early and joined -- volunteered for the Air Force. And some went to Canada to get in the Canadian Air Force when, like, might not be able to go in the US. And then a lot who had not finished Norwich, left and enlisted. SY: So were you eager to sort of get overseas? Were you eager to kind of get into the war? PM: Very much so. Would've left early after December 7th when Pearl Harbor hit. We went -- several of us went and volunteered. They said, you're not 21, you can't go without parental approval. And my folks said, finish your college, and then you can -- you're on your own. SY: So there was no part of you that was sort of frightened to go? PM: No. I was anxious to go. SY: And why? What was your -- why -- PM: Because I'd had good military background. The war was a devastating war. And in my mind, if we didn't stop what was going on and prevail, life would not be the same -- not be. So it just made sense to go in, and I volunteered for armored. Went to Fort Knox, and there were three others from Norwich. They had room in that class -- 110 candidates. SY: And how -- let me rewind a little bit. How did you adjust to being at Norwich? How did you adjust to being a rook? Did you take to the military lifestyle or was it difficult for you? PM: It did -- wasn't difficult. I had more -- I had more fun as a rook. And we had to come out in our pajamas. I had bought fancy pair of pajamas because I had heard about -- so I just said -- you know, they did a lot of nonsense. Bracing and all that stuff. SY: But it didn't faze you? PM: Didn't faze me. And second year, I was president of the class, and I stayed president of the class for all three years. SY: So, you did well there? PM: And I was valedictorian in addition. SY: In addition. OK, so how was the decision made that in February -- oh, tell me what you remember about Pearl Harbor. How did you hear about Pearl Harbor? PM: Oh, it was basically on the radio, and I just finished a book -- and it's in my car right now -- returning it. A Day of Deceit. FDR, and not letting Hawaii know he knew it was -- he wanted the Japanese to attack so he could declare war. And I've been through that whole book. But we knew it right away, obviously, from the radio news. Everybody knew it pretty fast. SY: Did you have radios in your room in Norwich? PM: Not in our room, no -- not. I can't -- I don't think we had radios. Today, they have everything. SY: Today, they everything. Exactly. OK, so then February, were you all called together into the Amory and told that you were gonna go to war? How as the decision made? PM: Oh, we were -- what we were told to do was, we had -- we actually had a graduation, and then we had a week off. And then we were told to return to Rutland for induction. And they made us corporals, of all good things, when we were supposed to be second lieutenants. And then we departed by train to Massachusetts, and then they went through the induction shots and all that -- get you prepared. And then they scheduled wherever you were gonna go. Some went to Riley in Kansas. Some went to chemical warfare, some went to electrical. So it was -- but four of us, I was able to get a car, and so I had a car. And the four of us drove from Florida, Massachusetts -- I can't think of the name. But that's where we were told to meet, and went through five days of basic nonsense. KP duty and all that kind of stuff. And then we drove from there, I picked up the other officers. They weren't officers then, they were corporals. And we drove all the way to Camp Polk, Louisiana, where we were entered into -- well, back up. We were at Fort Knox for three months, and then battle training for a month in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. And then we were assigned -- the four of us from Norwich were assigned to the 11th Armored Division. That's when I got my car, and we drove from there down through Alabama over to Louisiana, and we arrived. And the next day, we were ordered to come to the commanding general's office. And low and behold, he was a Norwich grad, General Brooks, and a very decent individual. He came out as lieutenant general. And we went from -- they were ready to move the whole 11th Armored to the desert training in California. But we had to go to an interim location, temporary post in Texas -- Abilene, Texas. And at that point, we had six weeks wait until the other armored division that was in training had completed. And then we moved out there. What happened when we were out there, typical of -- they have -- each company has a normal staff of say, five officers. But when they're in training, they had maybe two extra lieutenants, so you all get involved. And then about every couple of months, they go by and say, boom, boom, boom, boom. You're out, you're going to overseas, or you're going someplace. SY: So did you take a ship? I'm sure you took a ship. Obviously, everybody took a ship. But do you remember the name of the ship you took overseas? PM: No, I don't really. What I did was the second the go-around in December, I went to my colonel and volunteered to go to be one of the select. I wasn't pulled out, but I volunteered, because I didn't think 11th Armory was gonna get over there for the fighting. So I volunteered, and that's a tough decision because then, you're on your own. You go -- you go back to the East, and you go to wherever they direct you. And then you get assigned to a fort, and you go as a replacement officer. And you have hundreds of enlisted men, you don't know anybody. SY: And you don't have a relationship with them. PM: You end up having to do duty on the ocean crossing. And I had about 50 men in the lowest deck, most every one of them sick all the way over. Four bunks high -- it was a mess, but you spend 8 hours on duty with them. But anyway, we got to England, and then we went from Liverpool, went on down to Frome, England, somewhat east of London. When the officers went and replaced officers, they enlisted them and went to another post. And then you waited for your assignment. And I with another officer, made a [forayed?] to the Rangers to volunteer to join our Rangers, knowing they needed officers. And both of us were accepted physically, but they made a stipulation, we can't change orders if the time you get back to your camp. If you have orders directing you to another unit, that's it, forget us. And that's what happened. I was already assigned to the 106th Cavalry Group, which was a recon outfit. And it turned out I was -- because I was Cavalry, I was in light tanks. So, I was in tanks the whole war and it was good. You know, and we got over to Normandy in late June. Not D-Day, but mostly, we joined first Army. Patton hadn't already -- his Army hadn't been formed. And we had an interesting time in Normandy. We were right on the east end, right where the water was -- and the channel. The tide would go out a mile, and we had to send a platoon of troops out every night to collect stragglers. People trying to -- were around. And right across -- SY: Who were the stragglers? PM: Well, people who wanted to get away from the Germans. French people. You didn't know whether it was spies or what they were. Could be anybody. And we had to collect them, and make sure that they were the -- had credentials and know who they were, so that they wouldn't cause trouble. If they were just going home to join friends or family, that was OK. But there were a lot of them. And the Germans were -- got quarter of a mile from where we were, and there was a river in between, flowing out. And we had to send patrols down the beach, and one other patrol across to make sure the Germans were there. And they -- we got fired on, and fortunately got back. But -- so we did all that kind of stuff while they were waiting for the breakthrough. And when we first arrived, we -- the first combat we had was with the 82nd Airborne. And they were cleaning up a couple of villages, good size villages. And that's where they -- we broke in with them, and then they left. And then we moved over to the coast. SY: So, I've interviewed a lot of Norwich grads who were in combat, and they -- a lot of them have very intense and vivid memories of their first experience with combat. Do you have intense and vivid memories of the first time you were under fire? PM: We were under fire every day. SY: Do you remember what it was like the first time? PM: Oh sure. SY: What was it like? PM: Where I mentioned about the beach area, at one point even though we were in tanks, we got out of the tanks and went down on foot with carbines and tommy guns to stop any infiltration by the Germans 50 yards in front of us. And dusk, day, and nighttime -- well, yeah, you do what you have to do. SY: Were you frightened? PM: I never was frightened. I was -- tried to be sensible, and you couldn't go into combat and be frightened all the time, because you had to lead 30 men, and I had five or six tanks. So if I was frightened, it'd be -- that wouldn't work. SY: Some people also talk about everything being very slow, and the colors being very bright, and things sounding different. Do you -- you don't remember that? PM: No. Guns sounded like guns, and they were noisy. And -- but recon, we were out in front of everything. We were the first contact, and we have to fight then until we developed how strong the enemy is. And then if we can't handle it, we move aside and bring the heavier stuff up -- infantry or armor, who are close by. So that -- that's -- and when it's under heavy fighting, often we as recon would be on the flank. We'd be making contact with the next American unit. SY: I read the sort of memoir you wrote, briefly. Your short memoir about your time at war. PM: I tried to stay away from the gruesome stuff. SY: Yeah, but I think it's important to sort of -- you know, to talk about it. Just sort of talk about what every day was like and what sticks with you. What sticks with you now? What -- do you think about your time at war now and throughout your life, did you? PM: Not really. No. Just another episode. Once in a while, you can't help but go back. But after the war, there were about eight officers in our unit, and we had a -- the original 106th was Illinois National Guard -- that's where they started. And they had a reunion every year, and we went to the reunions for about three years. And finally decided that it made more sense for us to get a group of the officers together, because half of the enlisted men we didn't even know. And they were having a good time, but we didn't want to invade their fun. So what happened was eight officers, a couple who were in our squadron and a couple that were in the other -- there were two squadrons. And we would meet in California, Texas, Kansas. I had them to my summer home in Maine twice, and usually wives were, are all part of it. So we had a nice good time. They're all dead now. SY: It sounds like in some ways, the most intense experience was in late September at the Foret de Parroy. Am I pronouncing that right? PM: Oh yeah, Foret de Parroy. That was a tough one. SY: Do you want to talk about that? PM: Well, I think I mentioned the minefields. SY: Yeah, but why don't -- I mean, I've read the description, but people who are going to be reading the oral history won't have. So what happened there? PM: Well, we as a recon unit, were asked to take the left side of the woods, and 79th Infantry had the rest of it. It was one muddy road and fortunately, the tanks could maneuver in the light wooded area. So we find our own. But it was dense wooded, rainy, mud, and the Germans were shooting into the trees. So the shrapnel was coming down on you from wherever. And the minefields were never laid in any rational form, you just didn't know. And I don't know if I mentioned, but I called one of my tank commanders and asked him to go to headquarters for the recon group. Because we were all -- five or six tanks were all here in a line. And he jumped off the tank and right on a mine, and dead just like that. And the same -- the next day, we called on the radio and said, well, it's a minefield we're in. We need the engineers to come down with the magnetic mine finders, and they came down. And had fire breaks, and they found a way to get in. But they get there and they tripped one of these what they called a Bouncing Betties, and the shrapnel goes out at three feet. I think a dozen of them were down. And I had to go with a knife blade on hands and knees to crawl in there, with a doctor behind me. And I did a lot of the shots while he was cutting off legs and obviously tourniquetting, and Novocain for pain, and then whatever else we could do. We saved them all, but it was -- it was a messy ordeal. Fortunately, we got -- we were able to get them on stretchers, and put them on the back of the tanks and get them out of there. So anyway, we were all alive, but not in good shape. SY: And it sounds like a bunch of your sergeants asked to be relieved, what was that? SY: Yeah, two of my National Guard guys. Well, this was toward the end of that month in the woods. And these were big stoic National Guard from Illinois, and I thought one was my sergeant major and the other was a sergeant. Surprisingly to me, they came one day and said, lieutenant, we've had it. We just can't handle it anymore. And I thought these guys would be sturdy and strong, and I was wrong. But I told them there's no -- if you're not up to it, you're -- got the shakes, you're not gonna do me any good. SY: Did they have the shakes? PM: Yeah, there was -- kind of think they just couldn't handle it anymore. SY: And had they been there a long time? PM: Well, they'd been with us all the way through to that point. SY: And had they -- PM: But they were in the National Guard for years before. So I thought, you know, these are guys that know it and have been promoted up the ranks. Ones I was not expecting to lose. But I replaced them with corporals and made them -- and they stayed with me the rest of the war. SY: And did the sergeants get sent home? Was it shell-shock? Was it -- PM: I never knew what they -- I wasn't gonna follow. They weren't shell-shocked, but they were just at the point of no return, I guess, best way of stating it. SY: I know, you know, it's much more common to talk about the difficulties of combat and the aftermath, but your generation doesn't talk about it that much. It wasn't something that you guys talked about with each other, and it doesn't sound like you really have lasting effects from that difficult time. PM: I don't think so. I would say that on all of the gatherings we had -- the eight officers, we never refought the war. We never get into that. We talked about things of our present day life, family, and just enjoyed each other's company socially. SY: OK. So then it sounds like you moved through, then around the Battle of the Bulge, what happened? PM: They -- by that time, we were -- then our whole corps had moved, the 7th Army. Seventh was the Army that came up from the South. And they had a couple of corps, and they split us off from Patton, and we moved. So 3rd and 7th ran parallel through France and most of Germany, but when the Bulge hit, they were the closest. So two of their armored divisions and the recon -- similar to our recon, they moved north and went, I guess, 40 or 50 miles. We had to fill that gap they left, and we had to spread our troops out, and that's what we did. And I was in touch -- one of the four officers that had gone to Fort Knox from Norwich with me, Hal [Solon?] was in that armored group -- recon group. And I sent him a note, and he was already -- he had lost a leg, and was already on his way home. So I got a note back when it caught up with him, what had happened. So he never got up to the Bulge, he had already gotten -- but I saw him afterwards. He was active with Norwich after the war. He did fine. SY: And then it sounds like, you know, by spring, the tide has turned, right? And you're having very different experiences, all of these sort of bizarre experiences that make for good stories, right? Like, rescuing the king of Belgium. PM: Well, that was the end. And that was a happenstance and -- because the town of Strobl was -- we were told to stop here in St. Gilgen, the town of Strobl was eight miles down on the lake. And this was a gorgeous lake, about 10-12 miles long. Across from where we were in St. Gilgen, was six-seven foot high mountains. Gorgeous scenery, and Wolfgangsee was where we were. And Wolfgang town was down here, and Strobl was here, and we were here. And these -- two of the prince in Teylingen, bicycled up to St. Gilgen on an afternoon. And we were staying in this hotel, which obviously, we took over. And they come up on the porch, and we offered them a scotch. And they, sure, that'd be nice. But our mission is we want you to come to Strobl and liberate us. We've got a lousy mayor who's a tough Nazi, and he's made it -- made life miserable in the community. So we said, well, we