Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 7 per cent nearly level (0- 1%) lands.  About 89 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) and 8 per cent slightly eroded (e1) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 62 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (10 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 69 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 28 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 324(55) 115 (20) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 417 (71) Groundnut - 23 (4) Musambi 324(55) 92 (16) Sunflower 324 (55) 92(16) Lime 324(55) 92 (16) Chili - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 324(55) 115 (20) Drumstick - 416 (71) Amla - 439 (75) Mulberry - 439 (75) Tamarind - 417 (71) Pomegranate - 416 (71) Marigold - 439 (75) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 439 (75) Mango - 5 (<1) Jasmine - 23 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Adavalli-5 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk, Koppal district) is located in between 15018' – 15019' North latitudes and 75057' – 75059' East longitudes, covering an area of about 585.39 ha, bounded by Kavalura, Alavandi Villages and Yelburga Taluk. It falls under Agro Ecological Region (AER)–3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: We found that Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 46 to 56 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75.8 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 57 per cent.  Around 71 % of farmers have taken yeshaswini health cards.  Majority of farm households (57 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 71 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 43 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.1 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevent among 14 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decision making around 50 per cent. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 31 per cent and agricultural labours is predominant subsidiary occupation for 54 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 31398 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets values are around Rs 1283 per household. Sprayer and weeder are main farm assets.  The highest livestock population of bullocks are 14.3 per cent.  The average milk produced in sample households for 840 litter/annum and 1215 kg/ha average fodder availability for crop season.  The average per capita food consumption is around 677 grams (1856 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 86 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 38532 per household. About 43 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 926 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 5345 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 3019287 per year for the total area of 585.39 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 7069/ ha/year. Per ha food production services is maximum in Bengal gram (Rs 5070/ha) followed by sunflower (Rs 4866/ha) and sorghum (Rs. 2588/ha).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1567/ ha/year of sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in Bengal gram (Rs 51173) followed by sorghum (Rs 37733) and Sunflower (Rs 19603). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sunflower (54 %) followed by sorghum (29 %) and Bengal gram (16 %).  In Adavalli-5 micro watershed, major soils are Handral (HDL) and Gatareddihalla series are having deep soil depth cover for 43 % and 14 % of area, respectively. On this soil farmers are presently growing Bengal gram (67 %), Sorghum (33 %) and sunflower. Belgatti (BGT) soil series are having very shallow soil depth cover around 20 per cent of area, major crops grown are 3 sorghum. Kadagathur (KDT) and Bardur (BDR) soil series are having Very deep soil depth cover of 5.58 % and 7.2 % of area, crops sunflower and Muttal (MTL) soil series having deep soil depth cover of 2.3 % of area, major crop is sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation in study area for Sunflower ranges between Rs. 16122/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.34) and Rs. 13516/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.46),  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 18137/ha in HDL soil (with of 0.82) and Rs. 10223/ha in BGT soil (with BCR of 1.23).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in HDL soil is Rs. 23324/ha (with BCR of 1.14). Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (16.7%), sorghum (16.5 to 49.7%) and sunflower (42.8 to 55.6%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Madhrai Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 632 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 591 ha (93%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 33 ha (5%) by a stone quarry and about 9 ha (1%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units), and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 94 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 36 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 57 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth.  About 93 per cent area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 93 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 93 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 17 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 19 per cent is slightly (pH 7.3-7.8) alkaline, 69 per cent soils are moderately (pH 7.8-8.4) alkaline and 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- 9.0)in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 11 per cent area is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in an area of about 93 per cent and medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 16 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Madhrai micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1705'–1707' North latitudes and 77020'–77021' East longitudes, covering an area of about 632.04 ha, bounded by Adki, Madhwar, Imdapur and Bidharcheda villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Madhrai micro-watershed (Mudhol subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 45.5 to 54.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 63.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  Only 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 40.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities having 30.0 percent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 56.8 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12976 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6127 per household, about 80.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough (70.0 %).  The average livestock value is around Rs.21666 per household; about 40.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 859.6 grams (1965.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.60051 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1898 per households. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.562 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.331689 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 4377/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 23855), sorghum (Rs. 6358) and groundnut is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 23/ ha/year in redgram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs.64663), sorghum (Rs.35850) and groundnut (Rs. 16897). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (92.4%) followed by sorghum (4.8 %) and groundnut (2.8 %).  In Madhrai micro-watershed, major soil is of Adki (ADK) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 24.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram. Tonsanhalli (THN) Soils having moderately shallow soil depth cover 11.3 % of area, the crops are redgram. Dandothi (DDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 33.9% of areas, main crops are redgram. Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 7.5 % of area, the major crops grown are groundnut (14.0%), redgram (61.8%) and sorghum (24.2 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area Redgram ranges between Rs.31979/ha in TNH soil (with BCR of 1.66) and Rs.18930/ha in ADK soil (with BCR of 2.82).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs.41377/ha (with BCR of 0.59) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs 17166/ha (with BCR of 1.37).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (22.8 %), groundnut (64.4%) and sorghum (58.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kamalapur Tanda microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kamalapur Tanda microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, seven per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 72 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 28 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 23 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 1 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 49 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25- 75 cm) and about 20 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 73 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) and 32 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in very less area.  Available iron, zinc and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 73 per cent area has soils that are deficient (1.0 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 107 (19) Guava - 200(36) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 113 (21) Jamun - 136(25) Sunflower 17 (13) - Musambi 71 (13) 134(24) Cotton 71 (13) 107 (19) Lime 71 (13) 134(24) Sugarcane - - Cashew - 16(3) Soybean 71(13) 42 (8) Custard apple 178 (33) 225(41) Bengalgram 113(21) 151(28) Amla 178 (33) 38 (7) Mango - - Tamarind - 136 (25) Sapota - 192(35) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kamalapur Tanda micro-watershed (Kamalapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17035' – 17036' North latitudes and 76059' – 7701' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547 ha, bounded by Rajanhal, Bhimhalli and Kamalapur villages. With an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Kamalapur Tanda Microwatershed (Kamalapur sub-watershed) in Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.8 to 35.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 66.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population among all sample households.  Social groups belong to general caste among all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LGP) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.03 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total land cultivated on rainfed condition of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 86.49 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20144 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 42222 per household; about 54 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 752.9 grams (1750.45 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.17252 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2488. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2080 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1060936 per year for the total area of 547 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 2553/ ha/year of red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 61749). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %).  In Kamalapur Tanda Microwatershed, major soil are soil of basaltic landform of Kalamundaragi (KGI) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 25.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Gutti (GTT) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 6.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Ranjal (RNL) series having deep soil depth cover around 11.7% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Mahagaon (MAN) series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.32 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.56320/ha in KGI soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs.18488/ha in RNL soil (with BCR of 1.90).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (1.8 to 18.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gundagurti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 431 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2rd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 365 ha (85%) the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 35 ha (8%) not suitablefor agriculture, but suited for other alternative use.  An area of about 364 ha (85%) in the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and very shallow soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 93 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 49 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 1 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 62 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 27per cent area have strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 3 per cent area having slightly alkaline (pH 6.5-7.8) soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 87 per cent of the area is low (1 ppm) in 4 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 88 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 185 (43) 180(42) Sapota - 365(85) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 365(85) Jamun - 365(85) Sunflower 185 (43) 180(42) Musambi 365(85) - Cotton 185 (43) 180(42) Lime 365(85) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 185 (43) 180(42) Custard apple 365(85) - Bengal gram 365(85) - Amla 365(85) - Guava - 365(85) Tamarind - 365(85) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the two identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gundagurthi micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17013' – 17015' North latitudes and 7702' – 7705' East longitudes, covering an area of about 431 ha, bounded by Mopti, Mattimadu, Tengli and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Gundagurthi micro-watershed (Invi subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 20 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 10 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.93 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The total cultivated by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 24 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 83793 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7760 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (10 %).  The average livestock value is around Rs. 34429 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1015.9 grams (2207.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 22008 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 3434. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 829 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 329108 per year for the total area of 431.12 ha.  The ecosystem service per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.12292).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59120) Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %)  In Gundagurthi micro-watershed, major soil are alluvial landscape of Dhandothi (DDT) series is having Very deep soil depth cover around 71.31 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram and Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 13.32 % of areas, crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 46962/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 0.97) and Rs. 28480/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.60). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (6.6 to 12.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yedrami-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 577 ha in Yedrami-2 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 92 per cent area is covered by soils and 8 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 landuse class units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  92 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 8 per cent is not suitable.  