Dr. Adrian Tinsley assumed the presidency of Bridgewater State College in June 1989, the first woman to lead the institution. Tinsley grew up in Virginia, graduated with honors from Bryn Mawr College in 1958 with a degree in psychology and earned a master's degree from the University of Washington (1962) and a Ph.D. from Cornell (1969), both in the field of English literature. Tinsley first taught at Cornell, followed by an appointment at the University of Maryland where she developed the first women's studies program. She was soon appointed as dean of William James College, a unit of the Grand Valley State Colleges in Michigan. After a decade at William James College, Tinsley became associate vice chancellor for academic affairs in the Minnesota state university system in 1982. Three years later Tinsley assumed the post of executive vice president and provost at Glassboro State College in New Jersey. During her tenure at Bridgewater, Tinsley accomplished much, including clarifying the vision for Bridgewater; establishing the new academic structure and creating new schools and academic programs; modernizing the financial systems; constructing an Athletic Center and a Technology Center; introducing new computing and telecommunications technology; integrating alumni affairs and development into an advancement division; initiating the first capital campaign; and making and solidifying connections with political leaders in the Commonwealth. Early in her presidency, Tinsley began to develop an organizational structure for Bridgewater based on academic schools, each with its own dean. The School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Education and Allied Studies were established in 1990-91, later followed by the School of Managements and Aviation Science. Undergraduate and graduate curriculums were expanded, with new majors introduced in criminal justice, economics, and music, and new master's degree programs in public administration, criminal justice, and management science. Funding was allocated by the College Foundation to support the research, scholarship and creative activities of the college's faculty and librarians through a research grants program. In 2000, Bridgewater established its first undergraduate research program, providing funding for 10 students engaged in environmental research. Investment in technology was demonstrated by the construction of a modern technology center on campus. In 1990 Congressman Joseph Moakley acquired a $10 million federal grant to update technologies at Bridgewater – at the time the largest amount ever awarded by the federal government to a college in Bridgewater's mission class. The John Joseph Moakley Center for Technological Applications opened in September 1995. By the end of Tinsley's tenure, the Bridgewater campus was recognized as one of America's "Top 50 Most Wired Colleges." Adrian Tinsley launched the college's first ever public endowment campaign in the fall of 1999. By the campaign's end in 2002, $10 million had been raised. Over 70 acres of land were added to the campus during the Tinsley presidency, guaranteeing room for future expansion. Several new buildings were constructed while Tinsley led the college: the Moakley Center, East Hall (a 300-bed residence hall); East Campus Commons (700-seat dining hall), a campus Operations Center for campus police and facilities, and a new athletic center (named in Tinsley's honor). By the end of Tinsley's term, Bridgewater was the second largest public college or university in Massachusetts in terms of square footage, behind only the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. ; https://vc.bridgew.edu/presidents/1008/thumbnail.jpg
The starting question underlying this thesis is "What is so deep about deeply divided societies?2" The "deeply divided societies" paradigm emerged during the 20th century as a depiction of societies considered as fragmented and in need of a certain diagnostic for them to be able to live peacefully and with no constant fighting. For those societies to achieve peaceful coexistence, the diagnostic has been, until now, implementing a consociational model of governance, implying power-sharing among the segments of society and/or formerly belligerent factions. However, why are some societies depicted as deeply divided, while others are not, although they share – obviously each within its own context – the same factors and dynamics implying deep division as prescribed by the paradigm? Moreover, where does the scientific literature put the threshold for considering a group of people as deeply divided, knowing of course that conflicts exist in every part of society, from the family unit up to state institutions? Our focus for this thesis will be Lebanon. Our choice stems from two main reasons. The first being that Lebanon, in the political science literature, is depicted as an interesting case of deeply divided society, with, for some authors, a functioning consociational model that is successfully managing societal disruptions, and able to settle conflicts between sectarian groups in Lebanon, while for other authors consociationalism has failed to develop into a fully-fledged democratic model. The second reason is, as mentioned in the above paragraph, the blurry definition and conceptualization revolving around the "deeply divided societies" paradigm. Since no threshold seems to be able to set a clear definition of the paradigm, the idea remains very shallow. Arbitrarily categorizing a handful of countries and societies as deeply divided and not others, although they share very "similar" characteristics, seems quite a far-fetched