don't have any orders. But we said, well, maybe it doesn't matter. We'll just get four officers, and we'll take my tank, and we'll just go out it. At dark, got out of the motor pool. And since we're officers, we tell the guards what we're -- where we're going. So we did. Out we went about 10 o'clock, and about 11 or before that, we arrive. And they met us at the entrance of the town. It took us right to the mayor's office, where -- but it was really fun because one of the officers had been translating for the -- some part of the government. Translating German and French, censoring material. So he could speak better German. I could speak German, but not that well. And so Nat hopped out and told the mayor that he was a no-good son of a gun, and he was through. He was our prisoner, and we were liberating the town. But the whole town was out in their pajamas having a real celebration. And then they had a nice -- Teylingen had a lovely party for us. And I think we mentioned it -- SY: Because it was you or the Russians, right? In terms of getting liberated. PM: Well, the Russians would've gotten there if we hadn't gotten there. SY: And so the town was hoping it was the Americans not the Russians. SY: Oh, they certainly didn't want the Russians. And we did send a couple officers to meet the Russians. I don't know exactly where they did, but they did meet them and got drunk on vodka. But so I can't remember exactly how far they were from. But we then learned about Leopold the next day, and that's how that all -- SY: So then you already had done one thing without orders, and then you did the next thing without orders, right? PM: Well, we didn't take the tank the next day. We took that Von Ribbentrop's six-wheel Mercedes, the staff car. All full leather seats, a gun rack in the assistant driver. The driver was on the left side, same as our cars. Not like the English. And had a rifle rack right there for the assistant. And then you could have five seats in the back to (inaudible) [00:34:20], and beautiful. And we went to Prince Von Furstenberg's house. First thing he asked about 10:30, can I get you a drink? And we had Bloody Marys, and sat there and talked, and his mother came out. And [Gerhard?] was a real gentleman, and we did see him after the war. We went back again 30 years, and he as in Vienna then, and he came out to have a reunion with us. SY: This was the Prince of Belgium? PM: He was the Prince of Austria, the Von Furstenberg family, famous family. He had been fighting on the Russian front, and he'd come back -- by that time, he'd come back. SY: Fight with? PM: With German. He had a fight with a German Army against the Russians. SY: Right. So it's odd that you were -- PM: He was out of the army by then, and back in Vienna. But he had a summer home in Strobl, and that's how he -- I don't know whether he was injured or what, but he had the -- something happened, because he had been in the fight earlier. So -- SY: Was it strange to spend time with somebody who had been on the other side? PM: Oh no, he was in -- he wouldn't have been -- he wouldn't have been in the Army if he hadn't been force to be. That, he wouldn't. It's when Germany took over Austria. SY: Yeah, yeah, the Anschluss. And then there are some other things that were really interesting. First of all, you talk about hearing about Dachau. PM: We sent one our men to go to Dachau. SY: And then when he came back, did he report to you? PM: To tell us what he saw, and the horrible scenes that he saw. I have no interest in going, because I knew -- and couple of places we found -- graves with 20-30 people. They hadn't been buried, they just laid in the graves. So we saw enough of that without even -- for me, wanting to go. SY: So you weren't surprised to hear about the concentration camps? PM: No, no. We knew about that before. You know, we were well aware of the horribleness of the Holocaust. The genocide, if you will. SY: Because people back in the US didn't really know yet about the Holocaust. PM: No, they didn't. I guess they didn't realize it. I -- maybe they didn't publicize it, but of course, I was here and knew about it. And there were more than a few, because they were in Poland and Germany. What was it, six million Jews that they killed? SY: At least six million. And then there were -- and then, you know, there were other groups that they killed as well. So we don't know the total new number. So I'm wondering if there were any other distinctive memories of your time in Europe that you sort of want to get in the record. Have we talked about the highlights? Are there any other sort of, you know, critically important moments? PM: Well, there were a lot of them important moments when I got hit -- when my tank got hit with a 75 shell, bounced off, didn't hurt us. But if I'd stayed there any longer, the second shell would've gotten me. You know, we had close calls like that. And mines were really the worst, because we could find the fighting units, the guns, and avoid them if we could. But the mines, you just had to be on the alert, and suspect that this might be a place that -- fortunately, my recon guys were pretty sharp. And we noticed areas and checked them before we just ran over them. And so -- but I lost two tanks to mines, teller mines. And both cases, my guys lost their legs, because the whole plate of armor came -- folded right up, and just cut them off here. But we, again, saved them and -- with plasma and tourniquets. And I went to visit one of them after the war, and he was already outfitted with a brand-new Oldsmobile. You didn't need any feet, you could do everything from the hydra-matic drive. And so he was -- he had been a truck driver, and he was -- but my -- I had one episode when -- I don't know if I mentioned in there, when we were attacking the town, and one trooper cavalry was on the hardpan road. And we had gone up the back woods overlooking the town from another direction. We thought we'd coordinate two troops with -- and they got stopped by a road block that they couldn't penetrate. And they were fighting, and we jumped off from the woods. Turned out, the field was mud, and two of the tanks just went right in the mud. Couldn't go, they got stuck. My tank, I just told my driver, I said, George, take your hands off the laterals. Don't try to control it. Just keep the full speed. And it kept moving, and we did get to the one single road across. Fortunately, I did, because I had a platoon of the recon troops who had taken over some trenches close to the town. But they had kicked the Germans out of it and taken over, but they needed someone there to support them. So I had to stay there for about five hours, and the Germans were shooting at me. And I bet at least I had 200 rounds shot at me, but we kept moving the tank. Didn't keep it in one place. And I was firing up where I knew they were shooting. So they claim I might have gotten one of the guns. I don't know, never would worry about that. But I stayed with them until dark. When they withdrew, I withdrew. So we saved them. They -- SY: What happened to the two tanks that got stuck in the mud? PM: When I -- I called them on the radio and told them to abandon, but put grenades in the gun and blow the guns. So they were disabled. After the war, they were still there. Still there for -- I don't know where they are now. SY: Did you go -- did you see them? Did you go back to Europe and see them? PM: I didn't go back. We went back 30 years later, but someone who had been there said the tanks were there. But they were no -- well, they were no good, because the guns were ruined. SY: Right, you disabled them. I wonder how they got rid of those tanks. I wonder how they moved them eventually. PM: Well, they had to wait until there was solid ground, and they'd have to go in with a crane and pull them out. But -- so they might be in a museum somewhere around. SY: They might. Who knows? Do you think you were a good leader, and do you think Norwich prepared you well for war? PM: Oh, I think Norwich -- everything regarding the military and Norwich was fine and appropriate for what we needed as officers going into combat. We had --- even though we were on horseback, we still had a lot of background and realized what was involved in fighting. And so I have no bad feelings at all about anything that I learned at Norwich. I think I could put it to use and -- SY: And do you think you were a good leader and a good officer? PM: Well, I ended up as a captain, so I didn't -- and I couldn't get promoted. Because at the time when I was a platoon leader -- because we had three platoons, 17 tanks, and each platoon was assigned to one recon troop. So when they were out -- I usually was B Troop because I was 2nd Platoon. But the company commander and the exec officer never fought. My tank company, they were at headquarters all the time. They never were fighting and -- because 1st Platoon was A Troop, 2nd Platoon -- B Troop, and C Troop, and they -- we never fought as a tank company. So they just were -- but there were no promotions either. You couldn't get to be the company commander because -- but in the econ troops, there was movement, because they can move to headquarters. And from -- and a number of them did. They could go from captain to major, and be at headquarters in another role. And then -- and that's what happened in B Troop. Lieutenant Bennett, who was with me -- who I fought with, he got promoted to captain when his company commander moved to headquarters. But there was no movement in the tank. SY: No, that makes sense. So let's talk about -- because I know, you know, we don't have endless time. So let's talk about you getting home and what it was like. First of all, did you -- what made you decide to leave the Army? PM: I didn't. SY: You didn't? PM: I didn't. I stayed in the Reserve. SY: Oh, you did. OK. But you didn't want to be career Army? PM: Oh no. I had no idea of career Army. SY: What was you thinking about that? PM: Well, I had no intent, but since I was in the Reserve, I was part of a tank battalion that met in Stanford, Connecticut every two weeks. And I was serving -- well, I was a captain, but I was serving in a major's role. And we did training, and we did -- and I was in until '51, I guess it was. So I was still active. But right in the middle of that the Korean War was just getting going. Two business came to me and asked me to go to Washington on a dollar a year assignment to handle the tool and die industry. They hadn't had a director of the tooling industry in World War II. They'd had machine tools and related, but they never had tool and die. And then they realized that they needed that because there were about 3,000 tool and die shops, and those tools were put on machine tools. So you can't have a machine tool, you got to put the molds and dies in the fixtures. So because I would -- I had finished -- I had gone back to MIT after the war. Because I had advanced degrees -- these businessmen who ran beautiful businesses, you know, had come through apprentice route, didn't have college background. They felt they wanted a -- should have a college person down there. So I ended up doing it for a year, and it that was what I called a graduate degree in government. You learned about Washington. I was there five days a week. Came home Friday night, flew back, and then went to my office all day Saturday and Sunday morning. Got on the Sunday night train out of Bridgeport, got into Washington Monday morning at 7:00, and went right to the office. SY: That sounds exhausting. PM: Well, it was so -- it was a busy year. SY: Did you have a family at that point? PM: I had one son, and a wife, and a little house here in Fairfield close to water -- and very pleasant. And she had her own car, and we had two cars. And -- but most the time, she drove me to the station, and then she'd pick me up in Newark when I flew back. So bring the youngster down with us. But -- SY: Oh, sorry. PM: Go ahead. SY: When you first came back, what was it like to adjust to civilian life again? PM: Well, it was -- I had 90 days of leave. I got out of -- I had to go back to Massachusetts at the camp -- oh, I forget. And we had to go back there to bust her out. But -- and my sister drove up and picked me up. And I was engaged at the time, and by February, I got married. And we took a week's long honeymoon down south and visited some of the World War II officers I had served with. And then a week later, I was at MIT, and grad work for two years. And my wife and I lived in Boston in Needham, and she went to Boston University and took courses. So -- and then we had our -- we had our first son in the last semester of the second year. And -- but I had the company business where I had agreed to join the business when I was in the war. My brother -- four years older, had come back. He was in ordinance in India, and he was a major, and they sent him back to command school in Leavenworth to become a lieutenant colonel. But while he was back, he took time and took a look at our factory and what was going on. And he wrote me a -- about a 10 page letter describing what's happening, and inviting me to consider joining him as a partner if I was interested. SY: And was it -- had it been your father's business? PM: My father was the president of the business, and -- not the major owner, but he had three other owners. And what happened was I got the letter when I was in heavy combat, and I couldn't even read it for a couple of days. But then eventually I got around to answering it, and then right after, I got another letter. And I said, you know, I think two things. I've got to go back and go to MIT, and get up to date on business management and engineering. And then if I do that, I'm willing to join you, but I want equal ownership and I want equal salary, but I don't care about titles. But he was senior, and it worked for 45 years. SY: And over the course of your career, you witnessed, you know, the decline of American manufacturing. How did that affect your business and -- PM: Well, our business was -- well, I'd been out 25 years now. But the second generation -- my son who died, and my nephew who still runs the business, we didn't just -- we bought another business in Bridgeport and merged the two. And then started a whole new technology business in New Hampshire, which is doing fine. And the -- what's left here in Bridgeport is 20 percent of what it was, but the New Hampshire business has been booming. Mostly Asia and Europe, 25 percent here in America, but 50 percent at least, Asia and 25 here. And we have another third business out in New York State, and that's in small tools, and that's doing fine. And I had a business in Mexico for a while, and I started one in Canada for a while. They both -- I gave one away, and the other one just finishing up after 65 years. Winding it down, so that's gone. But the businesses are fine, and fourth generation is in it. My grand-nephews are now in their late 30s, early 40s, and they're digging in. So things have done very well. I'm out of it completely other than just life insurance -- should be. SY: So let's talk about Norwich. So when did you start getting -- when did you get on the board of trustees, and why did you want to back in -- you know, involved with Norwich again? PM: Well, when I was at Norwich, in addition to being president of the class and valedictorian -- as I told you, I was one of the trouble makers. With the fraternities, the old rules were that the freshmen would pay for the orchestra for carnival week, but not be allowed to attend. And I, for one, said that's nonsense. Either you let us in the fraternities before carnival week, or we're not about to pay a couple thousand dollars for a New York orchestra coming up for you guys to have a good time. Well, they didn't think that was -- the class ahead, who became juniors, they -- us -- they agreed to change the fraternity rushing to November. In fact, around Thanksgiving or after Thanksgiving. But they wouldn't rush the class after us, because we screwed it up. So they didn't want us. But -- and one of my father's business partners was SigEp, and he wanted me to go to SigEp. And -- but these guys were, we don't want you guys. Eventually, they invited me to Theta Chi, and I was happy. Then I became president of Theta Chi. And then later, I was president of the inter-fraternity counsel, which was quite a turnaround from screwing them up three years before. Anyway, I enjoyed it, but I -- we had bought land with Theta Chi across from where SigEp -- is where the president lives now. We had -- and Theta Chi is over there -- a new house. We were in an old three story big house on Central Avenue. We had the money and bought the land. And when I came back from the war, I wanted to find out what happened to the funds we had. Well, they had screwed around with it, and we raised hell. And finally they got back on track, and began to put some money aside and build