About 32 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm), about 6 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 8 per cent is moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 46 per cent are very shallow to shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 14 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 76 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron and 5 per cent deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218 (38) 46 (8) Guava - 84 (15) Maize - 46 (8) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 264 (46) Jamun - 183 (32) Soybean 218 (38) 46 (8) Musambi 183 (32) 36 (6) Bengalgram 264 (46) 42 (7) Lime 183 (32) 36 (6) Sunflower 120 (20) 99 (17) Cashew - - Cotton 183 (31) 82 (14) Custard apple 218 (38) 46 (8) Sugarcane - - Amla 218 (38) 46 (8) Mango - - Tamarind - 183 (31) Sapota - 84-(15) xvii Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the production and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Yedrami-2 micro-watershed (Kempahalla sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16048' – 16050' North latitudes and 76030' – 76032' East longitudes, covering an area of about 577.07 ha, bounded by Akhandahalli, Sumbada and Kachapura villages.with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Yedrami-2 Microwatershed (Kempahalla subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.8 to 34.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.2 per cent.  Social groups belong other backward castes (OBC) is around 55.6 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 55.6 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 11.1 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agricultural production among all sample households to be found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 39.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.7666 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average per capita food consumption is around 695 grams (1448.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 52776 per household. About 66.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1577. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 899 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 473009 per year for the total area of 577.07 hectare.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15545/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 20315) and bengal gram (Rs. 10776).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal grams (Rs. 62741) and in redgram (Rs. 50887). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (93.3 %) and bengal gram (6.7 %).  In yedrami 2 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 38.72 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (7.8 %) and red gram (92.2 %), Dimal (DIM) soil series are having deep soil depth cover 17.07 % of area, the crops grown is redgram (100 %), Mannur (MAR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.57 % of area major crops grown is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 35415/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs.18840/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MGT soil is Rs 21022/ha (with BCR of 1.51). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (26.9 %) and bengal gram (38 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Madkal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 466 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 366 ha (79%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 80 ha (17%) is covered by stone quarry and about 19 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 79 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 35 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 44 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 20 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 33 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 10 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 38 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 73 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 31 per cent of the soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 162(35) 54(12) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 216(46) Jamun - 161(35) Sunflower 162(35) 54(12) Musambi 127(27) 34(7) Cotton 162(35) 54(12) Lime 127(27) 34(7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 162(35) 54(12) Custard apple 162(35) 54(12) Bengal gram 216(46) 137(29) Amla 162(35) 54(12) Guava - - Tamarind - 161(35) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Madkal micro-watershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1708'–17010' North latitudes and 77020'–77022' East longitudes, covering an area of about 465.92 ha, bounded by Khurgunta, Madhakal, Sedam villages and Telangana state with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for The Madkal Microwatershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.8 to 45.2 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 60.0 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 62 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 77.7 per cent.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among 66.6 per cent.  About 11.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 22 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 56 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.97 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 91.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and govt service is a subsidiary occupation is around 2.3 per cent among the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 17343 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 8066 per household, about 33 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 38791 per household; about 57.1 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 913 grams (2098 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 36655 per household. About 77.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1658. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 685 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 329794 per year for the total area of 603 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 19077/ ha/year in red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 52882). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %).  In Madkal micro-watershed, major soil series are Dargah soils series are deep soil depth covers around 21.7 % of area major crops are red gram. Adki soils are shallow soils depth covers around 15.6 % of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Mathumuda series having soils are moderately deep covers around 10.6 % of area and Dhandothi soils are very deep covers around 4.6 % of area. major crops are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for Red gram ranges between Rs. 28153/ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.93) and Rs. 20449/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.81). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (19.0 to 24.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sompalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 759 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 676 ha (89%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 53 ha (7%) by quarry and about 30 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 89 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent in the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 38 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 1 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 28 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 388(51) 179(24) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 388(51) Jamun - 388(51) Sunflower 388(51) - Musambi 353(47) 35(5) Cotton 388(51) - Lime 353(47) 35(5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 388(51) - Custard apple 388(51) - Bengal gram 388(51) 179(24) Amla 388(51) - Guava - - Tamarind - 388(51) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 1707' – 1709' North latitudes and 77020' – 77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 758.76 ha, bounded by Madhakal, Sedam, Kotanpalli villages and Telangana State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.9 to 31.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 60 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 11.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10185 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6686 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmer's weeder.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.8 grams (1558.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.27530 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1127 per households. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1496 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.1011332 per year for the total area of 758.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 21155/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.22481) and bengal gram (Rs.9938).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 62156) and bengal gram (Rs. 49395). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (82.4 %) and bengal gram (17.60 %).  In Sompalli micro-watershed, major soil series is soil of alluvial landscape of Gundagunthi (GGN) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 14.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (100 %). Adki (ADK) is also having shallow soil depth cover 23.6 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.1 %) and bengalgram (33.9 %). Mathimuda (MTM) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of areas, crops red gram are (100 %). Dhandothi (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.36971/ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs.20218/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.83).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in Rs.16250/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 2.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3.8 to 2.4 %) and bengal gram (2.46 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bannikoppa-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, behaviour, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 215 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 40 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 59 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 48 per cent area, 49 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 84 (39) 86 (40) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 7 (3) Drumstick - 130 (61) Musambi 7 (3) 123 (57) Sunflower 7 (3) 123 (57) Lime 7 (3) 123 (57) Groundnut - 41(19) Cashew - - Chilli - - Custard apple 84 (39) 86 (40) Pomegranate - 130(61) Amla - 171 (80) Tomato - - Tamarind 7 (3) Mulbery - 171 (80) Jasmine - 41 (19) Guava - - Marigold - 171 (80) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 171 (80) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bannikoppa-6 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15020' – 15021' North latitudes and 75056' – 75057' East longitudes, covering an area of about 214.70 ha, bounded by Kavalura and Bannikoppa villages with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bannikoppa-6 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.6 to 48.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 90.3 per cent of sample households.  Social groups belong to general caste and other back ward (OBC) is around 40 per cent.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Among all sample farm households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities of among all sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.36 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 81.6 per cent of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation and agricultural labour is a subsidiary occupation is around 66.7 per cent of farmers followed by like self employed is around 16.7 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 37940 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 57247 per household; about 40 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer, chaff cutter, earth remover and weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 12536 per household; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 501.1 grams (1396.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34726 per household. All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 613. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 3272/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 9556) followed by sunflower (Rs. 5114), greengram (Rs. 4521), coriander (Rs. 1604), bajra (Rs. 102) and sorghum is negative retunes.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2000/ ha/year is sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coriander (Rs. 104170) followed by bengal gram (Rs. 68231), bajra (Rs. 49751), sorghum (Rs. 37959), green gram (Rs. 23945) and sunflower (Rs. 17486). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is green gram (43.3 %) followed by coriander (23.1 %), bengal gram (20.2 %), sunflower (8.5 %) and bajra (5.0 %).  Bannikoppa-6 Micro watershed, major soils are soil Handrala (HDL) series is having deep soil depth cover around 3.27 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram (50.0 %), coriander (26.7 %) and bengal gram (23.3 %). KDL series are having very deep soil depth cover the crops are sunflower (66.3 %), sorghum (18.3) and bajra (15.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram Rs.29964/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.30). 3  In coriander the cost of cultivation is Rs 16626/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs. 9695/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In bajra the cost of cultivation is Rs.12792 /ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 13848/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.38) and sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs. 26174/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coriander (76.3 %), green gram(43.8 %), bajra (15.6 %), sorghum ( 32.8 %) and sunflower (57.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

In the article the question of the place of organizational and legal support in the process of adaptation of the activity of higher educational institutions in the conditions of the modern institutional environment is considered. Organizational and legal support makes it possible to adapt institutions of higher education to market conditions of functioning, taking into account both the state regulation of this sphere of entrepreneurship, and the peculiarities of internal management of the functioning of each individual institution. Key words: higher educational institutions, organizational and legal support, institutional environment, adaptation process. REFERENCES1.Boyko, O. (2012) Analiz normatyvno-pravovoho zabezpechennya yakosti vyshchoyi osvity uvyshchykh navchal nykh zakladakh. [An analysis of the normative and legal provision of the quality of higher education in higher educational institutions.] Lviv: NU "Lvivska politekhnika".2.Zharova, O. P. 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Retrieved from: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_52518.Standarty i rekomendaciji shhodo zabezpechennja jakosti v Jevropejsjkomu prostori vyshhoji osvity (ESG) – K.: TOV ―CS‖, 2015. – 32 c.19.Mezhdunarodnyy standart ISO 9001:2015. Sistemy menedzhmenta kachestva. [Quality management systems]. Trebovaniya. ; В статье рассмотрен вопрос места организационно-правового обеспечения в процессе адаптации деятельности высших учебных заведений в условиях современной институциональной среды. Организационно-правовое обеспечение дает возможность приспособления учреждения высшего образования к рыночным условиям функционирования с учетом как государственного регулирования данной сферы предпринимательства, так особенностей внутреннего менеджмента функционирования каждого отдельного вуза. Ключевые слова: высшие учебные заведения, организационно-правовое обеспечение, институциональная среда, процесс адаптации. Список использованной литературы1. Бойко О. Аналіз нормативно-правового забезпечення якості вищої освіти у вищихнавчальних закладах. Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія : міжвідомчий науково-технічний збірник. Львів: Видавництво Національного університету "Львівськаполітехніка". 2012. Випуск 73. С. 133–135.2. Жарова О. П. Правові засади функціонування вищого навчального закладу в Україні.Науковий вісник Міжнародного гуманітарного університету. Серія : Юриспруденція.2016. Вип. 19.С.49-52. [Електронний ресурс] URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nvmgu_jur_2016_19_153. ЖароваО. П. Права вищого навчального закладу за законодавством України.Південноукраїнський правничий часопис. 2016. № 2. С. 178-181. [Електронний ресурс] URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Pupch_2016_2_504. Антонюк Т. Законодавче забезпечення міжнародної діяльності у сфері вищої освітиУкраїни. Українознавчий альманах. 