problematic. Insights from Lebanon reveal some interesting dimensions as per the "deeply divided societies" paradigm: no one actually seems in bad terms with the other, or hates the other. To put it in a simple way: if a Christian is asked about Muslims in the country, the answer would be far from expressing hostility. On the contrary, the questioned person will clearly show indifference regarding the other's sect (Majed, 2021). If so, then what is really "deep" about the so-called division? What differentiates it from other normal divisions of any society? Another rationale behind this work is the latest uprising that started in 2019 in Iraq and Lebanon. In the societies depicted as "deeply divided", light is always shed on identity-based cleavages (sect-based identities, or sometimes in Iraq a mix of ethnic and sectarian related identities (Kurds - Sunni muslims - Shi'a muslims)), even at a time when social and economic demands are taken at the forefront of country-wide protests (Majed, 2019). In the Lebanese case, it is indeed the economic reality which constituted the main drive of the uprising. Firstly, most of the protesters belonged to a 16 to 25 years old age range. They belonged mostly to popular classes with relatively low monthly incomes and are vulnerable to any eventual shocks due to their precarious situation (Bou Khater and Majed, 2020: 11). In addition to that, the interview sample clearly pointed out the dire economic situation pushing them to be part of the uprising. Secondly, protesters belonged to different geographical areas, and protests were not only focused in the capital Beirut (unlike for example other contemporary uprisings as the "You Stink" movement in 2015 for instance). Naturally, major Cazas (districts) such as Tripoli or Beirut attracted more protesters due to their size, but the other regions were equally "represented" (Bou Khater and Majed, 2020: 10). This geographical representation in the whole country brings some doubts about what the "deeply divided society" paradigm implies. How is the Lebanese society so deeply divided then if all of its social components, and especially its youth, rallied around the same socio-economic demands, and to a certain extent, political demands? Although these are preliminary questions – and cannot lead to any conclusion whatsoever in this promptness – they invite us to re-question the aforementioned paradigm. As per the paradigm itself, does deeply divided societies imply as their core element pretending divisiveness, identities as they are? Or does it imply the polarization of identities? Imagining a causal chain leading to a deeply divided society is in fact quite a difficult task to achieve; for a society to achieve a great step towards divisiveness suggests a model of society where each group does not/cannot face the other directly. Here comes the role of the institutional arrangements where the consociational model of governance lies. Its role is appeasing these tensions and paving the way to a more peaceful and integrated society. As shown by many scholarly studies, diversity does not form an obstacle to democracy (Fearon, 2004; Fish and Brooks, 2004: 162). In addition to that, it is argued that all civil conflicts share more or less the same underlying economic reasons, while the ethnic/religious aspect becomes relevant in the war's aftermath. If so, why did only a certain sample of countries/societies receive the "deeply divided society" description, and others not? Put differently, why is the emphasis on certain cleavages focal for certain societies and not others? Is it truly because these societies do have particularities, or because the religious cleavage is maintained at the forefront of the analyses and descriptions? It is noteworthy to mention that many defenders and sympathizers of the consociational model of government have been advising policy-makers on many issues, be it at the United Nations, on Northern Ireland, Cyprus, South Africa or Iraq. We consider such recommendations as erroneous and inaccurate, since the description of the conflicts and of their aftermath is often – if not always – misleading, by putting forward the parameters and factors that are only relevant for the consociationalists. In this sense, policymakers, consultants and other "weighty" bodies are not remedying the source of the problem, but are rather enforcing and anchoring it (Majed, 2017). This Master's thesis presents itself as an alternative exploratory roadmap to the study of what is usually presented as "deeply divided societies". It will explore the Lebanese case – which is usually presented as a deeply divided society – and will try, through an attempt at clarifying definitions, and a qualitative-historical analysis, to put into question the rigid idea of the aforementioned paradigm. The study will do so by questioning the traditionally used paradigm, and by inverting the variables of study by defining sectarianism as the dependent variable, rather than the explanatory one, as usually done to describe Middle Eastern societies (Ghosn and Parkinson, 2019: 494). In order to set the frame of the work, it is worth noting what lies in the debate around "disciplinarians" and "area specialists" on the notion of sectarianism, since this thesis fits exactly in this middle ground: "While the former, lack "conceptual sophistication and methodological rigor", favor "description over explanation", and have "no interest in parsimony and generalizations", the latter are "engaging in sterile conceptual and abstract theoretical debates providing little real insight into complex behavioral patterns" (Valbjørn, 2021: 4).