a house. So I stayed with it. And for some reason or another, I stayed in the alumni association, but I was not president of it. I was vice president at the time. When typically, the president was invited to the board as one of the alumni, and Harmon asked me to do it rather than the president. Which was a little embarrassing. So I can came on for a five year stint. And then -- I don't know exactly what day it was, but 1970 was when I took over as chairman. And -- SY: And what was going on at Norwich in 1970? PM: Well, Harmon was the president. And at that time, we didn't have ladies in the corps, and Vermont College was independent. So a lot of things were -- I think we were 600 or so cadets, and now horses -- tanks were replacing the horses. And Norwich had built several new buildings, it was making good progress. The upper campus was -- I don't -- SY: And then Hart became president. PM: Well, Harmon -- this was let's see, 70 -- SY: Was is Hamlett after Harmon? PM: Hamlett came first. Harmon stayed until '65, and then the Vietnam War was a big factor. SY: And how did that change the climate of campus? PM: Well, I wouldn't say it -- we had to elect -- Harmon had -- I think had 15 years or whatever, and he wanted out. And we were able to get a four-star general, Hamlett, who was vice chief of staff of the Army, and a wonderful man. And -- but it was Harmon -- oh, and Bill Adams, who was chairman of the board, and Louie Cavat of the Cavat family. They left the board meeting when Bill Adams said, it's my turn to step down. So the three of them became a nominating committee of whatever we had -- 25 member board. They came back and selected me. I don't know why, because there were military officers there. There were others -- guys that -- SY: So what role -- so the Todds say you played a really critical role in kind of keeping Norwich together in hard times. So can you talk about those hard times and -- PM: Well, that was the Vietnam War, for one. And when Barksdale Hamlett had cancer in the back, and he had to leave for health reasons. It was a hell of job finding a replacement. Who in the Vietnam era at '72, wanted to be president of a military college. And we had search committee, a good search committee, and one was lieutenant general. We -- but he wasn't -- he said he's not up to doing that job. He was a good, wonderful person. And we interviewed a number of people, but military people weren't interested. So we came back to Loring Hart, who was head of the English department. And I had a difficult time -- one thing, the chairman and the president have got to have a good rapport. You got to work together, and got to understand each other. And Hamlett and I had had excellent communication, and there was never any problems. And he knew that I wouldn't interfere with his role, and I knew where the limits were. And faculty often would come to me and ask -- I'm not gonna bypass the president. You go there, not to me. And I told him explicitly and a matter of fact, I met the whole -- the staff faculty senate and told them. I'm not interfering with pay scales or tenure or anything, that's not my role. So we made that clear and -- but finding a new president, Loring was the best we could do. Well, you're on your way. SY: Nice meeting you. PM: OK. She's out to dinner. So that was an awkward period, and Loring was -- he wasn't good at selecting -- F1: Your car is blocking me. SY: Oh no. No problem, let me move it. F1: I should have thought of that sooner. PM: Anyway -- SY: So yeah, so what happened under Loring Hart? PM: Loring was a wonderful person, but difficult in selecting subordinance, putting them in the role. And that was true all the way through. And I just don't think he was a good enough administrator. At one point, I told him he had to go to -- back to -- I'm trying to think, the American -- anyway, they have courses for corporate executives. I said, you got to go to one of these for at least a week, and get some background in executive authority. And he did, because I lectured him time and again. You've got to get the right people in the right positions who are qualified to do what needs to be done. And you can't just select people because you like them. You got to know what they're capable of. So he got the message, and he did it, he went to San Francisco to let's see, American Association of whatever. I had been to courses up in New York State for corporate executives, and they were wonderful. They really helped you. And I met some Fortune 500 companies heads there. Made longtime friends with them. Anyway, we got that done, but at the end of eight years, we -- by then we had brought women into the corps. And that meant, you know, we had to clean out our barracks and allow that strictly for women, and we had to integrate them. And then Vermont College got in trouble, they didn't have sufficient endowment. And the president decided he was ready to leave, so there wasn't any conflict. And it made sense to us to merge with them, so we went through that merger during Loring's administration. And again, that was difficult because we had to change key people over there. And two or three times, he made the wrong choices. But finally at the end of eight years, I talked to the executive committee and said I think it's time we begin looking for a new president. Obviously, he and his wife resisted very much. SY: And were probably hurt. PM: Oh yeah, yeah. And -- but I said for the good of the university, we got to do -- got to do something. And it took two years to flush it out. And we were in the executive committee meeting in Boston, at the Ritz, and we had a vote. And the vote was that -- I don't know but the executive committee was probably 11 people then, and only one voted for him. And then we decided we needed to get a new president, and we had already had a search committee. And we had identified Russ Todd as the potential. And I can remember at that -- after we had made the decision on Loring, and we already had looked at and settled on five candidates, that Russ Todd was the best. And we went through a very rigorous procedure of criteria -- and of his background. And then also laid out an eight-point plan that he had to agree to as far as running Norwich, and what had to be done. SY: It seems like you two worked very well together. PM: We did. Yeah. The same with Barksdale Hamlett. SY: So what enabled you and Russ Todd to work so well together? PM: Well, because he knew right from the start that we had laid out what he had had to agree to to become president. And he didn't mince any words, he was very forthright about everything he did. Russ, you could depend on, no BS, he told you right straightforward how he felt and what he would like. And -- but as I said at the outset, you got to have a relationship -- SY: And he said, you know, that he'd call you and you'd talk for an hour -- for hours, and you'd give him advice. So what advice were you giving him? How did you sort of -- PM: Well, I can't tell you that, could I? SY: You can't tell me that. PM: Well, I don't know because whatever the issue was -- SY: And then how did -- it seems like Norwich got back on its feet, so what happened? How did it get back on its feet? PM: Well, one thing we -- when I finished as chairman, we really went after campaign fundraising. We had very little endowment back in the early days. The first job I took as I stepped down as chairman was a 16 million dollar fundraising drive to get us launched, and we did. We raised that 16. And then we had a very strong investment committee with Fred Weintz because of his Goldman Sachs background. He had connections and contacts, and so we were doing a thorough job of investment management. You know, using the right resources, and then continuing. And now -- of course, back then -- it was 40 years ago, we started doing that. A dollar is a little different today. And the new generation of business leaders and Norwich grads are much better off. And -- SY: So, I'm just wondering -- you know, I didn't ask you at the beginning of the interview why you decided to go to Norwich, but that question connects to sort of why does Norwich mean so much to you? You've dedicated a lot of your life and time to the institution. So why? What's special about it? PM: What's -- two things that started me, my family and my high school principal, Dr. -- Mr. Hedges. His sister was the registrar at Norwich. And I had grown up with horses. Two things. They felt I needed discipline, and I enjoyed the horse life. And I played polo with Norwich and things. So I -- and they had a good chemical program. And one of my dad's partners had suggested that maybe chemistry was a good start, because he had done a lot of work for DuPont. Knew about them, and said, maybe. So I said, well, why don't I take a chemistry course, and Norwich has a good one. And so the combination of all three. SY: Yeah, sure. But then why did Norwich continue to be meaningful in your life? A lot of people are like, yeah, I went to school there, who cares. But you really dedicated a lot time to it, so what is special about the institution? PM: Well, I think everything is special. Particularly, to see it prosper and grow, and begin to really have a place in the academic world -- strong place, and one you can be proud of. And comparing to Citadel and VMI and Texas A&M, and not -- nobody -- the officers that I was with in the service were Texas A&M. So they all were cavalry background too. So we had a lot of commonality. But just to -- well, the fraternity was one thing, and when we got rid of the fraternities, Harmon was still there. He called me on the phone and asked me to -- his -- my advice about the fraternities. And since I'd been head of the counsel and head of the Theta Chi, I said, well, sympathize what you're saying -- because they were disregarding the discipline. So I went up to Norwich and went to Theta Chi unannounced, and just observed and talked to few of the cadets. I called Harmon and said, I'm with you, let them go. They're a distraction for the university. And they did, and I'm still on Theta Chi's list because it's the Alpha Chapter. And I had given them some money, but I don't now. SY: How do you feel about Norwich as it is today? It's very different than it was then. I know some alumni aren't thrilled about there being civilians on campus and things like that. How do you feel about all that? PM: Well, I helped the merger, so I was there as part of -- and a lot of -- well, first, VC was in trouble. When we merged it, we were not planning to bring it over to the campus. But it became obvious after a few years that us commuting back and forth from classes and all of that, just you better have one campus, because you're not that huge a school. And I was happy at the second civilian dorm was finished -- 285 people, so that's pretty good size. And I also -- you know, this -- our society is not just the military. And I'm happy that we have civilians, but I think because of our military program and honor code and discipline, it rubs off on the rest of them. I think it makes them better than -- better students and better people, and their -- the value system. SY: Interesting. I don't know if I have any other questions for you. Anything you want to add? PM: Oh, I had not planned -- when I took the job, I -- usually, it's a five year term. And I had another board member whose father had been to Norwich, and White Chapel was -- that's the father that -- a name for him. And Bill White was a year behind me, and he was on the board then -- replaced his father. And I think we all agreed that Bill would be the next one to follow me. And I -- because I think because of his father's background and all of that, he thought maybe he would be the selected one, and he wasn't when Harmon and the others asked me to do it. But I said to him, five years is fine. He came down with cancer with four years later, and was out of it within a couple years -- he died. So then I was in deep trouble with Loring and getting into that part. Then we were into the school mergers and the women combat. Things were just ramping up, but we managed. But again, I say it's a relationship, and we had some wonderful people on the board that -- Walter Juckett who was vice chair with me. And I was a member of his foundation, and we ended with -- he had some stock in foreign companies that he'd gotten almost gratis -- Finland, Sweden, Norway, Canada, in the wood industry. And when either Goldman Sachs or someone went over and evaluated the value of all of what they all had, they came up to many millions. And when they were bought out, that went into the foundation. And when I was having lunch with Walter in Boston one day, I said, what do you think the foundation -- a portion was coming to Norwich. Oh, he said, probably a million. It ended up to be four or five million, because he had no idea what they were gonna pay. What they'd appraised it for and what it was sold for. So I stayed on his board, and he was in foundry and machine building for the paper industry. And I had a commonality of interest, and -- but Walter and I were just very good, good friends. And he was just a wonderful person, and I could go on with anecdotes about Walter. But we did a lot of things together, including lunch at the Waldorf. And when he went to Waldorf, the waiter came in, said, oh, Mr. Juckett, you want this kind of bread? And he didn't come there every day, he -- but he was very specific about what he wanted to eat. I can remember that. But anyway, those were little anecdotes of life with -- and John Charles Daly, who was on the board -- he was "What's My Line?" He was on TV. You remember that name? Goes back, you know -- SY: I think it's before my time. PM: -- 35 years. How old are you now? SY: Thirty-six. PM: Yeah, see that goes back. He was television "What's My Line?", and he was on the board of Norwich by virtue of one of the trustees. He was chairman of the -- of a boys' school in New Hampshire, and that person recommended him to come on the board, and we became close friends. And I played golf with him down in Washington where he lived. And his wife was the daughter of the former chief of Supreme Court justice, but that was his daughter. But he was -- you know, his English language was perfect for (inaudible) [01:23:19]. And he just -- he was very serious about important things, but he was just full of fun when you got through all the heavy business. He just had a good time. So -- SY: So you had a good time on the board? PM: Yeah. Those were the kind of -- but we had a 30 member board. We brought six from VC onto the board, and they were good people. Then we had -- well, we had a lovely group of women on the board, who -- one was a lawyer in Washington, who -- topnotch person. We had -- SY: Were you involved in the decision to sell VC eventually? PM: Oh, that was over -- past my time. With -- once we moved over here, there was no reason not to sell it, and it was sold to good people. So there was no question about -- it was great property. And if someone who -- from Cincinnati -- SY: Well, they actually sold it just, you know, 10 years later -- less than 10 years later. But it's doing fine now, because it's now independent, Vermont College of Fine Arts. PM: Yeah, I don't know what it is now. SY: Yes, Vermont College of Fine Arts, it's actually doing very well. But Union Institute, that was short lived and not actually great, but -- PM: We also took part of the Marshfield College -- SY: Goddard. PM: Goddard. We took the graduate program from Goddard, and they were unionized. And we got rid of the union, brought those professors over, and they were excellent professors. They were topnotch people. SY: And they were at VC. PM: At VC? SY: Yeah. PM: Yeah, but they wanted out of Goddard too. SY: They did, because it was so unstable. PM: Well, it was a commune. SY: Well, actually, because I've interviewed a bunch of them, they didn't -- they -- a lot of them believed in Goddard's educational vision, but it wasn't economically sustainable for them and their families. PM: But they lived out in the woods with a -- I went to the campus, and I agreed that they wanted to keep their undergrad program. Yeah, that's fine. And it fitted for a certain type of people, so I was happy with that. SY: Sounds like a lot of really important decisions were made during your tenure on the board. PM: Well, I think it eventually stabilized. And in perspective looking back at it, it's hard to know how we would have done it differently in light of the circumstances. Vermont's a little different state than some others, you know? Not an easy state to do things in. So you have to put that in reasonable relationship to everything else that happened. But it -- you know, it's a changing society. It's a changing technology, which I used to be involved with. When I think back when I finished work, and where the technology is today, and then when you think of the social media that all you guys fool around with -- iPhones and oh, whatcha -- Twitter and Facebook and -- you know, I say fine, that's -- social media's great. It's done a lot of business and advertising and all that. I personally prefer person-to-person discussion, either a small group or big group. I don't want to be texting -- driving along, texting. That's not -- you know, I'm not gonna do that. Period. I have a cellphone, and I don't use it much, but I have it for safety if I need it. But when you're 93, you don't -- SY: You're certainly not gonna text and drive when you're 93. PM: I still drive, but I wonder whether I should sometimes when you get on the road. The way people cut you off and zoom, zoom. SY: Yeah, it's a fast part of world too. All right, well speaking of person-to-person contact, let's let you get to your dinner with your neighbor. PM: Well, yeah. END OF AUDIO FILE