2014. Вип. 16. С. 211-215. [Електронний ресурс]URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ukralm_2014_16_445. Волівач А.П., Хімічева Г.І. Нормативно-правове забезпечення якості освітиВНЗ.///Міжнародна науково-практична конференція «Мехатронні системи: інновації таінжиніринг» (Київ, Україна 15 червня 2017 р.). — К.: КНУТД, 2017. — С. 234—235.6. Конституція України. Закон28.06.1996 № 254к/96-ВР URL: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%807. Про освіту. Закон від 05.09.2017 № 2145-VIII [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2145-198. Про вищу освіту. Закон 01.07.2014 № 1556-VII [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1556-189. Про наукову і науково-технічну діяльність. Закон 26.11.2015 № 848-VIII [Електроннийресурс] URL:http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/848-1910. Про пріоритетні напрями розвитку науки і техніки. Закон 11.07.2001 № 2623-III[Електронний ресурс] URL: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2623-1411. Про інноваційну діяльність. Закон 04.07.2002 № 40-IV [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/40-1512. Про пріоритетні напрями інноваційної діяльності в Україні. Закон 08.09.2011 № 3715-VI[Електронний ресурс] URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3715-1713. Про державне регулювання діяльності у сфері трансферу технологій. Закон 14.09.2006№ 143-V URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/143-1614. Про Державну національну програму "Освіта" ("Україна XXI століття"). ПостановаКабінету Міністрів України 03.11.1993 № 896 [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/896-93-%D0%BF15. Про Національну стратегію розвитку освіти в Україні на період до 2021 року. УказПрезидента України25.06.2013 №344/2013 [Електронний ресурс] URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/344/201316. Концепція розвитку освіти України на період 2015–2025 років [Електронний ресурс]URL:http://old.mon.gov.ua/ua/prviddil/1312/1390288033/1414672797/17. Спільна декларація міністрів освіти Європи "Європейський простір у сфері вищої освіти".Декларація19.06.1999 [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_52518. Стандарти і рекомендації щодо забезпечення якості в Європейському просторі вищоїосвіти (ESG) – К.: ТОВ ―ЦС‖, 2015. – 32 c.19. Международный стандарт ISO 9001:2015. Системы менеджмента качества. Требования. ; У статті розглянуто питання місця організаційно-правового забезпечення в процесі адаптації діяльності закладів вищої освіти до умов сучасного інституційного середовища. Організаційно-правове забезпечення дає можливість пристосування закладу вищої освіти до ринкових умов функціонування з урахуванням як державного регулювання даної сфери підприємництва, так особливостей внутрішнього менеджменту функціонування кожного окремого ВНЗ. Ключові слова: вищій заклад освіти, організаційно-правове забезпечення, інституційне середовище, процес адаптації. Список використаної літератури1. Бойко О. Аналіз нормативно-правового забезпечення якості вищої освіти у вищихнавчальних закладах. Вимірювальна техніка та метрологія : міжвідомчий науково-технічний збірник. Львів: Видавництво Національного університету "Львівськаполітехніка". 2012. Випуск 73. С. 133–135.2. Жарова О. П. Правові засади функціонування вищого навчального закладу в Україні.Науковий вісник Міжнародного гуманітарного університету. Серія : Юриспруденція.2016. Вип. 19.С.49-52. [Електронний ресурс] URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nvmgu_jur_2016_19_153. ЖароваО. П. Права вищого навчального закладу за законодавством України.Південноукраїнський правничий часопис. 2016. № 2. С. 178-181. [Електронний ресурс] URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Pupch_2016_2_504. Антонюк Т. Законодавче забезпечення міжнародної діяльності у сфері вищої освітиУкраїни. Українознавчий альманах. 2014. Вип. 16. С. 211-215. [Електронний ресурс]URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ukralm_2014_16_445. Волівач А.П., Хімічева Г.І. Нормативно-правове забезпечення якості освітиВНЗ.///Міжнародна науково-практична конференція «Мехатронні системи: інновації таінжиніринг» (Київ, Україна 15 червня 2017 р.). — К.: КНУТД, 2017. — С. 234—235.6. Конституція України. Закон28.06.1996 № 254к/96-ВР URL: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%807. Про освіту. Закон від 05.09.2017 № 2145-VIII [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2145-198. Про вищу освіту. Закон 01.07.2014 № 1556-VII [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1556-189. Про наукову і науково-технічну діяльність. Закон 26.11.2015 № 848-VIII [Електроннийресурс] URL:http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/848-1910. Про пріоритетні напрями розвитку науки і техніки. Закон 11.07.2001 № 2623-III[Електронний ресурс] URL: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2623-1411. Про інноваційну діяльність. Закон 04.07.2002 № 40-IV [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/40-1512. Про пріоритетні напрями інноваційної діяльності в Україні. Закон 08.09.2011 № 3715-VI[Електронний ресурс] URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3715-1713. Про державне регулювання діяльності у сфері трансферу технологій. Закон 14.09.2006№ 143-V URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/143-1614. Про Державну національну програму "Освіта" ("Україна XXI століття"). ПостановаКабінету Міністрів України 03.11.1993 № 896 [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/896-93-%D0%BF15. Про Національну стратегію розвитку освіти в Україні на період до 2021 року. УказПрезидента України25.06.2013 №344/2013 [Електронний ресурс] URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/344/201316. Концепція розвитку освіти України на період 2015–2025 років [Електронний ресурс]URL:http://old.mon.gov.ua/ua/prviddil/1312/1390288033/1414672797/17. Спільна декларація міністрів освіти Європи "Європейський простір у сфері вищої освіти".Декларація19.06.1999 [Електронний ресурс] URL:http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_52518. Стандарти і рекомендації щодо забезпечення якості в Європейському просторі вищоїосвіти (ESG) – К.: ТОВ ―ЦС‖, 2015. – 32 c.19. Международный стандарт ISO 9001:2015. Системы менеджмента качества. Требования.

Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) continue to elevate in the western pacific regions, including Vanuatu. Much efforts have been made in reducing the disease burden, however the challenges remains due to certain sociocultural behaviours, globalization, and urbanization which promotes unhealthy lifestyles such as eating lifestyles (unhealthy diet), physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and tobacco use. All these contributing factors tends to give rise to common risks for the intermediate factors such as raised in blood pressure, raised in the level of glucose in the blood, the unhealthy lipid profiles, and obesity.Comparing this disease in low-income countries and high-income countries it seem that the rate of NDC are higher in low-income countries, more specifically the countries in the western pacific regions. Even that there are few South East Asian countries such Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Cambodia which were also regarded as having high mortality rates of NCD (1). According to the profile in 2008 it was estimated that it's the western pacific region that has more of the effect, showing more than a quarter of the 36 million deaths were due to NCD alone.Furthermore it continue to states that the trend will continue to increase by 15% between 2010 and 2020, meaning an estimation (from baseline) from an elevation of up to 44 million deaths will be cause by NCD alone (1). And if we divide the figures up it will then show that the highest proportion will be from the Western Pacific regions, of 12.3 million of deaths, while South-East Asian regions on the other hand is estimated to reach 10.4 million. This is also supported by a report on economic-cost of NCD in the Pacific Island countries which states that NCD is already a challenge in the Pacific, leading to account for 70% or more of the deaths. And the most common cause is of cardiovascular disease, which accounts for between 29% and 38% of death from all other causes (2). In Vanuatu NCD is in the top 10 disease agenda due to fast escalating trend, and similarly are Cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. According to the reported it was estimated that 18% of deaths were due to circulatory heart diseases (7).Another study been conducted in 2008 showed a record of 0.5% and 0.3% deaths were respectively caused by NCD in male and female. The current daily tobacco smoking as a form of behavioural risk factor constitute of 12.3%, where 21.3% in male and 3.1% in female. Additionally from the study record it showed that males are more risks than female in having high blood pressure above normal. This is supported by showing 44.5% of males in the study have raised blood pressure, while female on contrary have 39.1% raised blood pressure. Other contributing factor in the metabolic risks factors are overweight and obesity. From the study it showed that 21% of both male and female are overweight, while 34.2% is of obesity (3).From the findings we have to know that there are unprecedented changes in our environment – cultural, economic, physical, political and social – pose new risks and threats to health. And from most reports and future focus it is predicted that NCD will continue to elevate globally, whether it is urbanization and the built environment, severe air pollution, climate change, unregulated marketing of tobacco and other harmful food products, or easy access to nutrient-poor and calorie dense food (4). In some countries, for instance Vanuatu still accepts more imported and processed food and is predicted to upscale further should the climate conditions such as the current El Nino continue to place threats on garden crops. There is additionally a weak monitoring on food regulations on imported food products and where most labelling are in languages. Lack of proper laboratory analysis of the content against the labelling is another contributing factor. Thus it is imperative that leaders in both Government and related Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) find innovative solutions to complex health challenges in ever-changing common practices and environments. Only then will the population be safe and healthy from the disease. On the other hand we have to understand that at each developmental stage of life, human beings exhibit different vulnerabilities and are exposed to different risks, placing them more vulnerable to contracting those diseases.According to WHO report in 2008 on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Annex 1-B) (5), in year 2000 the WHO's Member States adopted a global strategy for prevention and control of NCDs during the fifty-third World Health Assembly. The Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health was endorsed in 2002. In 2003, the WHO launched the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and this treaty came into force in 2005. Even that in 2008 the Member States endorsed the Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of non-communicable Diseases at the Sixty-first World Health Assembly. And the Regional Committee for the Western Pacific called for action to combat non-communicable diseases and their related risk factors in specific resolutions. There are also various regional action plans related to NCD prevention and control (e.g. Regional Plan for Integrated Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes for the Western Pacific Region 1998–2003, Tobacco Free Initiative Regional Action Plans 2000–2004 and 2005–2009, Plan of Action 2006–2010 for the Western Pacific.Declaration on Diabetes, and the Regional Strategy to Reduce Alcohol-related Harm) were developed over the past decade, sharing a focus on policy and planning, surveillance, health promotion and clinical prevention. Furthermore WHO developed a Pacific Framework for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases in 2007 to serve as a guide in addressing NCDs among Pacific island countries and areas, and this framework was adopted by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). Augmenting these action plans and frameworks is a Region-wide interest and commitment to fostering health systems change, particularly in relation to the prevention and control of NCDs. In November 2007, the WHO-supported meeting on "Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Chronic Disease Prevention and Control" culminated in a set of recommendations for reducing the health burden from non-communicable diseases through health systems improvements. The Western Pacific Regional Action Plan for NCDs is a collaborative effort by the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Member States to establish a shared vision and strategic actions to reduce the NCD burden (5).However despite of all these developed global and regional framework, strategies, planning, and action plans it is still recognized that countries still have less capacities and some are still at different stages of progress in the fight against non-communicable diseases. Therein it is suggested that more plenary discussions, consultations, and a support networking collaborations be established between the Government and private sectors, including the partners and associated stakeholders, and the affected communities. Moreover the Regional Action Plan also aims to operationalize the objectives of the Global Action Plan within the Western Pacific context, thereby adding value through concrete and relevant guidance. In other words the member states need to reconsider and rectify these further to be able to absorb perfectly into the country settings and the environmental contexts. Vanuatu on the other hand has also the capacity to address and respond to NCDs as it has its funding available for Cardiovascular diseases, NCD treatment for control, prevention and health promotion messages, and NCD surveillance and M&E. Additionally the health reporting system also includes information on screening of patients at health peripheries, NCD cause specific –morbidity, and the risks factors. Further to that the country has an integrated or topic-specific policy, programme, and action plan which is currently operational for these mentioned NCD diseases, including Alcohol, unhealthy diet, overweight, and obesity. Physical inactivity and Tobacco were other areas that the policy and action plan covers (1).Furthermore the member states need to strictly consider and implement WHO global NCD action plan which is a road map from 2013 to 2025 (6). In the road map are six global objectives that clearly states to make prevention and control of NCDs a priority, strengthening national capacities and leaderships, reduce modifiable risks factors, promote high-quality research, and finally is to monitor the impact and the trend of the disease. Additionally are nine major and more specific targets along the road map towards 2025. These are to be able to establish 80% availability of affordable technology and medicine to treat NCDs, ensuring that at least 50% of the patients receive preventive therapy for heart attacks and stroke, be able to pause the rise in diabetes and obesity, at least a 30% drop in sodium chloride (salt) intake, a 10% reduction in the harmful in the use of alcohol, to at least also receive 25% drop in premature death of people age 30-70 from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases, be able to reduce 10% in the prevalence of insufficient physical activity, reduce by 30% in tobacco use, and finally is to drop by 20% in the prevalence of high blood pressure (6). All these can be adopted and implemented strategically and effectively only when adequate resources such as adequate human resource, access to appropriate technology at all levels of implementations, adequate financial support, good working collaborations with partners and NGOs, including the communities, other associate stakeholders such as community leaders, and a very motivated and action-oriented personals are in place. Moreover is the health systems, political commitment, good network with shop entrepreneurs, and private sector that can contribute in the prevention and promotion of these mentioned health lifestyles.It is therefore strongly believed that unless all these are identified and notified then will there be some changes expected, and thus meet most of the target indicators as stated in the 2013-2025 target objectives.