In 1990, Australian governments embarked upon a radical policy experiment to create an 'open training market', comprising public Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and private providers. The idea that vocational education and training could be traded in a marketplace, with provision subject to market forces and competition between public and private providers, was unthinkable for most at the time. Underwritten by government, TAFE had been the dominant post-school provider of trade and technical training, and 'second chance' education for disadvantaged groups since the early 1970s. From the early 1990s, however, vocational education and training was progressively redesigned within a market framework, and TAFE institutes have since been required to compete with private providers for government funding on a more 'level playing field'. Justified by policy makers solely on the basis of economic theory, the construction of an 'open training market' has proceeded in the absence of any evidential support, and on the untested assumption that market-based competition produces better outcomes than government planning and coordination. Despite the unprecedented nature and potential implications of marketisation, 'So far the great change in education has been undertheorised and under-investigated' (Marginson 1999, p.229), not least in relation to vocational education and training. To rectify the knowledge deficit and promote informed policy debate, this thesis investigates and evaluates the impact and outcomes of market reforms in vocational education and training from a national perspective. The conceptual and evaluation framework for the thesis integrates the theory of 'quasi-markets' (Le Grand and Bartlett 1993) with insights and resources from the fields of political economy and the sociology of education policy. The thesis comprises a review of local and international literature on market reform in the public sector, particularly vocational education and training; an examination of the Australian policy, financial and regulatory framework for vocational education and training markets; an analysis of national data on student participation and finances; an investigation of the structure, composition and dynamics of the quasi-market for vocational education and training; and an evaluation of the operation and effects of market reform, with special emphasis on the two main market mechanisms of competitive tendering and 'user choice'. The thesis employs a quantitative research methodology, and the main data collection instrument is a survey administered to a stratified sample of 2,581 public and private providers across Australia. The findings indicate that market reform in vocational education and training has produced mixed outcomes. Client choice, provider flexibility, and responsiveness to employers and private fee-paying clients have increased. But efficiency gains are questionable and the quality of educational provision, responsiveness to publicly subsidised students, and access and equity for disadvantaged groups appear to have declined. On balance, the costs appear to outweigh the benefits of market reform. The research also finds that, as a result of marketisation, TAFE and private providers are trading places with respect to organisational identity, values, priorities and income sources, with private providers becoming more dependent on government funds and TAFE institutes less so. Overall, the research casts doubt on the efficacy and desirability of markets in vocational education and training, and raises questions about their potentially adverse consequences from a public interest perspective. Policy alternatives are discussed, and areas for further research are proposed. The thesis concludes by arguing the need for a more creative and judicious mix of state planning and market forces; one that serves the needs and interests of all stakeholders and preserves the distinctive character and mission of the public TAFE sector. However in the wake of more recent market reforms, as discussed in the epilogue to the thesis, TAFE's market share and financial base have shrunk to the point where its future viability is now in question.
La comunicación es un elemento prioritario en la gestión de las organizaciones, especialmente en épocas de crisis. Este trabajo plantea que las instituciones hospitalarias españolas potenciaron su comunicación interna durante la crisis de la COVID-19 como un factor clave para afrontar la situación, pese a que la felicidad y el bienestar organizacional son aspectos aún poco desarrollados en estas entidades. A través de la revisión documental y de un cuestionario semiestructurado en el que participaron 17 hospitales españoles, la presente investigación pretende determinar el papel de la comunicación interna en estos centros durante la pandemia, así como describir las políticas de bienestar y fomento de la felicidad corporativa que se han producido en este tiempo en las organizaciones estudiadas. Los resultados indican que los hospitales se vieron obligados a potenciar su comunicación interna para mantener el control de la situación, implementando herramientas y fomentando la comunicación con los líderes y directivos. Sin embargo, queda patente la falta de gestión formal del bienestar y felicidad de las plantillas en la mayoría de estas instituciones. Pese a los problemas de salud mental y física de los sanitarios durante la pandemia señalados por la literatura, las medidas desarrolladas aún son escasas y no suelen tener un presupuesto determinado. Este trabajo demuestra que se han producido avances en el terreno de la comunicación interna en los centros hospitalarios en los últimos tiempos, especialmente a raíz de la pandemia de la COVID-19, pero que, no obstante, continúa siendo un campo con multitud de posibilidades por explotar.Palabras claves: comunicación interna, bienestar, felicidad laboral, hospitales, COVID-19.AbstractCommunication is a priority element in the management of organisations, especially in times of crisis, as both internally and externally it can facilitate its containment. In the case of COVID-19, given the rapid spread of the pandemic, the impact was global in a very short period of time, so that organisations were forced to adapt to an unprecedented situation. One of the elements that became important in this adaptation process was internal communication, which helped to maintain cohesion between members of the organisation in a period when physical distance and isolation were widespread. Aspects such as managing remote working, loyalty, keeping staff aligned with corporate objectives and the mental health of employees became important issues. In the case of the health sector, whose work has been essential in this period of time, aspects such as communication with employees, effective and decisive leadership, prevention of stress, burnout and compassion fatigue, self-care, people management, promotion of training and knowledge or support in decision-making became particularly important.This work is framed within the area of study of organisational communication aimed at internal audiences, specifically in its relationship with organisational wellbeing and happiness in the field of healthcare institutions. It argues that Spanish hospital institutions strengthened their internal communication during the COVID-19 crisis as a key factor in dealing with the situation, despite the fact that organisational happiness and well-being are aspects that are still underdeveloped in these institutions. Two general objectives are established: to determine the role of internal communication in Spanish hospitals during the pandemic and to describe the policies of well-being and promotion of corporate happiness that have taken place during this time in the organisations studied. The secondary objectives are to identify the internal communication policies that have been developed, to establish the tools and channels used during this period, to study the role that the promotion of the well-being and happiness of the staff plays in the organisations and to describe the policies that have been implemented in this area. Through a document review and a semi-structured questionnaire in which 17 Spanish hospitals, mostly privately owned, participated, this research aims to determine the role of internal communication in these centres during the pandemic, as well as to describe the policies of well-being and promotion of corporate happiness that have taken place during this time in the organisations studied.The results indicate that the hospitals were forced to strengthen their internal communication to maintain control of the situation, implementing tools and encouraging communication with leaders and managers. However, the lack of formal management of staff wellbeing and happiness is evident in most of these institutions, as the organisational charts of these institutions lack specific departments or directorates for this purpose, resulting in scarce financial resources being allocated to these issues. Despite the mental and physical health problems of healthcare workers during the pandemic reported in the literature, the measures developed are still limited and often lack a specific budget. This work shows that there has been progress in the field of internal communication in hospitals in recent times, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but that it is still a field with a lot of potential to be exploited, especially with regard to new technologies and social platforms.Keywords: internal communication, wellbeing, happiness at work, hospitals, COVID-19.