RESUMEN: En vista de una reducción deseable y drástica de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel mundial y de la explotación de recursos no renovables, la utilización de fuentes de energía, como la solar, eólica, hidráulica o de biomasa, son una opción obligatoria como así el uso de combustibles alternativos en el sector del transporte. En el contexto del desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías avanzadas de conversión de energía, se ha provocado un gran interés en la posible implementación de una economía a escala global basada en la hipótesis de que el hidrógeno podría desempeñar un papel fundamental como futuro portador de energía, en particular como combustible innovador en el campo de la automoción, donde podría flanquear o, en un escenario a largo plazo, reemplazar las tradicionales mezclas líquidas derivadas del petróleo en el sector del transporte. El hidrógeno puede considerarse como el elemento más simple que existe. Un átomo de hidrógeno consta de un solo protón y un electrón. También es el elemento más abundante en el universo. A pesar de su simplicidad y abundancia, el hidrógeno no se produce de forma natural como gas en la Tierra, siempre se combina con otros elementos. El agua es una combinación de hidrógeno y oxígeno. El hidrógeno es también uno de los elementos más abundantes en la corteza terrestre. El hidrógeno no se encuentra de forma natural como gas en la Tierra y debe por tanto fabricarse. Esto se debe a que el gas hidrógeno es más ligero que el aire y como resultado se eleva a la atmósfera. El hidrógeno tiene el contenido energético en peso más alto de cualquier combustible común. Por otro lado, el hidrógeno tiene el menor contenido energético en volumen. Es el elemento más ligero, y es un gas a temperatura y presión normales. El hidrógeno natural siempre está asociado con otros elementos formando compuestos como agua, carbón y petróleo. Una vez separado, el hidrógeno puede quemarse como combustible o convertirse en electricidad. Por lo tanto, necesita ser producido y por esta razón no es una fuente primaria, sino sólo un portador de energía, que podría utilizarse en combinación con la electricidad en un innovador sistema energético general. Para tener una mayor comprensión de las tecnologías, aspectos energéticos, económicos y medioambientales en relación con el hidrógeno y las celdas de combustible es necesario partir de un análisis de los fundamentos de las principales tecnologías de producción del hidrógeno y del fascinante mundo interior de las celdas de combustible. Este análisis preliminar permitirá tener los conocimientos necesarios para consecuentemente ir enlazando todos los conceptos que interrelacionan ambas tecnologías de manera que posteriormente se pueda realizar un estudio pormenorizado que de luz sobre qué vías de producción de hidrógeno son las más factibles en la actualidad, y sobre cuál es la forma en que se usa la energía contenida en el hidrógeno en los sistemas basados en pilas de combustible, intentando analizar los aspectos energéticos, económicos y ecológicos que provocan el desarrollo y uso de ambas tecnologías. Existen variadas técnicas y herramientas que se pueden utilizar para analizar estas variables, como planteamientos de balances de materia y energía para el cálculo de las eficiencias termodinámicas de los procesos, análisis del pozo a las ruedas, evaluación del ciclo de vida, análisis de costes del ciclo de vida, análisis de decisiones multicriterio, modelado del coste total de propiedad, evaluación del impacto del ciclo de vida. La aplicación de estas herramientas sobre la amplia información disponible sobre estas tecnologías da lugar a una serie de resultados y conclusiones que es preciso comparar y analizar con detalle para poner de relieve cuál es en la actualidad el verdadero estado de desarrollo de las mismas buscando la mejor alternativa desde una visión focalizada en la eficiencia energética, económica y medioambiental, de modo que se puedan extrapolar cuáles son sus beneficios al implementarse de forma generalizada. Puede que en este aspecto existan grandes discrepancias y opiniones que es necesario analizar y contrastar, para de este modo obtener una visión clara y bien formada de forma que se puedan abordar las cuestiones futuras que se plantearán sobre las tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno y que provocarán la tarea nada fácil de la correcta toma de decisiones en relación al panorama energético que se desarrollaría mediante estas tecnologías. Las tecnologías de hidrógeno y pilas de combustible, que cada vez se encuentran más evolucionadas, pueden ser claves para lograr los objetivos de seguridad energética y de cambio climático en varios sectores del sistema energético, como el transporte, la industria, y los edificios. El hidrógeno puede establecer los enlaces entre los diferentes sectores energéticos y redes de transmisión y distribución de energía, de modo que incida en un aumento de la flexibilidad operativa de los venideros sistemas de energía con emisiones más bajas de carbono, que se logrará mediante un transporte con muy bajas emisiones de carbono, incorporando las energías renovables variables a las que les correspondería un porcentaje muy alto dentro del mix de generación dentro del sistema energético, dando lugar a la descarbonización de los sectores de la industria y de los edificios. Aunque el hidrógeno es una tecnología que provocaría una importante mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero, es necesario abordar y superar varios impedimentos importantes para provocar de forma general una evolución cada vez más creciente de las tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno. Estos retrasos en la implementación de este tipo de tecnologías se deben principalmente a los costes actuales de las pilas de combustible y los electrolizadores que de momento siguen siendo demasiado elevados, a la construcción de una extensa red de distribución de hidrógeno, así como la producción de un hidrógeno con una huella de carbono cada vez más baja a un coste rentable y razonable. Debido a los altos costes en que incurren actualmente la mayoría de las tecnologías de hidrógeno y pilas de combustible se encuentran inmersas en las primeras etapas de comercialización intentando desplazar a otras opciones energéticas que son más bajas en emisiones de carbono. Por tanto, seguramente se deberá plantear en el futuro más próximo la posibilidad de dar un impulso a estas tecnologías de modo que se puedan desarrollar de forma plena. Lógicamente son los gobiernos los que deberán fomentar estas tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno ayudando a su despliegue y posterior aceleración mediante una creación de una serie de herramientas de apoyo y financiación que garanticen este objetivo. De esta forma se pasará a una nueva etapa que dará lugar a la comercialización de vehículos eléctricos de pila de combustible y a la promoción de proyectos para la integración de las energías renovables fluctuantes que implementen las opciones del almacenamiento de energía basadas en el hidrógeno. La intensa colaboración de todos los sectores interesados puede mejorar y provocar la superación de los riesgos relacionados con las fuertes inversiones que sin duda se deben de realizar. A pesar de los grandes esfuerzos necesarios para cambiar el mix energético actual, es necesario pensar no solo en los impactos en la economía y los sectores industriales que sustentan gran parte de la producción de bienes y servicios, sino también en las consecuencias de mantener el modelo actual y en la perpetuidad del planeta. Las variables climáticas y ambientales están siendo determinantes para que se adopten mundialmente las energías renovables. El futuro dependerá de la diversificación de estas fuentes, y el análisis y desarrollo de tecnologías energéticas basadas en hidrógeno puede ser la transición a una era de un mundo más sostenible. La creación de un nuevo panorama energético basado en las tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno requiere de tiempo, recursos, toma de decisiones políticas y la aplicación de mucha ciencia y tecnología nacidas de la innovación, investigación y desarrollo en este campo. El mundo seguirá utilizando y evolucionando en base a los combustibles fósiles seguramente durante mucho tiempo, incluso encaminándose hacia un horizonte complejo con muchos temas por resolver. La solución para este escenario requerirá la implicación de políticos, científicos, empresarios, trabajadores y consumidores con una respuesta de carácter innovador. Con el futuro llamando a nuestra puerta, cuanto antes nos anticipemos a nuestras decisiones de forma sostenible, mayores son nuestras posibilidades para llegar a un acuerdo pacífico con la naturaleza. ; ABSTRACT: In view of a desirable and drastic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and the exploitation of non-renewable resources, the use of energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric or biomass, are a mandatory option as well as the use of alternative fuels in the transport sector. In the context of the development of new advanced energy conversion technologies, there has been great interest in the possible implementation of a global scale economy based on the hypothesis that hydrogen could play a fundamental role as a future energy carrier, in particularly as an innovative fuel in the automotive field, where it could flank or, in a long-term scenario, replace the traditional liquid blends derived from petroleum in the transport sector. Hydrogen can be considered as the simplest element that exists. A hydrogen atom consists of a single proton and an electron. It is also the most abundant element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen does not occur naturally as a gas on Earth, it always combines with other elements. Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is also one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Hydrogen is not found naturally as a gas on Earth and must therefore be manufactured. This is because hydrogen gas is lighter than air and rises into the atmosphere as a result. Hydrogen has the highest energy content by weight of any common fuel. On the other hand, hydrogen has the lowest energy content by volume. It is the lightest element, and it is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. Natural hydrogen is always associated with other elements forming compounds such as water, coal and oil. Once separated, hydrogen can be burned as fuel or converted into electricity. Therefore, it needs to be produced and for this reason it is not a primary source, but only a carrier of energy, which could be used in combination with electricity in an innovative general energy system. To have a better understanding of the technologies, energy, economic and environmental aspects in relation to hydrogen and fuel cells, it is necessary to start from an analysis of the fundamentals of the main hydrogen production technologies and the fascinating inner world of cells made out of fuel. This preliminary analysis will allow to have the necessary knowledge to consequently go linking all the concepts that interrelate both technologies so that later a detailed study can be carried out on which hydrogen production routes are the most feasible at present, and on which It is the way in which the energy contained in hydrogen is used in systems based on fuel cells, trying to analyze the energy, economic and ecological aspects that cause the development and use of both technologies. There are various techniques and tools that can be used to analyze these variables, such as mass and energy balance approaches for calculating thermodynamic efficiencies of processes, well-to-wheel analysis, life cycle assessment, cost analysis of the life cycle, multi-criteria decision analysis, total cost of ownership modeling, life cycle impact assessment. The application of these tools on the extensive information available on these technologies gives rise to a series of results and conclusions that must be compared and analyzed in detail to highlight what is currently the true state of development of the same looking for the best alternative from a vision focused on energy, economic and environmental efficiency, so that its benefits can be extrapolated when implemented in a generalized way. There may be great discrepancies and opinions in this regard that need to be analyzed and contrasted, in order to obtain a clear and well-formed vision so that future questions that will arise about fuel cell and hydrogen technologies can be addressed and that will provoke the not easy task of correct decision-making in relation to the energy landscape that would be developed through these technologies. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, which are increasingly evolved, can be key to achieving energy security and climate change objectives in various sectors of the energy system, such as transport, industry, and buildings. Hydrogen can establish the links between different energy sectors and energy transmission and distribution networks, thereby increasing the operational flexibility of future energy systems with lower carbon emissions, which will be achieved through transport with very low carbon emissions, incorporating variable renewable energies to which a very high percentage would correspond within the generation mix within the energy system, leading to the decarbonization of the industrial and building sectors. Although hydrogen is a technology that would cause significant greenhouse gas mitigation, several major impediments need to be addressed and overcome in order to drive an ever-increasing evolution of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies overall. These delays in the implementation of this type of technology are mainly due to the current costs of fuel cells and electrolysers, which are still too high for the moment, the construction of an extensive hydrogen distribution network, as well as the production of a hydrogen with an increasingly low carbon footprint at a profitable and reasonable cost. Due to the high costs currently incurred by most hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, they are in the early stages of commercialization trying to displace other energy options that are lower in carbon emissions. Therefore, the possibility of giving a boost to these technologies so that they can be fully developed should surely be considered in the near future. Logically, it is the governments that should promote these hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, helping their deployment and subsequent acceleration through the creation of a series of support and financing tools that guarantee this objective. In this way, a new stage will be passed that will lead to the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles and the promotion of projects for the integration of fluctuating renewable energies that implement energy storage options based on hydrogen. The intense collaboration of all interested sectors can improve and lead to overcoming the risks related to the heavy investments that undoubtedly must be made. Despite the great efforts required to change the current energy mix, it is necessary to think not only about the impacts on the economy and the industrial sectors that sustain a large part of the production of goods and services, but also about the consequences of maintaining the model current and in the perpetuity of the planet. Climate and environmental variables are being decisive for the adoption of renewable energies worldwide. The future will depend on the diversification of these sources, and the analysis and development of hydrogen-based energy technologies may be the transition to an era of a more sustainable world. Creating a new energy landscape based on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies requires time, resources, political decision-making, and the application of a lot of science and technology born of innovation, research and development in this field. The world will continue to use and evolve based on fossil fuels surely for a long time, even heading towards a complex horizon with many issues to be resolved. The solution for this scenario will require the involvement of politicians, scientists, businessmen, workers and consumers with an innovative response. With the future knocking at our door, the sooner we anticipate our decisions in a sustainable way, the better our chances are to come to a peaceful agreement with nature. ; Máster en Ingeniería de Minas