The present dissertation deals with selected aspects of corporate governance and personnel management and provides an in-depth analysis of capital markets' perception of these issues and the effects on shareholder wealth. Subjects of the investigation are the role and effects of gender diversity on corporate boards and female leadership, CEO overconfidence and corporate layoff decisions. Chapter 2 offers a comprehensive overview of existing research on the effects of an increased female representation on corporate boards as well as stronger participation of women in leadership on firm performance and thus shareholder wealth. The chapter reviews empirical evidence from 44 studies published between 1996 and 2014. The guiding question of the review is if previous research does provide empirical evidence for economic benefits of increased female representation in top management positions. No uniform picture emerges from almost 20 years of research on the relationship between gender diversity on corporate boards and on TMTs and firm performance. There is no clear trend towards a general economic advantageousness of increased female leadership and performance, the findings are ambiguous. While 15 studies find empirical evidence for a positive relationship, five studies report a negative relationship. Several studies report mixed evidence regarding the relationship (13 studies) and a substantial number of studies cannot establish any link between gender diversity and financial performance (14 studies). A wide variety of different regression models is applied, furthermore events study methodology or interaction analysis. Findings suggest that the relationship between female representation in top management positions and financial firm performance appears to be more complex than originally assumed. The answer to my research question is thus: it depends. Certain boundary conditions and moderating factors appear to influence the relationship. First, performance effects vary between different business sectors. Female representation in top management is associated with better performance if the firm is operating in a complex business environment. Positive effects are observed in particular in the areas of technology and telecommunications. Second, the firm's strategic orientation is a decisive factor. Firms with a strategic focus on innovation benefit from increased gender diversity in TMTs with regard to performance and firms with a strong growth orientation benefit with respect to productivity. Third, women's education is a factor of relevance. Performance effects are positive and stronger for female CEOs with a university degree. Fourth, performance effects depend on the quality of a firm's corporate governance. Gender diversity on the board has a positive impact on the performance of firms that otherwise have weak governance and shareholder rights as intensified monitoring could enhance firm value. Fifth, it needs a critical mass of women in order to realize the potential benefits from increased gender diversity. There is evidence for a curvilinear instead of a simple, linear relationship between gender diversity and firm performance. Although there appears to be no generally applicable rule for the "right" level of gender diversity in upper echelons, critical mass theory gives an indication. The reported evidence on a U-shaped link means that it needs a critical mass of about 30 percent women on the board in order to realize potential benefits stemming from a gender-diverse board. This finding lends support to the statutory gender quotas for supervisory boards at levels between 30 and 40 percent. Against the background of the statutory gender quotas for supervisory boards, chapter 3 analyzes the acceptance level of the quota in firms in German-speaking Europe. It further examines compliance with corporate governance codes' recommendations and industry's objectives for the promotion of female leadership. Areas under investigation also include capital markets' perception of corporate gender diversity initiatives, the major drivers for the development of programs and the perspective on the subject of diversity. For this purpose, an anonymous survey among investor relations professionals in Germany, Switzerland and Austria is conducted, which yields almost 100 analyzable data sets. Findings suggest that staff diversity remains a niche topic for capital markets. Primarily specialized investors and rating agencies with a focus on sustainability, CSR or ESG make inquiries relating to workforce diversity. Accordingly, corporate initiatives for increased gender diversity in executive positions are believed to have no impact on external company valuation by capital market participants. The vast majority of companies does not consider diversity issues under economic aspects but predominantly under aspects of fairness and equality. Most influential external stakeholders driving diversity initiatives are government authorities and regulators, women's and interest associations and the media. The general acceptance of the quota from investor relations is rather low. Half of the companies have not implemented specific promotion programs for women in leadership and almost two thirds of all surveyed companies have not set any planning targets. Chapter 4 shows the potential adverse effects of failures in corporate governance by the example of CEO overconfidence. Within the scope of a case study, it traces the development of (male) overconfidence on the part of CEO Hans-Martin Rueter with fatal consequences for the firm CONERGY AG, eventually leading to its insolvency. The comprehensive content analysis of press reports, official company documents and analyst reports yields several indicators of optimism and overconfidence. The content analysis of press reports clearly shows that Rueter is portrayed as optimistic and confident. Furthermore, he is described as charismatic, eloquent and persuasive while credible and trustworthy at the same time. Media praise both indicates and will foster overconfidence. Moreover, heightened acquisitiveness in conjunction with large amounts of paid goodwill can be observed. The paid premiums are at least partly attributable to valuation errors and hubris on the part of the bidder. Rueter was presumably overly optimistic about potential synergies and overestimated increases in value. In addition, there are several promoting factors for optimism and overconfidence. The state-funded boom of the German and European solar sector in the first decade of the new millennium led to very successful years for CONERGY. It is most likely that Rueter himself claimed full credit for the organizational successes and it was also credited to him externally, for instance by research analysts. This attribution encourages CEO overconfidence and inter-organizational prestige. A very important source of overconfidence, however, is weak board vigilance. The supervisory board has the decisive duty to monitor and control management's actions. It should be aware of the potentially serious risks of extreme managerial overconfidence and it must exercise control. The supervisory board, with Rueter's uncle being Chairman and his brother being a board member, did not effectively constrain the CEO's excessive expansion. Four major effects of this expansion in combination caused CONERGY's existential crisis in 2007 and 2008. First, personnel and infrastructure costs rose rapidly due to the newly founded subsidiaries as well as poorly targeted acquisitions. Second, the growing complexity on the organizational level as well as on the technology and product level became hardly manageable. Third, increasing cash requirements and poor working capital management caused precarious shortfalls in liquidity, nearly resulting in insolvency. Finally, CONERGY failed repeatedly in procurement. CONERGY did not recover from the crisis and filed for insolvency in 2013. Chapter 5 provides an analysis of the wealth effects of layoff decisions by banks. Large-scale layoffs are personnel measures that are executed proactively or reactively for various reasons. The effect on stock prices and thus on the shareholders' equity is examined by applying event study methodology to a sample of 210 layoff announcements issued by banks in Western Europe and the United States between 2004 and 2014. Results refute the thesis of a stakeholder conflict in which several stakeholders are affected, but only shareholders benefit from the staff cuts at the expense of employees. Capital markets on the whole respond to layoff announcements with significant negative abnormal returns in event windows up to eleven days around the announcement date, supporting the declining investment opportunities hypothesis. From the capital markets' perspective, the announcements of planned redundancies convey negative information about a bank's current status and also its future prospects including poor investment or growth opportunities or uncertain future cash flows. Banks belong to the financial services industry, their employees are their key source of earnings and their main links to the customers. Capital markets appear to realize and assess the risk associated with the loss of human capital. The detriments associated with the mass layoffs hence weigh more heavily compared with the potential benefits from cost savings. Solely dismissals of employees from the investment banking division are considered as positive by capital markets, most likely owed to the associated reduction of risks and the substantial cost savings due to the high salaries in this division. Furthermore, the negative share price reaction is less pronounced if the planned layoffs are perceived as a proactive measure aiming at reducing costs or increasing efficiency but more pronounced if they are perceived as reactive to adverse market conditions or poor past financial performance. In summary, the results suggest that layoff announcements by banks generally have a decreasing effect on shareholder value. Hence, the owners of the firm in the short term do not benefit from collective dismissals at the expense of employees. In summary, corporate governance and strategic personnel management can impact firm value substantially. This is supported by the evidence provided across the four sections of this dissertation. The effects can be positive or negative. This dissertation shows under which boundary conditions increased gender diversity on corporate boards and in top management teams can but does not necessarily have positive effects on firm value. It also outlines associated potentials for improvement of quality and effectiveness of corporate governance. In contrast, the present work discusses the risks of weak board vigilance, thereby emphasizing the relevance of corporate governance. Failures in monitoring and control through the supervisory board can severely affect firm value. Finally, this dissertation focuses on the personnel measure of layoffs and provides evidence for negative effects on firm value and thus shareholder wealth.

Regionaler Wirtschaftlicher Integration (RWI) liegt ein doppelter Zielkonflikt ("trade-off") zugrunde. Zum einen besteht dieser trade-off auf räumlicher Ebene da es sich um eine politische und ökonomische Organisationseinheit zwischen dem Lokalen und Globalen handelt. Zum anderen besteht ein trade-off da sowohl Liberalisierungsansätze innerhalb der Region als auch das Aufrechterhalten (oder gar Erweitern) von Protektionismus gegen die Außenwelt Teil von regionalen Ansätzen sind. Darüber hinaus ist RWI ein facettenreiches, polymorphes und idiosynkratisches Phänomen, das (potentiell) eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Politkfelder und Politikschlagrichtungen enthält. Traditionell wird RWI nach der Klassifizierung von Balassa (1961) in Präferenzabkommen (PTAs), Freihandelsabkommen (FTAs), Zollunionen (CUs) Gemeinsame Märkte (CMs), Währungsunionen (MUs) und ggf. Politische Unionen (PUs) eingeteilt und meist auch eine zeitliche Abfolge in dieser Reihenfolge unterstellt. In Wahrheit finden solche Prozesse teilweise parallel und in vielen Fällen unvollständig statt. Daher erscheint es sinnvoller, in vier verschiedene Kategorien an Politikfeld0ptionen zu unterschieden, nämlich • Präferentielle Liberalisierung von Güterhandel; • Präferentielle Liberalisierung anderer Produktionsfaktoren; • Koordinierung & Harmonisierung von Regularien und Institutionen; • Koordinierung und gemeinsame Verausgabung von öffentlichen Mitteln. Ein solch vielgestaltiges und janusköpfiges Phänomen bezieht seine Rechtfertigung aus einer großen Anzahl an unterschiedlichen theoretischen Schulen. Wir diskutieren diese Schulen in dieser Arbeit in drei separaten Kapiteln zum Neo-Klassischen Ansatz, zu Ansätzen der Politischen Ökonomie sowie zu Heterodoxen Ansätzen. Dabei lassen sich fünf Gruppen von Effekten unterscheiden. Diese sind • Allokationseffekte; • Akkumulationseffekte; • Lokationseffekte; • Levellingeffekte; • Und Gouvernanz-Effekte. Bei der Analyse von RWI sind darüber hinaus Imperfektionen zu beachten, die insbesondere in Afrika eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Dies bezieht sich insbesondere auf die teilweise sehr schwache Implementation von beschlossenen RWI Maβnahmen, die sich z.B. im "Spaghetti Bowl" Phänomen, politischen Widerständen auf nationaler Ebene, administrativen Schwächen und massiven Deckungslücken in den Budgets der regionalen Behörden niederschlagen. Auch die Dominanz der Informalität in der Wirtschaft wirft Fragen zur potentiellen Wirkungsmächtigkeit von RWI auf. Während solche "Papiertiger"-Phänomene grundsätzliche Fragen an der Ernsthaftigkeit der jeweiligen Regionalvorhaben aufwerfen, kann die Präsenz solcher Hürden auch Grund für Optimismus sein da die empirisch bislang beobachteten, relativ geringen Wohlfahrtseffekte zu einem substantiellen Anteil auf die geringe Implementierungstiefe zurückgeführt werden können und nicht zwangsläufig ein Beleg für die Ineffektivität von RWI per se gesehen werden muss. Mit anderen Worten, eine wirkliche empirische Überprüfung des Erfolgs oder Versagens von RWI in Entwicklungsländern könnte erst stattfinden, wenn es tatsächlich ordnungsgemäß umgesetzt würde. Der bekannteste und am umfangreichsten entwickelte Ansatz zur Analyse der Effekte von RWI ist fraglos der Neo-klassische Ansatz, der sich grundlegend und ausschlieβlich mit der auf Viner zurückgehenden Gegenüberstellung von Handelsschaffung und Handelsumlenkung. Wir zeigen, dass die neoklassischen empirischen Methoden und Resultate trotz Tausender Studien wenig robust sind und zu einem Gutteil arbiträr gewählt sind. Kleinste Änderungen in Modell-Parametern, der empirischen Strategie oder den Datenquellen führen zu stark abweichenden Resultaten. Grundsätzlich scheint Handelsumlenkung weniger stark ausgeprägt zu sein als Handelsschaffung, der Netto-Effekt für die Regionen scheint also aus dieser Perspektive in den allermeisten Fällen positiv zu sein (dies zeigen sowohl Sekundärstudien als auch eigene Berechnungen). Es gibt sowohl Gewinner als auch Verlierer innerhalb der Regionen. Allerdings scheinen diese nicht wie vom Neoklassischen Ansatz vorhergesagt, durch die anfängliche ökonomische Machtverteilung vorherbestimmt zu sein. Dennoch bleibt die axiomatische Inferiorität von RWI zwischen Entwicklungsländern gegenüber multilateraler Liberalisierung (sowie Nord-Süd Integration und unilateraler Liberalisierung) intakt, solange die Analyse auf diese Perspektive beschränkt bleibt. Dies wirft die Frage auf, warum es dann sein kann, dass Regionalintegration so weit verbreitet ist – sowohl die Analysen aus Politökonomischer Sicht als auch jene aus Heterodoxer Sicht versuchen jeweils Antwort auf dieses scheinbare Rätsel zu geben. Darüber hinaus mündet eine unvoreingenommen und holistische Analyse von Regionalintegration innerhalb des Neoklassischen Ansatzes in einer fundamentale Erkenntnis, die überraschenderweise nur selten in der Literatur diskutiert wird. Ein näherer Blick auf die jeweiligen Schätzungen offenbart, dass selbst die optimistischsten Berechnungen in Größenordnungen enden, die absolut vernachlässigbar sind im Verhältnis zu generellen Wachstumsdynamiken, da es sich bei den Effizienzgewinnen aus Allokationseffekten um Einmal-Effekte in Höhe von unter einem Prozent des BIP handelt. Dies trifft interessanterweise nicht nur auf RWI zu, sondern auch für eine mögliche allumfassende multilaterale Liberalisierung. Diese eklatante Bedeutungslosigkeit der allokationsbedingten Handelsschaffung von sowohl RWI als auch multilateraler Liberalisierung wirft in unseren Augen mehr Fragen bezüglich der Zweckdienlichkeit des Neoklassischen Ansatzes auf, als bezüglich des Entwicklungs- und Wachstumspotentials von Regionalintegration. Allerdings stellt sich die Frage, warum dieser Analyse dann ein solch großer Raum beigemessen wird. Der Hauptgrund scheint, wie in vielen anderen Bereichen der Volkswirtschaft auch, weniger der Umstand zu sein, dass die Einsicht fehlt, dass diese Analysen die Realität nur unzureichend ab- und nachbilden, sondern vielmehr, dass von vielen Autoren mehr Wert auf eine elegante, mathematisch raffinierte und zumindest scheinbar klar quantifizierte und eindeutige Ergebnisse liefernde Methode setzen wollen als auf eine, bei der die Disziplin methodisch bestenfalls in den Anfangsschuhen steckt, Datengrundlagen in substantiellem Umfang fehlen und Ungewissheiten aufgrund der Komplexität kaum abschließend überwunden werden können. An zweiter Stelle folgt in Bezug auf Popularität und Anzahl an Studien ein spieltheoretischer Ansatz der Politischen Ökonomie. Hierbei wird der Frage nachgegangen, warum Regionalintegration betrieben wird, obwohl der Neoklassische Ansatz (scheinbar) nachweist, das seine multilaterale Lösung zu präferieren wäre. Als Grund wird hierbei der Einfluss von Lobbyisten und anderen Interessengruppen angenommen. Die Diskussion widmet sich im weiteren Verlauf fast ausschließlich der Frage, ob eine solcherart zustande gekommene Regionalintegration weitere, multilaterale Liberalisierungsschritte beflügelt und behindert. Allerdings ist der Erkenntnisgewinn aus den unzähligen Studien und Modellen äußerst überschaubar. Andere wichtige Ansätze für die Analyse von RWI erhalten deutlich weniger Aufmerksamkeit in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion, obwohl diese heterodoxen Ansätze, die den Fokus auf dynamische Effekte und Strukturwandel legen, in der öffentlichen Debatte eine nicht unbedeutende Rolle spielen. Diesen Ansätzen ist gemein, dass sie einen Fokus auf Marktversagen und Externalitäten legen. Das Triumvirat der Neuen Handelstheorie, der Neuen der Diskussionen, wobei zusätzlich einige Keynesianische Einflüsse, der Neue Institutionalismus (sowie praxisorientierte Aspekte der Öffentlichen Finanzen) und einige radikalere Ansätze mit Ökonomischen Geografie und der Neuen Endogenen Wachstumstheorie bildet hierbei den Kern Fokus auf Arbeitsmärkte und Entwicklungsfallen eine Rolle spielen. Heterodoxe, dynamische Effekte sind sehr komplex und divers und die theoretische und empirische Anwendung auf Regionalismus ist nur sehr schwach entwickelt. Einige heterodoxe Argument ändern die Resultate der Neoklassischen Theorie nur in beschränktem Umfang und zeigen sowohl Vorteile und Nachteile von regionalen und multilateralen Liberalisierungsschritten. Einige andere heterodoxe / dynamische Effekte treten entweder ausschließlich bei RWI auf oder zu einem deutlichen geringeren Maβe auch im Gefolge von Multilateralismus und Nord-Süd Integration. Einige davon haben unserer Einschätzung nach tatsächlich das Potential, die Neoklassischen Argumente zur Dominanz von multilateralen Lösungen komplett ins Gegenteil zu verkehren. Leider ist die empirische Analyse von dynamischen Effekten jedoch sehr schlecht entwickelt. Dennoch erscheinen Schätzungen aufgrund von dynamischen Modellen "sufficiently specified to suggest that the benefits behind the dynamics of integration are potentially large" (Develin & French-Davis, 1998:20). Die Komplexität der heterodoxen Effekte impliziert, dass komplizierte Entscheidungen zur Auswahl von spezifischen Maβnahmen getroffen werden müssen. Auch wenn Regionalismus dynamische Effekte auslösen kann, ist dies keineswegs ein Automatismus, der aus jeglichen regionalen Anstrengungen entspringt. Rodrik's Kommentar zu Industriepolitik paraphrasierend, sollte daher in Zukunft weniger der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob Regionalismus unter Entwicklungsländern eine gute Politikwahl ist, sondern eher, wie Regionalismus ausgebildet werden muss, um erfolgreich Entwicklungsimpulse geben zu können.:1. Introduction 1.1 Regional economic integration: a multi-faceted phenomenon and double trade-off 1.2 Economic theories with application to economic regionalism 1.2.1 Stock-taking of theoretical frameworks 1.2.2 Attempt at a categorisation of potential effects 1.2.3 Structure and approach 1.2.4 Justification and limitations 2. Historical sketch and typical phenomena of African regionalism 2.1 Historical sketch: regionalism in Africa and beyond 2.2 Paper tigers, spaghetti bowl and informality 2.2.1 Illusionary regionalism: the political economy of signing, but not implementing regionalism 2.2.1.1 Concealed political resistance 2.2.1.2 Institutional weaknesses 2.2.1.3 The spaghetti bowl 2.2.1.4 Is regionalism virtual or real? 2.2.2 Regionalism and the informal sector 3. Neo-classic perspectives: is regionalism doomed to failure? 3.1 Neo-classical economics: trade diversion and absolute losses 3.1.1 The destructive effects of trade diversion 3.1.2 Some criticisms on the trade creation / trade diversion calculus 3.2 Winners and losers 3.3 Economic regionalism as a futile undertaking: no way out of the poverty trap? 3.3.1 Size 3.3.2 Homogeneity 3.3.3 Preference erosion 3.4 Empirics I: do RECs promote trade? 3.4.1 Regional trade volumes, shares, intensities and their development 3.4.2 The gravity model 3.4.2.1 Results of the gravity model 3.4.2.2 Factors for the variety and unreliability of the gravity model 3.4.3 Alternative methodological approaches 3.4.3.1 Panel approach 3.4.3.2 Matching estimator 3.4.3.3 REC depth differentiation 3.4.3.4 Bayesian Model Averaging 3.4.3.5 CGE: pseudo empirics or 'could' African RECs promote trade? 3.5 Empirics II: do RECs hurt their members? 3.5.1 Gravity and trade diversion 3.5.2 CGE and welfare effects 3.5.3 Finger-Kreinin index of similarity 3.5.4 ROI and RCA 3.6 Empirics III: winners and losers 3.7 Empirics IV: are African RECs ill-suited for regionalism? 