La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, adoptada por todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas en 2015, proporciona un modelo compartido para la paz y prosperidad para las personas y el planeta, ahora y en el futuro. Para ello, se han desarrollo 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, como llamada urgente a la acción de todos los países desarrollados y en desarrollo, para aunar fuerzas en una estrategia global. Estos Objetivos están enfocados en temas como el agua, la energía, el clima, los océanos, la urbanización, el transporte, la ciencia y la tecnología. Para que la consecución de estos Objetivos sea una realidad, es necesaria la adopción de un fuerte compromiso por parte de todas las partes interesadas para implementar los objetivos globales. Para alcanzar este desarrollo sostenible, la Unión Europea ha desarrollado políticas que abogan por una transición hacia la "bioeconomía", esto es, una economía destinada a reducir la dependencia de los recursos fósiles, limitar las emisiones de gases invernadero y el impacto medioambiental, salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria, garantizar un crecimiento económico sostenible, y cerrar el círculo de uso de recursos. La aplicación de los principios de la economía circular a la bioeconomía podría representar una valiosa contribución a la optimización del rendimiento de la misma, con el fin de conseguir la circularidad de los residuos biológicos y subproductos generados por los diferentes sectores productivos. Uno de los sectores que más residuos biológicos genera es la actividad agrícola. Según la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación, en el año 2017, la producción de alimentos a nivel mundial fue de alrededor de 6.100 millones de toneladas. Si tenemos en cuenta que la producción de una tonelada de alimentos puede llegar a producir entre 0,45 – 1,2 toneladas de residuos biológicos, se estima que se producen anualmente entre 2.745 y 7.320 millones de toneladas de residuos biológicos susceptibles de ser valorizados. Generalmente, estos residuos son utilizados como alimentación para la actividad ganadera, enterrados en la tierra de cultivo como enmienda agrícola o quemados para la producción de energía. Sin embargo, ninguno de estos usos aporta un gran valor añadido al sector agroalimentario, ni son suficientes para gestionar el volumen generado. La valorización de estos residuos biológicos, también conocidos por su composición como materiales lignocelulósicos, puede producirse mediante procesos de biorrefinería. La biorrefinería consiste en la separación de los diferentes componentes que conforman los materiales lignocelulósicos, y su aprovechamiento por separado con el fin de obtener productos de alto valor añadido. Uno de los productos que pueden obtenerse derivados de los materiales lignocelulósicos es la nanocelulosa. La nanocelulosa es el producto de la desintegración de las fibras celulósicas hasta un tamaño de entre 3 – 100 nm de diámetro y 1 – 4 micrómetros de longitud. Uno de los tipos de nanocelulosa más estudiados son las nanofibras de celulosa. Para producirlas es necesario someter a las fibras celulósicas a un tratamiento de desintegración mecánica para provocar la delaminación de la fibra, aislando así las fibras nanométricas. Este proceso requiere de un elevado consumo energético para asegurar la eficacia del proceso de nanofibrilación. Con el fin de disminuirlo y aumentar la eficiencia del proceso, se han desarrollado diferentes pretratamientos a los que someter la fibra de celulosa antes de su nanofibrilación. La producción de nanofibras de celulosa, o lignonanofibras de celulosa en el caso de contener lignina en su composición, depende de múltiples factores como la composición química de la materia prima de partida, el proceso de obtención de pastas celulósicas, y la combinación de pretratamiento – tratamiento. Dos de los sectores que más demandan este producto son el sector papelero (papel y cartón) y el del envasado alimentario. En el primero debido al efecto refuerzo que produce la interacción nanofibrafibra sobre los productos finales de papel y cartón, así como su uso como alternativa al refinado mecánico convencional en los procesos de reciclado, con el objetivo de alargar la vida útil de estos productos. En el segundo porque las nanofibras de celulosa se postulan como gran candidato para la sustitución estructural de polímeros plásticos, además de mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas y barrera. Ambos sectores concentran más del 83% de la demanda de este producto en el sector industrial. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se aborda el estudio de la idoneidad de diferentes residuos agro-industriales, como la paja de cereal (trigo, cebada, avena y maíz) y las hojas de platanera, como materia prima para la producción de lignonanofibras de celulosa y su aplicación en suspensiones papeleras y envases alimentarios. Para ello se realizó un estudio preliminar de la producción, mediante tratamientos mecánicos, de lignonanofibras de celulosa a partir de pasta celulósica obtenida mediante un proceso "a la sosa" empleando paja de trigo como materia prima. Los resultados obtenidos presentaron valores similares a los obtenidos con el uso de pastas celulósicas de producción industrial a partir de materias primas madereras. También se analizó el efecto refuerzo de las mencionadas lignonanofibras sobre suspensiones papeleras, así como la influencia del contenido en finos sobre la eficacia del refuerzo producido. Posteriormente se compararon los efectos que diferentes procesos de pasteado, "a la sosa", Kraft y organosolv, ejercían sobre las características físicas y químicas de las lignonanofibras. Se evaluó, a su vez, el efecto de dos pretratamientos diferentes (oxidación catalítica utilizando 2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina-1-oxilo "TEMPO" y refinado mecánico) sobre las características de las lignonanofibras producidas. Tras la optimización del proceso de pasteado, se realizó un estudio comparativo de la idoneidad de diferentes pajas de cereales (trigo, avena, maíz y cebada) como materia prima para la producción de lignonanofibras. Se analizó la influencia de las características de la materia prima sobre el efecto de tres pretratamientos diferentes (oxidación catalítica TEMPO, hidrólisis enzimática y refinado mecánico). Además, se desarrolló un método analítico basado en la técnica de fraccionamiento en flujo mediante campo de flujo asimétrico (AF4), para la determinación del tamaño nanométrico de las lignonanofibras, comparándola con otras técnicas convencionales utilizadas. A continuación, se estudió la aplicación de lignonanofibras de celulosa, de paja de trigo y platanera como materia prima, en suspensiones papeleras, analizando múltiples factores que pueden influir en la efectividad de la aplicación de estas lignonanofibras como agente de refuerzo. Por un lado, se estudió el efecto de los tres pretratamientos en la efectividad de las lignonanofibras como agente reforzante, así como el coste asociado. Y por el otro, se estudió la idoneidad de la hoja de platanera como materia prima para la producción de lignonanofibras, así como su empleo en el proceso de reciclado del cartón. En este último caso se estudió también el efecto de la basura aniónica presente en las aguas de proceso sobre la efectividad del uso de lignonanofibras en el proceso de reciclaje. Debido a la influencia negativa de esta carga, se desarrolló un proceso de neutralización del agua de proceso obteniendo valores similares a los obtenidos con el uso de agua corriente. Además, se realizó un estudio económico de la aplicación de lignonanofibras como tecnología en el reciclado del cartón en comparación con el proceso de refinado mecánico convencional. Posteriormente se compararon tres tratamientos de nanofibrilación diferentes; homogeneizador a alta presión, molino de fricción y extrusora de doble tornillo, con el fin de reducir el consumo energético en la producción de lignonanofibras y hacer esta tecnología competitiva frente al refinado mecánico utilizado actualmente en la industria papelera. Por último, se exploró la aplicación de estas lignonanofibras en envases alimentarios. Para ello se analizó el efecto que el contenido residual de lignina contenido en las lignonanofibras ejerce sobre las propiedades finales de films producidos a partir de alcohol polivinílico. Se estudió a su vez el efecto que la oxidación catalítica TEMPO puede ejercer sobre las ventajas que presenta la aplicación de lignonanofibras, en comparación al uso de nanofibras, sobre las propiedades mecánicas, barrera y antioxidantes de los films producidos. ; Members of the United Nations in 2015, provide a shared model for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future. For this purpose, 17 Sustainable Development Goals have been developed as an urgent wakeup call by all developed and developing countries to join forces in a global strategy. These Goals are focused on issues such as water, energy, climate, oceans, housing development, transport, science, and technology. For the fulfillment of these goals come true, it is necessary a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. The European Union has developed policies that advocate a transition to the "bioeconomy" to achieve this sustainable development. The main objective of the "bioeconomy include, reducing dependence on fossil resources, limiting greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact, safeguarding food security, ensuring sustainable economic growth, and closing the circle of resource use. The application of the principles of the circular economy to the bioeconomy could represent a valuable contribution to the optimization of its performance in order to achieve the circularity of biological waste and by-products generated by different productive sectors. The agricultural activity is one of the sectors that generates more biological waste. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, in 2017, global food production was around 6.1 billion tons. If we consider that the production of one ton of food can produce between 0.45 - 1.2 tons of biological waste, it is estimated that between 2,745 and 7,320 million tons of biological waste that are produced every year can be recovered. Generally, these residues are used as food for livestock activity, buried in farmland as an agricultural amendment or burned for energy production. However, none of these uses brings great added value to the agrifood sector, nor they are enough to manage the volume generated. The recovery of this biological waste, also known for its composition as lignocellulosic materials, can be produced by means of biorefinery processes. Biorefining consists of separating the different components that compose the lignocellulosic materials and using them in a separate way to obtain high added value products One of the products obtained from lignocellulosic materials is nanocellulose. It is the product of the disintegration of cellulosic fibers up to a size of between 3 - 100 nm in diameter and 1 - 4 micrometers in length. One of the most studied types of nanocellulose are the cellulose nanofibers. These nanometric fibers can be isolated by means of a mechanical disintegration treatment applied to the cellulosic fibers, production their delamination. This process requires a high energy consumption to ensure the effectiveness of the nanofibrillation process. In order to reduce it and increase the efficiency of the process, different pre-treatments have been developed. The production of cellulose nanofibers, or lignocellulose nanofibers, when containing lignin in its composition, depends on multiple factors such as the chemical composition of the starting raw material, the process of obtaining cellulose pulp, and the combination of pretreatment - treatment. Two of the sectors that most demand this product are those related to paper along with cardboard and food packaging. The first one is due to the reinforcing effect produced by the nanofiber-fiber interaction on the final paper and cardboard products, as well as its use as an alternative to conventional mechanical refining in recycling processes, with the aim of extending the useful life of these products. In the second case, cellulose nanofibers are a great candidate for the structural replacement of plastic polymers also improving their mechanical properties and barrier properties. Both sectors concentrate more than 83% of the demand for this product in the industrial sector. This Doctoral Thesis deals with the study of the suitability of different agroindustrial residues, such as cereal straw (wheat, barley, oats and corn) and banana leaves, as raw material to produce lignocellulose nanofibers and their application in paper suspensions and food containers. For this purpose, a preliminary study was carried out on the production, by means of mechanical treatments, of lignocellulose nanofibers from cellulose pulp obtained from a "soda" process using wheat straw as raw material. The results obtained presented values similar to those obtained with the use of cellulose pulp of industrial production from wood raw materials. The reinforcement effect of the mentioned lignonanofibers on paper suspensions was also analyzed, as well as the influence of the fine content on the efficiency of the produced reinforcement. Subsequently, the effects that distinguish pasteurizing processes, "soda", Kraft and organosolv, exerted on the physical and chemical characteristics of the lignonanofibers were compared. The effect of two different pretreatments (TEMPO catalytic oxidation and mechanical refining) on the characteristics of the lignonanofibers produced was also evaluated. After the optimization of the pasteurization process, a comparative study of the suitability of different cereal straws (wheat, oats, corn and barley) as raw material to produce lignonanofibers was carried out. The influence of raw material characteristics on the effect of three different pretreatments (catalytic oxidation TEMPO, enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical refining) was analyzed. In addition, an analytical method based on the asymmetric flow field fractionation technique (AF4) was developed to determine the nanometric size of the lignonanofibers, by comparing it with other conventional techniques employed previously Next, the application of lignocellulose nanofibers, wheat straw and banana as raw material in paper suspensions was studied, by analyzing multiple factors that may influence the effectiveness of the application of these lignonanofibers as a reforcing agent. On one hand, the effect of the three pretreatments on the effectiveness of lignonanofibers as a reinforcing agent was studied, as well as the associated cost. On the other hand, the suitability of banana leaf as raw material to produce lignonanofibers was studied and its use in the cardboard recycling process. In the latter case, the effect of the anionic waste present in the process waters on the effectiveness of the use of lignonanofibers in the recycling process was also studied. Because of the negative influence of this charge, a process of neutralization of the processed water was developed, obtaining values similar to those obtained with the use of tap water. In addition, an economic study was made concerning the application of lignonanofibers as a technology treatment in the recycling of cardboard in comparison with the conventional mechanical refining process. Subsequently, three different nanofibrillation treatments were compared: high pressure homogenizer, friction mill and double screw extruder, in order to reduce energy consumption in the production of lignonanofibers and make this technology competitive with the mechanical refining currently employed in the paper industry. Finally, the application of these lignonofibers in food packaging was explored. For this purpose, the effect that the waste of lignin contained in lignonanofibers exerts on the final properties of films produced from polyvinyl alcohol was analyzed. It was also studied the effect of the catalytic oxidation TEMPO on the advantages that the application of lignonanofibers presents, in relation to the use of nanofibers, on the mechanical properties, barrier and antioxidants of the films produced.