3.7.1 Size 3.7.2 Homogeneity 3.7.2.1 Homogenous Africa? 3.7.2.2 A short digression: Linder or H-O? 3.7.3 Preference erosion 3.8 Empirics V: A closer look at NC aspects for the EAC 3.8.1 Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) 3.8.2 Descriptive statistics on absolute and relative trade growth 3.8.3 Finger-Kreinin index 3.8.4 Revealed comparative advantage approach 3.8.5 Disaggregated effects 3.8.6 Effects of disaggregated changes in preferential margins on relative trade growth 3.8.7 EAC: regional gains or losses? 3.8.8 EAC: winners and losers 3.9 Synopsis: The limits of regionalism or the limitations of NC approaches? 3.9.1 Empirical results 3.9.2 Insufficiency and arbitrariness of empirical instruments 3.9.3 Gains from regionalism in perspective (I): contribution to GDP 3.9.4 Gains from regionalism in perspective (II): extra-regional alternatives 3.9.4.1 North-South integration as alternative? 3.9.4.2 Unilateralism and multilateralism as better alternatives? 3.9.5 The need for looking beyond the Neoclassical Framework 4. Political economy: non-welfare oriented reasons for regionalism and implementation issues 4.1 Framing the 'stepping stone vs. stumbling block' debate: Larry Summers vs. Jagdish Bhagwati 4.1.1 Endogenous bloc formation 4.1.2 Endogenous protection 4.1.3 Institutional and negotiation aspects 4.1.4 Forgone gains vs. political feasibility – a case for 'open regionalism' 4.2 Empirics and synopsis: Regionalism and multilateralism – friends or foes? 5. Heterodox perspectives: what role for regionalism in development and structural change? 5.1 Regionalism as anti-globalism vs. regionalism as tool for structural change 5.2 Relaxed assumptions 5.2.1 Economies of scale 5.2.2 Imperfect competition and product differentiation 5.2.3 Trade costs, factor (im)mobility, diminishing returns and congestion 5.2.4 Technology, skills and (tacit) knowledge 5.2.5 Sector / goods heterogeneity and firm heterogeneity 5.2.6 Dynamism and endogeneity of factors 5.2.7 Non-clearing labour markets 5.2.8 Transaction costs 5.2.9 The importance of the short-run 5.3 Heterodox models and regionalism: catching-up and structural change? 5.3.1 Non-NC allocation effects 5.3.1.1 Love for variety 5.3.1.2 Competition-induced producer rent reductions and rent transfers 5.3.2 Levelling effects and adjustment costs in the short run 5.3.2.1 Is there a case for regionalism as a levelling force? 5.3.2.2 Is regionalism alleviating adjustment costs? 5.3.3 Location and accumulation effects 5.3.3.1 Competition and challenge-response increases in efficiency 5.3.3.2 Trade and investment: is there a case for tariff-jumping FDI? 5.3.3.3 Liberalisation and learning by doing: is there a case for infant industry protection? 5.3.3.4 Protection and competition: is there a case for regional industrial policy? 5.3.3.5 Winners and losers: is there a case for regional compensation? 5.3.3.6 Missing liberalization from the West in a dishonest debate: a case for tit-for-tat? 5.3.3.7 Limits of liberalization and creating a flat world 5.3.3.8 Trade costs vs. agglomeration: a case for regionalisation in the long run? 5.3.4 Governance effects: regionalism and governance/public spending 5.3.4.1 Regionalism as window of opportunity: does regionalism improve governance? 5.3.4.2 Signalling 5.3.4.3 Bargaining position 5.3.4.4 Regionalism and harmonisation: transaction costs and levelling the playing field 5.3.4.5 Regional public spending: regional public goods and economies of scale 5.4 Some attempts at empirical strategies for heterodox approaches 5.4.1 Literature review: heterodox empirical results and their discontents 5.4.1.1 Allocation effects: love for variety and producer rents 5.4.1.2 Levelling effects and adjustment costs 5.4.1.3 Accumulation and location effects 5.4.1.4 Governance effects 5.4.2 Heterodox effect approximations for the EAC 5.4.2.1 Regional export growth and export share growth 5.4.2.2 Directions of trade in the EAC 5.4.2.3 Sectoral disaggregation (I): CIP rankings 5.4.2.4 Sectoral disaggregation (II): Manufacturing exports and technology content 5.4.2.5 Sectoral disaggregation (III): Manufacturing exports and intra-regional trade 5.4.2.6 Sectoral disaggregation (IV): 'complexity' and diversification 5.4.2.7 Sectoral disaggregation (V): diversification and new trade 5.4.2.8 Foreign Direct Investment 5.4.2.9 Governance effects in the EAC: protocols vs. functional cooperation 5.5 Synopsis: are heterodox dynamic effects the saviours of regionalism? 6. Conclusion 6.1 Insights from and debunking of the NC framework 6.2 Insights from and debunking of the political economy framework 6.3 Insights from and current limitations of the heterodox framework Annex Bibliography

1 Single abstract for the CUC (Creative University Conference), August 2016 UNIVERSITIES AS ORGANIZATIONS FOR MARKETIZATION AND SELF-BRANDING. Bente Elkjaer and Niels Christian Mossfeldt Nickelsen Contact author: elkjaer@edu.au.dk"Right. As long as you have access to a telephone, a Xerox machine, and a conference grant fund, you're OK, you're plugged into the university that really matters – the global campus" (Lodge, 1985: 44)Knowledge production through innovation and learning appear crucial in contemporary knowledge based economies (Edmondson, 2012), and universities are ascribed a central role in this endeavor (Bleiklie & Byrkjeflot, 2002). One of the ways this has shown is through politically implemented new ways in which to manage universities in order to make them fulfil their contribution to societies (Carney, 2006; Deem, 2001; Halvorsen & Nyhagen, 2011; Wright & Ørberg, 2008). The Danish University system has not been exempted from this worldwide development, and in 2003 the university system in Denmark was changed from one in which managers at all levels were elected amongst peers to a system where a Board with a majority of external members (i.e. people who are not employed at the university) is the highest authority of the university. The result is that we as university scholars within the last 10-15 years have witnessed an increased emphasis on 'professional management' occupied with formulations of distinct strategic goals in combination with a more closely monitoring of quantitative measurements of research outputs (Wright, 2011) and the demands of adaptation to international and standardized ranking systems (Czarniawska, 2015) through for example lists of which publication outlets count and not count as well as a steady stream of invitations to answer surveys on our knowledge of the reputation of universities.The purpose with the paper is to discuss how this increased emphasis upon the professionalization of management and a strategic marketization of universities (Czarniawska & Genell, 2002; Kallio, Kallio, Tienari, & Hyvönen, 2016) will influence universities' abilities to2maintain their pivotal position with regard to production of new knowledge and learning. The question is whether the 'plurality of thoughts' (Kallio et al., 2016: 702) and the 'intellectual model' of the university (O'Byrne & Bond, 2014: 572) will be squeezed in professional management, measurement and ranking with innovative learning and knowing as the losers.Some dilemmas appear to be interesting in this debate both with regard to what drives scholarship, learning and knowledge production, and to the contemporary organization of scholars. With regard to the latter, we believe that it is important to recall that university scholars are not only embedded in their home-university but also participants in worldwide social worlds of scholars within their fields of inquiry and a competitive market for university scholars. This may for example be exemplified through not only citation indexes but also through the many competitions in which scholars are invited to vote for other scholars' work in order to be nominated as the 'author of the year' or similar prizes. With regard to what drives scholarship, learning and knowledge production, we understand this as both driven by exploration and experimentation (Dewey, 1913 [1979], 1922 [1988]) as well as struggles for visibility, attention and recognition (Merton, 1968, 1988) and even aspirations for celebrity (Van Krieken, 2012).The theoretical framework that informs the paper is both a pragmatist inspired understanding of organizations as "people doing things together" (Becker, 1986; Hughes, 2015), learning and knowing as driven by tensions (Brandi & Elkjaer, 2013; Elkjaer, 2005; Elkjaer & Huysman, 2008) and passions (Dey & Steyaert, 2007; Gherardi, Nicolini, & Strati, 2007). This will allow us to both look at the organizing processes amongst scholars but also how the university as an organization of knowledge production organize around this pursuit, for example with regard to support mechanisms for scholarly research. Theories on how the branding of selves unfold in academia (see for example Wirtén, 2015), and how this may be supported by the web-based platforms (Marwick, 2013; Senft, 2013) also inform the research in order to help interpret how scholars' own participation in marketization through branding of selves may be understood.The methodology is based upon a reading of books, reports, papers and articles on the changes of management at universities and the dilemma of university scholars to adapt to these changes. For example, it may be observed how the demands for Open Access to knowledge and new network sites for academics (for example ResearchGate and Academia.edu) (Thelwall & Kousha, 2014, 2015) may act as a way in which academic scholars gain not only voice and visibility amongst3peers but also easy access to a worldwide market of knowledge. The new media platforms allow for work to be cited, uploaded, spread and measured by other members of the field of inquiry in order for university scholars to not only brand themselves in a competitive market for knowledge. This latter may also be captured in a competitive or a collaborative ethos of scholarship, or maybe best as a balance between the two (Kallio et al., 2016).The results are to re-consider what sort of organizing may benefit universities when innovative and competitive learning and knowing is the aim bearing in mind that university scholars not only serve organizational but also their own interests, which are situated in both markets and their fields of inquiry and their social worlds of peers. So, basically it is a paper highlighting the relationship between the employing organization (in case universities) and the employed person (in case university scholars) with a focus upon universities as organizations for learning and knowledge production.The limitations may be that the paper is a discursive voice into a field of many voices and as such does not represent a cumulative 'truth' – but a voice.The implications are to consider looking at the organizing processes of university scholars and knowledge production, for example to map how the support system for research in universities works to enhance scholarly learning and knowing, and how scholars participate in the marketization of selves and knowledge production.The originality lies in the reconsiderations of how management and marketization also taps into scholars as part hereof, not only out of compliance (Alvesson & Spicer, 2016), but also as active participants and with own aspirations for celebrity.4ReferencesAlvesson, M., & Spicer, A. 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ABSTRACT This study discusses the demand for expert assistance in the investigation phase as mentioned in Article 120 paragraph(1) Criminal Procedure Code and the expert testimony Requests for assistance at this stage ofthe proceedings provided for in Article 180 paragraph (1) expert testimony KUHAP. About mentioned in the second chapter of the Criminal Procedure Code in above, given the sense of Article1, point to the 28th criminal Procedure Code, which states that: "information is the expert testimony given by a person who hasspecial expertise about the things needed to make light of a criminal case for the purpose of examination".The background of this research related to expert testimony necessary assistance in the process of acriminal case, then thisaid in the investigation stage also has an important role to help investigators find and collectevidence in an attemptt of in the material truth of a criminal case.Expert testimony is the testimony of a doctor whohad been appo intedo athunder Government Regulation No.26 Year 1960 on Oath Pronunciation doctor, who can help investigators in providing evidence. Intended to doctors are set for thin writingin the form of a medical examination called visum et repertum. The problem is the fact there are some doctors refuse to make Visum et repertum, because they thought no forensic doctor, while the existing law article 186 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1937 Gazette No.350 states Visum et repertum include in gevidence, a statement made by a doctor put in the form written How analytical formulation of the problem is enforcement against doctors who refuse making visum et repertum in criminal homicide in the perspective of criminal law and legislation? What are the limiting factors in the process of enforcing the law against doctors who refuse making visum et repertum the crime of murder? Method research approach examines normative juridical legal issue with a qualitative approach through normative data collection techniques (literature) and empirical (field research). This study tries to answer the issu esraised in this research by looking at legislation, legal theories, and the national and international legal instruments that exist, then looks traight implementation in the field.Research in the specification of this research is descriptive specifically, in order to describe the existing situation by using scientific research methods. The fact that there is then illustrated with an interpretation, evaluation and general knowledge, because the facts have no meaning without interpretation, evaluation and general knowledge. The results of analysis is that Article 184 paragraph(1), letterc of the Criminal Procedure Code as well as the documentary evidence in Article 187 which states that the letter cletter as referred to in Article 184 paragraph(1) c, made on oathor confirmed by oath, or Letter testimony of an expert opinion based on his expertise about something or something formally requested state from him.Article 53 of the Health ActNo.36 of 2009 subsection(3) states of health workers, one of whom is a doctor. If the doctor refuses, it may be subject to Article 224 of the Criminal Code.In the manufacture of Law Enforcement Visum et repertum by doctors to see how factors, namely: (1) barriers in manufacturing, among others, are away homesand the limited power of judicial physicians who make Visum et repertum,(2) Barriers to implementation is making Visum et repertum some times less complete and manufacture of Visum et repertum not done as soon aspossible(3) The state of decaying corpses. Such circum stances may affect the results of the autopsy. (4) Lack of coordination between the lead investigator doctor Demand procedure Visum et repertumto take a long time.(5) From The Investigators such as delay request Visum et repertum. (6) From the Family Party for not allow an autopsy, (7) From The doctors because they need a place to carry out further investigation (8) For accident victims who live, many victims who refuse to do visum et repertum therefore do not know the benefits and usefulness, (9) lack of un familiarity with laws and regulations, that Visum et repertum a written statement categorized as expert witness testimony and documentary evidence and should be made by doctors.Actuallythere is noreason fora doctor to refuse to make visum et repertum, because the forensic medical science is only a branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge and technology for the benefit of law enforcement and justice. The goal is injuries, poisoning or death for the crime(Article 133 KUHAP).Professional standards in the field of forensic medicine doctor as a minimum standard of knowledge and skills that must be mastered in a doctor use science and medical technology to help law enforcement, justice and solve legal problems. Refusal of doctors to not make the post mortem repertumer actually has no legal base, Article 179(1) Criminal Procedure Code gives the assertion that each person was asked his opinion as an expert medicaldoctor or other judicialor required to provide expert testimony for justice.Based onthis article givest wooptions, namely the judicial medical expertor doctor. Visum et Repertum or VeR is a written statement made by the physician based on the examination of the person or people suspected, based onthe written request of the authorities, and are made keeping in mind the oath of office and the Criminal Code. Visum et repertum role as one of the valid evidence for pro of of criminal cases against human health and life. In ver there is a description of the medical results are contained in the news section, which can therefore be considered as a substitute for evidence. Ver also includes information or opinion about the results of the medical examination the doctor stated in the conclusion section.Keywords: Law Enforcement, Visum et Repertum, Doctors Professional Standards.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas tentang permintaan bantuan tenaga ahli pada tahap penyidikan sebagaimana disebutkan pada Pasal 120 ayat (1) KUHAP dan Permintaan bantuan keterangan ahli pada tahap pemeriksaan persidangan diatur dalam Pasal 180 ayat (1) KUHAP.Mengenai keterangan ahli sebagaimana disebutkan dalam kedua pasal KUHAP di atas, diberikan pengertiannya pada Pasal 1 butir ke-28 KUHAP, yang menyatakan bahwa: Keterangan ahli adalah keterangan yang diberikan oleh seorang yang memiliki keahlian khusus tentang hal yang diperlukan untuk membuat terang suatu perkara pidana guna kepentingan pemeriksaan.Terkait dengan bantuan keterangan ahli yang diperlukan dalam proses pemeriksaan suatu perkara pidana, maka bantuan ini pada tahap penyidikan juga mempunyai peran yang cukup penting untuk membantu penyidik mencari dan mengumpulkan bukti-bukti dalam usahanya menemukan kebenaran materiil suatu perkara pidana. Keterangan ahli yang dimaksud yaitu keterangan dari dokter yang telah diangkat sumpah berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 1960 tentang Lafal Sumpah Dokter, yang dapat membantu penyidik dalam memberikan bukti. Keterangan dokter yang dimaksudkan tersebut dituangkan secara tertulis dalam bentuk surat hasil pemeriksaan medis yang disebut dengan visum et repertum.Permasalahannya adalah dalam kenyataannya ada sebagian dokter menolak untuk membuat Visum et repertum, karena beranggapan bukan dokter forensik, sedangkan perangkat hukum yang ada pasal 186 KUHAP, Staatblad 1937 Nomor 350 menyatakan Visum et repertum termasuk alat bukti, surat keterangan yang dibuat oleh dokter dituangkan dalam bentuk tertulis.Perumusan masalahnya adalah Bagaimana analisis penegakan hukum terhadap dokter yang menolak pembuatan visum et repertum dalam tindak pidana pembunuhan dalam perspektif hukum pidana dan peraturan perundang-undangan ?Apa yang menjadi faktor-faktor penghambat dalam proses penegakan hukum terhadap dokter yang menolak pembuatan visum et repertum dalam tindak pidana pembunuhan ?Hasil penelitian analisisnya adalah bahwa Pasal 184 ayat (1), huruf c KUHAP mengenai alat bukti surat serta pasal 187 huruf c yang menyatakan bahwa surat sebagaimana tersebut pada pasal 184 ayat (1) c, dibuat atas sumpah jabatan atau dikuatkan dengan sumpah, atau Surat keterangan dari seorang ahli yang pendapatnya berdasarkan keahliannya mengenai sesuatu hal atau sesuatu keadaan yang diminta secara resmi dari padanya. Pasal 53 Undang-Undang Kesehatan No 36 Tahun 2009 ayat (3) menyatakan tenaga kesehatan, salah satunya adalah dokter. Apabila dokter menolak, maka dapat dikenakan Pasal 224 KUHP. Dalam Penegakan Hukum pembuatan Visum et repertum oleh dokter menemui berapa faktor, yaitu : (1) Hambatan dalam pembuatan antara lain adalah jauhnya rumah dan terbatasnya tenaga dokter kehakiman yang membuat Visum et repertum, (2)Hambatan dalam penerapan adalah pembuatan Visum et repertum terkadang kurang lengkap dan pembuatan Visum et repertum tidak dilakukan sesegera mungkin (3)Keadaan mayat sudah membusuk. Keadaaan seperti ini dapat mempengaruhi hasil dari visum. (4)Kurang koordinasi antara penyidik dengan dokter yang mengakibatkan prosedur permintaaan Visum et repertum menjadi memakan waktu yang lama. (5) Dari Pihak Penyidik seperti keterlambatan permintaan Visum et repertum. (6)Dari Pihak Keluarga karena tidak mengijinkan dilakukan autopsi, (7) Dari Pihak dokter karena butuh tempat untuk melaksanakan pemeriksaan lanjutan (8)Untuk korban Kecelakaan yang hidup, banyak korban yang menolak untuk dilakukan visum et repertum oleh karena belum mengetahui manfaat dan kegunaannya , (9)Ketidak pahaman terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan,bahwa Visum et repertum sebuah keterangan tertulis yang dikatagorikan sebagai keterangan saksi ahli dan bukti surat dan harus dibuat oleh dokter. Sebenarnya tidak ada alasan dokter untuk menolak membuat visum et repertum, karena ilmu kedokteran forensik adalah hanya suatu cabang ilmu kedokteran yang mempergunakan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi kedokteran untuk kepentingan penegakan hukum dan keadilan. Sasarannya adalah korban luka, keracunan atau mati karena tindak pidana (Pasal 133 KUHAP). Standar profesi dokter dibidang kedokteran forensik sebagai standar keilmuan dan ketrampilan minimal yang harus dikuasai seorang dokter dalam menggunakan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi kedokteran untuk membantu penegakan hukum, keadilan dan memecahkan masalah-masalah hukum. Penolakan dokter untuk tidak membuat visum er repertum sebenarnya tidak memiliki alas hukum, Pasal 179 (1) KUHAP memberikan penegasan, bahwa Setiap orang diminta pendapatnya sebagai ahli kedokteran kehakiman atau dokter atau lainnya wajib memberikan keterangan ahli demi keadilan. Berdasarkan pasal ini memberikan pilihan dua, yakni ahli kedokteran kehakiman atau dokter. Visum et Repertum atau VER adalah laporan tertulis yang dibuat oleh dokter berdasarkan pemeriksaan terhadap orang atau yang diduga orang, berdasarkan permintaan tertulis dari pihak yang berwenang, dan dibuat dengan mengingat sumpah jabatan dan KUHP. Visum et repertum berperan sebagai salah satu alat bukti yang sah dalam proses pembuktian perkara pidana terhadap kesehatan dan jiwa manusia. Dalam VeR terdapat uraian hasil pemeriksaan medis yang tertuang dalam bagian pemberitaan, yang karenanya dapat dianggap sebagai pengganti barang bukti.VeR juga memuat keterangan atau pendapat dokter mengenai hasil pemeriksaan medis yang tertuang dalam bagian kesimpulan.Kata kunci: Penegakan Hukum, Visum et Repertum, Standar Profesi Dokter.