When Chinese President Xi Jinping arrived in France this week, the world's conflicts were top of mind. Press reports tended to fixate on whether French President Emmanuel Macron could press Xi to distance himself from Russia. But ultimately, the leaders' focus drifted farther south.In a wide-ranging joint statement, Xi and Macron "expressed their opposition to an Israeli offensive on Rafah," called for an "immediate and sustainable ceasefire," railed against the possibility of regional escalation, and even endorsed the idea of a worldwide truce to coincide with this summer's Olympic Games in Paris.The statement reflected a remarkable shift in China's diplomatic approach to the world — or, perhaps more precisely, a remarkable shift in how powerful states now treat Beijing. After decades of playing a secondary role in world politics, China is now getting used to the great power treatment, making itself visible wherever diplomacy is happening.Examples abound: Last year, China sent shockwaves through Washington when it oversaw the normalization of relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, a major step in reducing tensions between two of the most hostile powers in the Middle East. And, as the war in Ukraine drags on, China has dispatched a special envoy to push for negotiations, securing high-level meetings with officials on both sides of the conflict.Beijing has even taken on a larger role in that most sensitive of issues: the Israel-Palestine conflict. China hosted Fatah and Hamas — the leading Palestinian factions — for reconciliation talks last week, and observers expect that this mediation role could continue in the coming months and years.From Washington, this can all look a bit frightening. After three decades of unipolarity, many U.S. policymakers still cling to the idea that America and its allies are the sole guarantors of international peace. A rising China, in the minds of many, must mean a falling U.S.But experts say that a deep breath is in order. Despite these latest moves, Beijing still has a ways to go before it surpasses Washington in its ability to shape geopolitics. As China grows into its new role, there are no shortage of opportunities for cooperation on issues that matter deeply to each country, especially in places where the U.S. is no longer seen as a credible go-between. There may even be openings to influence Beijing's approach to the world in ways that gel better with U.S. interests.China's growing role in diplomacy is thus not a threat but an opportunity. The question remains: Will the U.S. seize it?Three cheers for stabilityAbove all, China and the U.S. share one essential goal in the Middle East: stability. Students of contemporary politics will note that neither side has done a particularly good job of securing that goal in recent years. But limited cooperation could help provide a path forward for the region.China has long professed support for the liberation of Palestine through a two-state solution, a goal that it sees as crucial to solving the problems that plague the Middle East. In the early days of the war between Israel and Hamas, Chinese officials walked a tightrope by maintaining trade ties with Israel while refusing to condemn Hamas. But it carefully avoided any direct involvement in the conflict.Now, China appears to be taking a more active role, expanding its criticism of Israel's actions in Gaza in what many experts view as an attempt to curry favor with the Global South through a topic in which the U.S. has taken a distinctly unpopular stance.The Beijing talks, however, signal more room for cooperation. Hamas and Fatah have for years failed to bridge the rupture created by their brief civil war that lasted between 2006 and 2007. After convening in Beijing last month, the groups thanked China for its efforts "to help strengthen Palestinian internal unity and reached an agreement on ideas for future dialogue," according to China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian.The direct impact of China bringing the factions to the negotiating table should not be overstated, according to Dawn Murphy, a professor at the U.S. National War College. When Beijing mediates, it prefers to act as more of a convener than a direct party to the talks, Murphy told RS. Think Qatar, but a lot bigger."The way in which [China] sees itself as contributing is by bringing the parties together, providing a platform for discussion and serving as a more neutral actor that has legitimacy in the eyes of all of the actors involved," Murphy said. In this sense, China is very much unlike the U.S. Washington has long made clear that it supports Fatah over Hamas, which much of the West views as a terrorist group. But Beijing's stubborn neutrality gives it the legitimacy to host credible talks that could promote reconciliation and help pave the way for a two-state solution in the longer term.China's commitment to neutrality is a reflection of its broader diplomatic strategy of maintaining balanced relations without getting directly involved in its partners' domestic politics. China is very averse to risking its own credibility, preferring to avoid siding with any particular state in a conflict, as Murphy noted.China and countries in the Middle East have significant economic relations that have only deepened over time through partnerships in energy, security and technology. Beijing is the biggest purchaser of Saudi Arabian oil and is also one of Israel's primary trading partners. It is also willing to engage with the Middle East in ways the U.S. won't: China sells military technology to Saudi Arabia that the U.S. heavily restricts, and provides heavily-sanctioned Iran with much-needed capital and trade partnerships, according to veteran journalist James Dorsey.Dorsey, who has written a book about China's role in the Middle East, notes that these partnerships help ensure that states in the region won't act against Chinese interests. Most Middle Eastern states have stayed out of the Taiwan issue and have not condemned the ongoing human rights abuses occurring in China's Xinjiang region. "That's one Chinese objective, and they've been very successful in that," Dorsey told RS.But that doesn't mean that China is all-powerful. For all of Beijing's rhetoric, it has not been able to alter the course of the current conflict wracking Gaza, Dorsey noted. When you look at negotiation processes for a ceasefire today between Israel and Hamas, as well as discussions about what the post-war world will look like, "China is not in the room."Murphy says it's in the U.S. interest to not dismiss China's desire to resolve these conflicts, citing the Iran-Saudi normalization deal that China helped broker. While negotiations were well underway before China got involved, the outcome of the talks was one that all parties, including the U.S., benefited from. China is in a unique position to seek further detente in the region, Murphy says. Because it has positive relations with every country in the Middle East, as well as legitimacy in the eyes of their rulers, Beijing could theoretically facilitate negotiations between most of the region's states.Indeed, the Biden administration has acknowledged this in limited ways, as Ali Wyne of the International Crisis Group told RS. "Growing instability in the Middle East benefits neither the United States nor China, so U.S. and Chinese efforts in the region need not be zero-sum," Wyne said. "[I]n recent months, the Biden administration has stated that it would welcome China's help in preventing the conflict between Israel and Hamas from metastasizing into a regional conflagration."Dorsey, for his part, warns that China's facilitation has not yielded concrete results thus far. China has also failed to show a willingness to take risks by taking more tangible action, Christopher Chivvis of the Carnegie Endowment told RS."China has demonstrated that its willingness to make sacrifices to try to bring peace and stability to the region is pretty limited," Chivvis said. For example, China doesn't encourage restraint from Iran despite the leverage its relationship with the country provides.If China could match its actions more with its rhetoric, it would serve both Beijing and Washington, Chivvis said. "It would be in China's interest to try to demonstrate that it's willing to actually pay some costs in order to deal with some of the global challenges that are out there," he argued.The Ukraine problemIn Europe, China has had less room to maneuver. Despite its efforts to push for peace negotiations, Beijing has faced strong criticism from the West in recent months for allegedly supplying tech that supports Russia's military invasion in Ukraine.
As Chivvis told RS, China has tried to walk a fine line between its close ties with Russia and its need to maintain access to European markets and capital. Close trade ties with Europe allow China's domestic economy to grow at a pace that promotes stability at home, Chivvis noted.
This careful balance has been hard to maintain amid China's indirect support for Russia's war. Relations with Europe have been further strained as Chinese goods flood EU markets and price out European producers.
But some steps in the right direction are being taken. This week, during Xi's multi-stop visit to Europe, he and Macron surprised observers when they agreed to back a worldwide truce during this year's Olympics — a pause that could serve as a jumping off point for peace talks in Ukraine.
"French officials hope Xi's endorsement is a sign that he could use his influence to persuade Russia to reach a truce when President Vladimir Putin travels to China later this month," Reuters reported. The French also said Xi made clear that "Beijing did not intend to supply weapons to Moscow and that it was ready to look into the issue of dual-use materials that enabled Russia's war effort."
As China's military and economic partnerships grow, the wars in Ukraine and Gaza have provided China with an opening to increase its diplomatic efforts, according to Wyne of ICG. Nonetheless, Beijing "does not presently seem positioned to make breakthroughs." Chivvis agrees, saying that significant cooperation between the U.S and China is a long way off given the contentious state of relations between the two powers.
But there's no denying one obvious truth: It would be far easier to solve the Ukraine war with China's help than without it. It's now up to the U.S. to decide whether it's willing to face that fact.

The e-mail allegedly attributed to Satoshi Nakamoto (supposedly a pseudonym) was transmitted 14 years ago, describing the development of an electronic currency (Nakamoto, 2008). The design of this electronic currency represented the solution of the general Byzantine problem, a well-known problem in computing, which, in general terms, defines that one of the parts of a system can intentionally fail, and with that, make the entire network unavailable. Therefore, the premise is that part of the system is corrupt (Dolev et al., 1982). In the few lines of the email, Satoshi Nakamoto described such a solution and published an article with the details made available on the same date. The article describes how to transmit information within a chain of blocks that are: synchronized with date and time (time stamp); combined with code that depends on a previous block (hash code); can be validated with public and private key cryptography framework anonymously and decentrally; but highly resilient to any tampering attempt and with public record. The concept of digital currency, in this case Bitcoin, consisted at that time of a code or token resulting from encryption and that could be included in these blocks. Blocks registered definitively in the ledgers distributed along the blockchain network that could be traced. The digital framework developed by Satoshi Nakamoto, although it emerged to make Bitcoin viable as a digital currency, has been separated over the last 14 years. Blockchain can be understood as a decentralized communication technology that gave rise to a family of other technological structures of encrypted communication such as ecosystems, public blockchain, private blockchain and blockchain networks, mainly (Mazumdar Ruj, 2022). Digital currencies, on the other hand, have also developed in variety and quantity, so much so that as we write this editorial there are over 10,000 digital currencies in operation. The total capitalization value of digital currencies rose from USD 18 billion at the beginning of 2017, surpassing USD 1.4 trillion by mid-2021 (Su et al., 2022). Currently, there is no technological impediment for companies to create their own digital currencies using a Bitcoin network or an Etherium network, for example, as well as many other networks available.Obviously, even today, there are technical challenges related, mainly, to the scalability of these networks and currencies. Bitcoin, when created, had a capacity of 7 transactions per second, currently, as we write this editorial, the transaction capacity of the Bitcoin network (BTS) is 14 transactions per second. The Etherium (ETH) network was born with a capacity of 20 transactions per second and currently has a capacity of 35 transactions per second. For comparison purposes, the VISA network has a capacity of 1700 transactions per second, which shows that there is still some way to make blockchain networks the new communication backbone, scalable for more mass uses (Chauhan Patel, 2022). There are implementations of the Solana network, for example, which promises to reach 50,000 transactions per second, still in the confirmation phase from a practical point of view, which could allow running Internet of Things (IoT) applications on this blockchain network (Duffy et al., 2021).At the same time, since 2013, the reorganization of the TCP IP structure from IPv4 (4.2 billion IP addresses) to IPv6 (79 octillion IP addresses or 7.9 x ) more than the total number of IPv4 addresses) has been implemented. Such implementation made it possible to expand connectivity to a level sufficient for the world demand, which is 56 octillion (56 x ) addresses per human being on earth. In terms of addressing, the possibilities of connecting new and future elements on the internet/blockchain communication network are guaranteed, making the IoT (Internet of Things) a real possibility.In addition to the traditional applications dedicated to making digital currency viable, especially in the last 5 years, certain works resulting from the combination of information technology and human creativity (also known as creative economy) brought NFT (Non-Fungible Token) to the management field. NFT are tokens (produced through encrypted code, subscribed in some blockchain network) that express the ownership of their author. Whoever acquires an NFT, has his/her record recorded in a ledger and, therefore, can exercise the rights or benefits related to the possession of that NFT. There are two main origins of an NFT, digital games and works of art or graphic expressions (Vasan et al., 2022). In the case of digital games, NFT can be used to record permanently and nominally the "achievements achieved" within a given game. Its owner now takes possession of a certain item that, previously, would only exist within the game itself, a virtual (digital) environment. In the case of graphic, artistic expressions, and other works of art, it is possible to make your possession digital. Works from the natural environment (physical), the result of expressions of human creativity, are now registered in an NFT-type token, coming to exist in the virtual world (digital). In this way, the works, and the data of their authorship and ownership, are permanently registered in the ledger of a blockchain network specialized in transacting NFT. As in the game, the possession of an NFT of a work of art allows the author to trade or use the benefits related to the possession of this NFT.From the convergence of connectivity technologies such as cloud computing, the advent of IPV6 and technologies based on tokens (blockchain, crypto assets and NFT not exhaustively) the concept of Web 3.0 becomes viable. Web 3.0 can be understood as a network of people and physical objects, making the integration between the natural world and the virtual world more intense (augmented, virtual and mixed reality). The idea of a Metaverse (Web 3.0 Application) depends on the technological availability that we describe here very succinctly and on the realization of new social behaviors that are underway (Korkmaz et al., 2022).The context described is not new to most practitioners and academics involved with innovation. However, by describing it in general terms, we can identify different research objects that may be of interest to the community working in the field of innovation management. Evidently, within the research perspectives, especially in innovation management, parallel logics can be established with the more established theories or concepts, which allow an approximation with the new technological objects available to people and companies. Such technologies have permeated traditional companies and startups that have a specific focus on these connectivity technologies described as core business or as business support.The idea of this editorial comment is to recognize the possibility of receiving more technological articles or scientific articles, perspectives and book reviews that consider connectivity and tokenization technologies as research objects. Such technologies can be positioned in research both as objects of analysis and as contextual and organizational objects. Whether contextual and organizational can bring research involving routines, capabilities, competencies and business models, whose core business process is innovation at different scales, natures, degrees of novelty, stages of diffusion or adoption. To cite just one possibility, as an example, the model by Tidd and Bessant from 2009, which describes the construct of orientation to innovation strategy, used in several research in the field of innovation since then, can be revised in the new contexts or in the face of new technologies (Ferreira et al., 2015). If such technologies are positioned as objects of analysis, research can involve every part of the innovation management process such as searching for innovations, selecting innovations, implementing innovations, generating value with innovations, and capturing value with innovations in analysis of single level or multilevel. In addition to the direct positioning of token and blockchain-based technologies, as an object or as a contextual aspect, adjacent effects are expected, for instance, involving intellectual property, environmental and social sustainability, technological governance, people management and other consequences that may be the focus of research, considering the emerging technologies mentioned above. There is also the field of research that is dedicated to the development of new products, both defining new models of digital product development and methods derived from these models, without forgetting all the implications related to the issues of information security management involved in these contexts of token transactions (Baudier et al., 2022). Although the possibilities for theoretical and managerial development for the area of innovation research, involving technologies based on tokens and blockchain, are broad, there is research that can be very relevant, but that would be better received in journals in mathematics, computer science or even software engineering and not in journals dedicated to innovation. Research that develops a new way of doing encryption, or even a more efficient algorithm that allows increasing the capacity of transactions per second, the design of a new network or a new ecosystem based on blockchain or even research that develops improvements in consensus protocols of blockchain undoubtedly has great value but would be expected in engineering or math journals. On the other hand, there are studies that bring reports of implementations of a business application on a blockchain basis, either as a business support application, or in the form of designing a blockchain-based product that will be taken to the market (Wan et al., 2022). In these cases, applied research, from the point of view of innovation research, what is expected to be found in the article is the development of knowledge that demonstrates how, why or to what extent the innovation processes were sensitized, or in what way the process of innovation contributed or presented limitations to support the reported implementation. In this way, such research can be received as technological articles, since the theoretical elements that relate the innovation process, or the management of the innovation process with the implementation based on token or blockchain, will be present, which are the bases of analysis used to support the expansion of innovation theories, innovation management or management practices in innovation contexts.Finally, we invite the entire community to submit papers with theoretical discussions related to paradigm shifts, involving the dematerialized nature of new products and their tendency towards a service-oriented view (Jain et al., 2022).As it should be clear, this editorial comment did not explore all the possibilities of research in innovation management involving technologies based on tokens and blockchain, but only a few examples that can help to obtain insights. We intend, in some way, to encourage the innovation community to develop studies considering new technologies, developing, or expanding theories and knowledge of innovation.

1) Congreso/Congress: University of Rome "Roma Tre" (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures). International Conference: Terms and Terminology in the European Context, 23-24 October 2014 (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Via del Valco San Paolo, 19, Rome – ITALY). For queries regarding the congress please contact: ttec.roma3@gmail.com 2) Congreso/Congress: "XI Congreso Traducción, Texto e Interferencias" (UNIA, Baeza) Call for papers until 30 June 2014: http://www.uco.es/congresotraduccion/index.php?sec=home 3) Taller/Workshop: 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology, CompuTerm 2014, COLING 2014 Workshop, 23rd or 24th August 2014, Dublin, Ireland, http://perso.limsi.fr/hamon/Computerm2014/ Submissions should follow the COLING 2014 instruction for authors (http://www.coling-2014.org/call-for-papers.php) and be formatted using the COLING 2014 stylefiles for latex, MS Word or LibreOffice (http://www.coling-2014.org/doc/coling2014.zip), with blind review and not exceeding 8 pages plus two extra pages for references. The PDF files will be submitted electronically at https://www.softconf.com/coling2014/WS-9/ 4) Congreso/Congress: 34th TRANSLATOR'S WEEK, 1st INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION SYMPOSIUM (SIT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), September 22-26, 2014, São José do Rio Preto (Brazil). The official languages of the event are Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. Contact: Angélica (Comisión Organizadora), angelica@ibilce.unesp.br 5) Congreso/Congress: Cardiff University Postgraduate Conference, 27 May 14: "The Translator: Competence, Credentials, Creativity". Keynote speaker: Professor Theo Hermans (UCL).The event is kindly supported by the University Graduate College and the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation. For queries, please contact the.translator.pg.conference@gmail.com. 6) Congreso/Congress: International Conference, 3rd T&R (Theories & Realities in Translation & wRiting) Forum. Organized by the University of Western Brittany, Brest (FRANCE), in collaboration with KU Leuven/Thomas More (Campus Antwerpen, BELGIUM), with the support of AFFUMT (Association française des formations universitaires aux métiers de la traduction) and the participation of Università Suor Orsola Benincasa (Naples, ITALY): "Traduire/écrire la science aujourd'hui - Translating/Writing Science Today" Please submit an abstract of approximately 300 words by 15 June 2014 to Jean-Yves Le Disez (jean-yves.ledisez@univ-brest.fr, Joanna Thornborrow joanna.thornborrow@univ-brest.fr and Winibert Segers (Winibert.Segers@kuleuven.be). For more information on previous events and the forthcoming conference : http://www.univ-brest.fr/TR, http://www.lessius.eu/TNR 7) Congreso/Congress: "The International Conference of Journals and Translation", Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA, on 28-29 June 2014. The conference is hosted by the School of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA. The official languages of the conference are English and Chinese. Contact information: Yan, Fangming(颜方明86-13751750040; Li, Zhiyu(李知宇86-13824451625. 8) Congreso/Conference: PACTE Group is organising two events on the subject of the didactics of translation. These events will be held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (SPAIN) in July 2014. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH INTO THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (8-9 July 2014). SECOND SPECIALIST SEMINAR ON THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (7 July 2014). Further information about the conference and the seminar: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/didtrad-2014 9) Simposio/Symposium: "Translation in Music" Symposium, held on 25-26 May 2014, and co-organized by the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation (Cardiff University). Please see the following website for details: www.cardiff.ac.uk/music/translationinmusic 10) Revistas/Journals: "The Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation", "CULTUS Journal" www.cultusjournal.com Next Issue: Cultus7 : "Transcreation and the Professions" Call for papers (Issue 7, 2014): 9th June. Submission info at: www.cultusjournal.com Contact: David Katan, Interlinguistic Mediation/Translation and Interpretation Department of Humanities, University of the Salento (Lecce), via Taranto 35 - 73100 Lecce (ITALY), tel.+39 0832/294111. 11) Revistas/Journals: Invitation for Submissions (Vol. 3, 2014): Translation Spaces: A multidisciplinary, multimedia, and multilingual journal of translation, published annually by John Benjamins Publishing Company. Please consult our guidelines, and submit all manuscripts through the online submission and manuscript tracking site, indicating for which track and Board member the manuscript is to be addressed: (1) Translation, Globalization, and Communication Technology (Frank Austermühl); (2) Translation, Information, Culture, and Society (Gregory M. Shreve); (3) Translation, Government, Law and Policy (Michael Geist); (4) Translation, Computation, and Information (Sharon O'Brien); (5) Translation and Entertainment (Minako O'Hagan); (6) Translation, Commerce, and Economy (Keiran J. Dunne); and (7) Translation as an Object of Study (Ricardo Muñoz Martín). 12) Revistas/Journals: PR for Linguistica The editorial board of the peer reviewed journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies is happy to announce the launch of its new Open Journal format. LANS-TTS published 11 annual issues devoted to current themes in Translation Studies between 2002 and 2012, and will continue to publish annually on selected TS themes, but in open access, and can be downloaded from: ‪https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be Its first digital issue is entitled "Research models and methods in legal translation". It has been guest edited by Łucja Biel (University of Warsaw, POLAND) & Jan Engberg (Aarhus University, DENMARK). 13) Revistas/Journals: CALL FOR PAPERS The Yearbook of Phraseology would like to invite you to submit papers on the relationship between phraseology and translation. The Yearbook of Phraseology is published by Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin, Boston) and has already been indexed by many scientific databases. It has recently been added to the MLA International Bibliography. Our editorial board includes reknown linguists such as Dmitrij Dobrovol'kij (Moscow), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton), Sylviane Granger (Louvain), Wolfgang Mieder (Vermont), Alison Wray (Cardiff) and others. We have also been able to rely on international experts for reviewing our submissions: Igor Mel'cuk, Doug Biber, Uli Heid, Barbara Wotjak, etc. The web page of the journal is: http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/42771 For more information, please contact: Dr. Jean-Pierre Colson (Institut Marie Haps / Université catholique de Louvain), Yearbook of Phraseology / Editor. 14) Libros/Books: Peter Lang Oxford invites proposals for the book series: New Trends in Translation Studies (www.peterlang.com?newtrans). Series Editor: Jorge Díaz-Cintas (Director), Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (UK). Advisory Board: Susan Bassnett, University of Warwick, UK Lynne Bowker, University of Ottawa, Canada Frederic Chaume, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain Aline Remael, Artesis University College Antwerp, Belgium This series is based at the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk/centras). For more information, please contact Dr. Laurel Plapp, Commissioning Editor, Peter Lang Oxford, 52 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LU (UK). Email: l.plapp@peterlang.com. Tel: 01865 514160. 15) Libros/Books: New book: Transfiction. Research into the realities of translation fiction, edited by Klaus Kaindl & Karlhienz Spitzl, Series: Benjamins Translation Library