2011/2012 ; Prefazione: La ricerca nel campo dei nanofili appartiene ancora al laboratorio e non all'industria. Cionondimeno, i nanofili sono oggetto di grande attrazione nella comunità scientifica e nanotecnologica, sia per il loro elevato "aspect ratio", che per le loro capacità semiconduttrici. Il primo ne fa buoni candidati per usi di sensoristica e interazione con la luce, le seconde potrebbero invece sfruttate per la miniaturizzazione di componenti (opto)elettronici. Il GaAs è un materiale semiconduttore III-V con un band-gap diretto di 1,43 eV a temperatura ambiente. Il suo band gap ne fa un materiale più pregiato del silicio, rispetto al quale ha una minore sensibilità al calore ed una maggiore mobilità elettronica. Tali pregi sono accompagnati da un prezzo maggiore, che oggigiorno limita l'uso del GaAs nei componenti optoelettronici a più alta qualità, come per esempio negli usi satellitari. La sintesi di nanofili di GaAs di alta qualità è una possibiità intrigante per combinare le qualità superiori del GaAs con il minor costo del silicio e della sua tecnologia. L'epitassia da fascio molecolare è una tecnica per sintetizzare materiali con la massima purezza. Operando a pressioni minori di 1E-10 Torr, essa è ideale per la ricerca scientifica e per la sintesi di prodotti di altissima qualità. I prezzi di tali caratteristiche sono un'estrema delicatezza dell'apparato ed un controllo maniacale delle condizioni di crescita per assicurare riproducibilità dei risultati. All'inizio del 2009, la comunità di crescitori di nanofili era alle prese con alcune problematiche riguardanti la scelta di un materiale diverso dall'oro per assistere la crescita e conseguentemente di un substrato acconcio; ulteriori complicazioni alla sintesi di nanofili di alta qualità è(ra) il politipismo cristallino dei nanofili di GaAs. L'uso di oro nella sintesi di nanofili comporta inquinamento chimico responsabile di difetti nel materiale e la presenza di nanoparticelle di oro all'estremità dei nanofili li rende non compatibili con la tecnologia del silicio. Con attenzione sul GaAs, a quel tempo non c'era ancora un substrato di semplice preparazione per la crescita di nanofili di GaAs su GaAs e i difetti cristallini erano una piaga presso che impossibile da eliminare. La mia tesi di dottorato è stata votata allo studio di queste due problematiche. Abbiamo studiato un protocollo semplice per la realizzazione di substrati di GaAs capaci di ospitare la crescita di nanofili di GaAs in assenza di Au, depositando uno strato subnanometrico di silicio su substrati deossidati di GaAs ed espondendoli quindi all'aria. Più semplice ancora, la deposizione di Si direttamente su substrati GaAs epiready si è dimostrata altrettanto efficace. Abbiamo affrontato il problema del politipismo cristallino sia durante la crescita, investigando le relazioni tra parametri di crescita e struttura cristallina dei nanofili, sia dopo la crescita, cercando di alterarla tramite riscaldamento. Abbiamo così scoperto che condizioni ricche in As durante la crescita assistita da Ga favoriscono la struttura cristallina wurtzite, al contrario della più stabile struttura zincoblenda, propria del GaAs di bulk. Il protrarsi di condizioni ricche in As portano quindi alla estinzione della nanoparticella di Ga. In collaborazione con dr. Jakob B. Wagner (DTU CEN, Copenaghen, Danimarca), dott. mag. Damiano Cassese ed il gruppo di ricerca di dr. Marco Lazzarino (IOM CNR, Trieste, Italia) abbiamo scoperto che un periodo di riscaldamento di cento ore in flusso di As è capace di alterare la struttura wurtzite di nanofili assistiti Au in zincoblenda. Tale scoperta è stata in principio fatta tramite microscopia elettronica in trasmissione e quindi confermata per mezzo di spettroscopia Raman. Abbiamo studiato la crescita di nanofili di GaAs in assenza di nanoparticella. In collaborazione con dott. mag. Giacomo Priante (IOM CNR, Trieste, Italia) e prof. Vladimir G. Dubrovskii (SPBAU, San Pietroburgo, Russia) abbiamo trovato che anche dopo la totale consunzione della nanoparticella di Ga, i nanofili possono riprendere la crescita in modo assistito da Ga. Altri studi di minore entità sono stati condotti, come la crescita di nanofili di Si su GaAs senza catalizzatore, lo studio di nanotubi in carbonio contenenti nanoparticelle di catalizzatore, lo studio di microscopia elettronica in trasmissione della crescita laterale dei nanofili, l'effetto di "optical limiting" esercitato da sistemi ibridi. I risultati di questi studi, stonando nella logica della tesi, sono presentati in appendice. Altresì, in appendice è raccolta una sistematica della crescita di nanofili di GaAs. Durante i beam times ad ELETTRA, il Sincrotrone di Basovizza, Trieste, il mio lavoro è stato principalmente votato alla sintesi di nanofili di GaAs drogati Si sui substrati di cui sopra. I nanofili sono stati studiati con spettroscopia a raggi X risolta spazialmente sulla linea di luce ESCAMICROSCOPY, in collaborazione con dr. Mattia Fanetti e lo staff della linea di luce. La prima sessione di esperimenti ha mostrato che i nanofili assisiti da Ga sono meno conduttivi degli assistiti da Au per lo stesso drogaggio nominale. La seconda tranche di esperimenti ha permesso la comprensione del meccanismo di incorporazione delle impurezze di Si durante la crescita mediante lo studio della posizione del livello di Fermi nella band gap dei nanofili di GaAs. Abbiamo così capito che alterando il rapporto As/Ga e senza cambiare la temperatura di crescita (andando cioè a crescere in assenza di nanoparticella) è possibile realizzare eterogiunzioni radiali p-n di alta qualità, con la stessa quantità di drogante. ; Abstract: Although still belonging to the laboratory world, nanowires are the object of a big attraction in scientific community for their exploitation in technological devices. Two of the most alluring aspects of nanowires are their high aspect ratio, which makes them candidates for sensing uses as well as light harvesting, and their semiconducting nature, that puts forward their employment for nanoscale transistors and logic units. GaAs is a well-known III-V semiconductor material with a direct band-gap of 1.43 eV at room temperature. It has better properties than Si, such as a large direct band- gap, which also provides lower sensibility to heating, and higher electron mobility. Despite its higher cost, GaAs is nowadays commonly used for highest performance logic units and optoelectronics. The synthesis of high quality GaAs nanowires and their implementation on Si technology encourages the idea of putting together the superior GaAs with the cheaper Si. Molecular beam epitaxy is a growth technique that offers the highest possible purity by means of ultra high vacuum growth regime (base pressure < 1E-10 Torr). It is, therefore, ideal for both research and high quality products. Prices of such advantages are an extreme delicateness of the setup and a maniacal control of the growth conditions, to ensure reproducibility in scientific results. At the beginning of 2009, the nanowire grower community was facing some issues such as the choice of a material different from gold assisting the nanowire growth, the growth substrate and the crystal polytypism. The use of Au as the assistant nanowire growth material had two main drawbacks. Firstly, the verified pollution with Au of the growing nanowires would create defects in the material; secondly, the presence of Au nanoparticles at the nanowire free end would make them non- compatible with Si-based technology. Focusing on GaAs, there was no simple protocol for the substrate treatment in order to trigger the Au-free one-dimensional nanowire growth on GaAs. Nanostructure crystal defects were almost impossible to avoid. My Ph.D. work has been devoted to the study of these problems. We studied a simple protocol to obtain GaAs nanowires on GaAs by MBE. We proved that a sub-nanometric Si layer epitaxially deposited on the deoxidized GaAs surface followed by atmospheric oxidation, or direct Si deposition onto epiready GaAs wafers is able to trigger Ga assisted GaAs nanowire growth. We tackled the nanowire polytypism issue both in a "during growth" action, by studying the effects of the growth parameters on the nanowire crystal structure; and with an "after growth" action, by attempting to change the nanowire crystal structure by thermal annealing after the growth itself. In particular we found that As rich conditions during Ga assisted GaAs nanowire growth leads to a favored wurtzite structure as compared to the default zincblende lattice of the bulk GaAs material. Eventually, As rich conditions lead to the total Ga nanoparticle consumption. In collaboration with dr Jakob B. Wagner (DTU CEN, Copenhagen, Denmark), dott. mag. Damiano Cassese and the research group of dr. Marco Lazzarino (IOM CNR, Trieste, Italy), we discovered that a 100 hours long nanowire annealing step under As flux is capable of transforming the wurtzite structure of Au assisted GaAs nanowires in zincblende. This was carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy and was double checked by means of Raman spectroscopy. We studied the growth of GaAs nanowires in absence of growth assisting droplet. In collaboration with dott. Giacomo Priante (IOM CNR, Trieste, Italy) and prof. Vladimir G. Dubrovskii (SPBAU, Saint Petersburg, Russia), we found that after the total consumption of the Ga nanoparticle, GaAs nanowires can resume the Ga assisted growth. Other minor projects such as, the MBE growth of self catalyzed Si nanowires on epiready GaAs, the TEM study of catalyst-embedded carbon nanotubes bundles, TEM study of the nanowire shell overgrowth, optical limiting effect of hybrid systems were pursued. This information, not fitting in the thesis logic, along with systematics of the Ga assisted GaAs nanowire growth are placed in the appendixes. When being assigned beam time at the ELETTRA Synchrotron facility in Trieste, my work has mainly been the synthesis of Si-doped GaAs NWs on our innovative substrates. Nanowires were then studied in spatially resolved X-ray photoemission spectroscopy experiments on the ESCAMICROSCOPY beamline, performed in collaboration with dr. Mattia Fanetti and the ESCAMICROSCOPY staff. The first measurement set showed that Ga assisted nanowires exhibit a much weaker conductivity than their Au catalyzed counterparts, for the same two- dimensional nominal doping. The second set of experiments gave details about the incorporation of Si in nanowires during the growth, by the detection of the Fermi level in the energy gap. We realised that by tuning the As/Ga flux ratio without need of changing the growth temperature (i.e., shifting from vapor-liquid-solid to vapor- solid regime) and for the same impurity flux, core-shell p-n junctions could be synthesized, with a high uniformity grade along the whole nanowire length. ; XXV Ciclo ; 1982