(BTL 110), ISSN: 0929-7316 16) Libros/Books: New book on classical Chinese literature and translation: CHAN, KELLY K.Y.: Ambivalence in poetry: Zhu Shuzhen, a classical Chinese poetess? http://www.amazon.com/Ambivalence-poetry-Shuzhen-classical-Chinese/dp/3639700791 17) Libros/Books: Nueva publicación de TRAMA: MARTÍ FERRIOL, JOSÉ LUIS: El método de traducción: doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=978-84-8021-940-2 18) Libros/Books: Piotr de Bończa Bukowski & Magda Heydel (Eds.), Anthology of Polish Translation Studies, published in Kraków (POLAND). For further details : http://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,2184,strona,Polska_mysl_przekladoznawcza,katid,126.html. 19) Libros/Books: Nuevo libro: Nicolas Froeliger: Les noces de l'analogique et du numérique, París: Les Belles Lettres, 2014. 20) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana en España. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 21) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 22) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: EMUNI Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Summer School, June 2014. Application is now open for the Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, organized by University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Boğaziçi University (Turkey), University of Turku and University of East Finland (Finland), University of Granada (Spain), and to be held at the University of Granada (Spain) in June 2014. The School is open to doctoral students, teachers of translation at the MA level, and other academics and professionals who are involved in research in Translation Studies. For more information, please visit: http://www.prevajalstvo.net/emuni-doctoral-summer-school http://tradinter.ugr.es/pages/emuni Or contact: emuni_summerschool@ugr.es 23) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: Intensive Summer Course in Translation Technology, held by the Centre for Translation Studies at UCL, London (UK), in August 2014. This is open to professionals and teachers as well as students. Application deadline: 23rd May 2014 For more information, visit : www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/prof-courses/summer-translation/translation-tech-intensive To apply for a place, email Lindsay Bywood: lindsay.bywood.13@ucl.ac.uk 24) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: The Nida School of Translation Studies 2014 Call for participants: The Nida School of Translation Studies ,2014
May 26 – June 6, 2014
San Pellegrino University Foundation Campus
Misano Adriatico (Rimini), Italy

"Translation as Interpretation"
This year marks the Nida School's eighth year of advancing research and providing specialized training in translation studies through a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates a focus on religious discourse. NSTS is seeking engaged scholars and qualified professionals looking to expand their skills, engage with peers, and explore the interface of practice and cutting edge theory. The NSTS 2014 Associate Application form may be found here: https://secure.jotform.us/mhemenway/nsts2014app. For more information on the 2014 session or to apply, go to http://nsts.fusp.it/nida-schools/nsts-2014, or contact Dr. Roy E. Ciampa at roy.ciampa@fusp.it. 25) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND: RESEARCHING TRANSLATION IN AFRICA - SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFRICA The Departments of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University of the Free State, Afrikaans and Dutch at the University of Stellenbosch and Literature and Language at the University of Zambia, in cooperation with IATIS, are presenting the Third Summer School for Translation Studies (SSTSA) in Africa from 18 to 22 August 2014. The hosts are the University of Zambia in Lusaka. SSTSA 2014 will be followed by a regional conference hosted by IATIS at the same venue on 23 and 24 August 2014. For participants to SSTSA 2014, entry to the conference is free, provided they read a paper. For detailed information and registration forms, visit the website of the Summer School at: http://www.ufs.ac.za/SSTSA.

En esta primera sección del evento Economía de la Informalidad Conferencia 2020, se dio inauguración y se presentaron los siguientes aportes: Inaugural (0:00:00 - 0:16:09) a Cargo de José Alejandro Cheyne (Rector de la Universidad del Rosario) ; Juan José Echavarría (Gerente general, Banco de la República) ; Carlos Eduardo Sepúlveda Rico (Decano Facultad de Economía, Universidad del Rosario) - Keynote Speaker: Informalidad, antes, durante y más allá de COVID-19 (0:16:39 - 1:46:29) Ponencia a cargo de Mariano Bosch (Especialista Líder en la Unidad de Mercados Laborales y Seguridad, BID), Modera Carlos Alberto Medina Durango (Gerente Banco de la republica cede Medellín) - Lanzamiento del Laboratorio de Economía Experimental - REBEL por sus siglas en inglés. (1:46:48 - 1:52:50 ) a cargo de José Alejandro Cheyne (Rector de la Universidad del Rosario) y Sergio Pulgarín (Vicerrector de la Universidad del Rosario). - Esta fue una de las conclusiones de la primera jornada de la Conferencia Economía de la Informalidad, que realiza la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad del Rosario. Según el BID, por la pandemia de la COVID-19 se han perdido 26,59 millones de empleos en once países de América Latina. El trabajo informal se considera una de las problemáticas mundiales que afectan a la sociedad. Actualmente, se busca avanzar en una economía más incluyente, dando visibilidad a los problemas que aquejan el país, por ejemplo, que el porcentaje de trabajadores informales oscila en el 50%, con una mayor incidencia en mujeres y personas de menores ingresos. Así lo indicó Juan José Echavarría, gerente general del Banco de la República, quien aseguró que la situación de la informalidad implica que los trabajadores están excluidos de las leyes laborales y de los esquemas de seguridad social. Además, la contingencia actual del coronavirus genera unos riesgos específicos que agravan su situación. Al intervenir en la Conferencia Economía de la Informalidad, que organiza la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad del Rosario, Echavarría dijo que los trabajadores informales son particularmente más vulnerables a las crisis económicas y sanitarias, debido al cierre por las cuarentenas que ha aquejado, no solo a Colombia, sino a diferentes países del mundo. "Hacer frente al desafío de la informalidad durante la recuperación de la crisis sanitaria requerirá políticas integrales que tengan en cuenta las condiciones específicas de territorio, sus poblaciones y sus condiciones de vida", anotó el gerente del Emisor. La paradoja del talento humano Para José Alejandro Cheyne, rector de la Universidad del Rosario, la informalidad tiene graves problemas respecto al desafío de la COVID-19, ya que es fruto de lo que se conoce en América Latina como la paradoja del talento humano, en donde se supera la mano de obra, pero existe un déficit en talento, ya que los empresarios y las organizaciones manifiestan que las personas que necesitan no las encuentran en el mercado de las principales ciudades. La informalidad, según Cheyne, es el resultado de la desigualdad que existe en el país en diferentes variables como la educación, el uso y la apropiación de la tecnología y las oportunidades laborales. Para comprender la informalidad, Carlos Eduardo Sepúlveda, decano de la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad del Rosario, explicó que esta conferencia se enmarca en un espacio científico que nace de la idea de crear un programa a gran escala sobre la informalidad económica en el país. Este programa cuenta con la alianza de 18 instituciones nacionales e internacionales de índole educativo público y privado, gremios productivos y fundaciones. Financiados con recursos del programa Colombia Científica y coordinado por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia, se creó un ecosistema científico para estudiar el problema de la informalidad económica. De acuerdo con Sepúlveda, este proyecto busca impactar de manera directa la política pública nacional y transformar realidades de poblaciones y comunidades estudiadas. Empleos perdidos por la pandemia Para Mariano Bosch, jefe (e) de la Unidad de Mercados Laborales y Seguridad Social del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), las empresas y los gobiernos deben buscar alternativas e incentivos para que la economía informal pueda disminuir. Del desarrollo y productividad de los países se generan nuevas alternativas de empleos formales que contribuirían a disminuir las tasas de informalidad en el país. Por la pandemia del coronavirus, 26,59 millones de empleos se han perdido en once países de América Latina desde el 21 de febrero hasta octubre, de acuerdo con el BID. Por esta razón, se deben repensar los elementos que giran en torno a la protección social. Por ejemplo, disminuir los costos de entrada de los cotizantes, asegurar desde las empresas el cumplimiento de los derechos laborales y generar más empleos formales con alternativas de costos respecto a impuestos que las mismas deben pagar, dijo el experto. Según Bosch, Colombia a diferencia de México obliga a los trabajadores a cotizar por cuenta propia. Sin embargo, si Colombia aumenta los incentivos de costos, tanto para empresas como para los trabajadores cotizantes, la formalidad iría en aumento. La creación de políticas de productividad, el incentivo educativo para estudios de este fenómeno de la informalidad económica, la creación de proyectos específicos, puede contribuir en el desarrollo de la economía formal y el descenso de las tasas de la informalidad, comentó. ; In this first section of the Economy of Informality Conference 2020 event, the following contributions were inaugurated and presented: Inaugural (0:00:00 - 0:16:09) by José Alejandro Cheyne (Rector of the Universidad del Rosario ); Juan José Echavarría (General Manager, Banco de la República); Carlos Eduardo Sepúlveda Rico (Dean of the School of Economics, Universidad del Rosario) - Keynote Speaker: Informality, before, during and beyond COVID-19 (0:16:39 - 1:46:29) Presentation by Mariano Bosch ( Lead Specialist in the Labor Markets and Safety Unit, IDB), Moderator Carlos Medina - Launch of the Laboratory of Experimental Economics - REBEL for its acronym in English. (1:46:48 - 1:52:50) by José Alejandro Cheyne (Rector of the Universidad del Rosario) and Sergio Pulgarín (Vice-Rector of the Universidad del Rosario). - This was one of the conclusions of the first day of the Informal Economy Conference, held by the Faculty of Economics of the Universidad del Rosario. According to the IDB, 26.59 million jobs have been lost in eleven Latin American countries due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Informal work is considered one of the global problems that affect society. Currently, it seeks to advance in a more inclusive economy, giving visibility to the problems that afflict the country, for example, that the percentage of informal workers oscillates at 50%, with a higher incidence in women and people with lower incomes. This was indicated by Juan José Echavarría, general manager of the Banco de la República, who assured that the situation of informality implies that workers are excluded from labor laws and social security schemes. In addition, the current contingency of the coronavirus generates specific risks that aggravate their situation. Speaking at the Informal Economy Conference, organized by the Faculty of Economics of the Universidad del Rosario, Echavarría said that informal workers are particularly vulnerable to economic and health crises, due to the closure due to the quarantines they have suffered, not only to Colombia, but to different countries in the world. "Facing the challenge of informality during the recovery from the health crisis will require comprehensive policies that take into account the specific conditions of the territory, its populations and their living conditions," noted the Issuer's manager. The paradox of human talent For José Alejandro Cheyne, rector of the Universidad del Rosario, informality has serious problems regarding the challenge of COVID-19, since it is the result of what is known in Latin America as the paradox of human talent, where labor is surpassed, But there is a deficit in talent, since entrepreneurs and organizations say that the people who need them cannot find them in the market of the main cities. Informality, according to Cheyne, is the result of the inequality that exists in the country in different variables such as education, use and appropriation of technology and job opportunities. To understand informality, Carlos Eduardo Sepúlveda, dean of the Faculty of Economics at the Universidad del Rosario, explained that this conference is part of a scientific space that was born from the idea of creating a large-scale program on economic informality in the country . This program has the alliance of 18 national and international institutions of a public and private educational nature, productive unions and foundations. Financed with resources from the Colombia Científica program and coordinated by the Colombian Ministry of Science and Technology, a scientific ecosystem was created to study the problem of economic informality. According to Sepúlveda, this project seeks to directly impact national public policy and transform the realities of the populations and communities studied. Jobs lost due to the pandemic For Mariano Bosch, head of the Labor Markets and Social Security Unit of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), companies and governments must look for alternatives and incentives so that the informal economy can decrease. From the development and productivity of the countries, new alternatives of formal employment are generated that would help to reduce the informality rates in the country. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, 26.59 million jobs have been lost in eleven Latin American countries from February 21 to October, according to the IDB. For this reason, the elements that revolve around social protection must be rethought. For example, reduce the entry costs of contributors, ensure that companies comply with labor rights and generate more formal jobs with cost alternatives with respect to taxes that they must pay, said the expert. According to Bosch, Colombia, unlike Mexico, forces workers to contribute on their own account. However, if Colombia increases cost incentives, both for companies and contributing workers, formality would increase. The creation of productivity policies, the educational incentive for studies of this phenomenon of economic informality, the creation of specific projects, can contribute to the development of the formal economy and the decrease in informality rates, he commented.