Was bringt Menschen dazu, sich einer gesundheitsemanzipatorischen Basisbewegung anzuschließen, die sich mit Machstrukturen im Staat und im Gesundheitswesen konfrontieren muss? Welche Konflikte begleiten die Betroffenen und welche sind die Momente, die zu systemkritischem Empowerment verhelfen? Die lateinamerikanische Mamá Cultiva Bewegung und die Fundación Daya in Chile betreuen PatientInnen und Eltern schwer kranker Kinder, indem sie ihnen Unterstützung zur Selbstherstellung und Anwendung der Cannabismedizin bieten. In dieser Arbeit werden das Wirken und die Herausforderungen der Organisationen und der betroffenen Menschen in einer Dichten Beschreibung zu menschenrechtlichen und care-ethischen Themen in Bezug gesetzt. Feldforschungen, Interviews mit Betroffenen, ÄrztInnen und TherapeutInnen sowie Literaturrecherchen in globalen Datenbanken und vor Ort in Uruguay, Chile und Ecuador bilden die Grundlage für die Forschungsarbeit. Die aktuelle Medizin und das so organisierte Gesundheitswesen sind historisch von einem gewaltvollen Weg des Ausschlusses abweichender Wissensformen geprägt. Die Geschichte zur Cannabispflanze, die die Menschheit seit Jahrtausenden mit ihren medizinischen Eigenschaften begleitet, ist nur ein Beispiel, wie stark ökonomische und politische Machtverhältnisse Gesundheitsfragen bestimmen. Diese epistemische Gewalt in der hegemonialen Medizin, die auf dem obsoleten mechanischen Menschenbild beruht, impliziert eine Reihe von Gewaltformen, die durch diese monokulturelle und mechanische Sichtweise von Gesundheit, Krankheit, Heilung und dem Sterben bedingt sind. Diese Gewalt erfahren auch Betroffene und Mitwirkende der beforschen Organisationen. Eine der Folgen sind konfliktbesetzte Arzt-Patienten-Beziehungen, die in der Ausbildung mit neuen Ansätzen zum Ärztlichen Humanismus verbessert werden können. Das Menschenrecht auf Gesundheit und weitere menschenrechtliche Grundlagen untermauern die Notwendigkeit der Transformation der Medizin hin zu einer Integrativen Medizin, in der die herrschende konventionelle Medizin, sowie alternative, komplementäre und traditionelle Medizinen gleichwertig miteinander den Hilfesuchenden zur Verfügung stehen und die den Menschen in seiner Ganzheit wahrnimmt. Eine Care-Revolution, die auf den Werten der Solidarität und des Mitgefühls beruht, in der Entscheidungen immer unter Miteinbeziehung der Betroffenen gefällt werden, ist auch für das Gesundheitssystem unumgänglich, wenn wir die Menschenrechte als Grundlage für unser Handeln und Zusammenleben ernst nehmen. ; What makes people join an emancipatory grassroots health movement that has to confront public power structures in the State and the health system? What conflicts do people face and what are the supporting moments that help to achieve system-critical empowerment? The Latin American Mamá Cultiva movement and the Fundación Daya in Chile care for patients and parents of seriously ill children by offering them support for self-production and use of cannabis medicine. This research project investigates the work and challenges of organisations and concerned people and relates these topics to human rights and care ethics issues in a Thick Description. Field research, interviews with involved people, medical doctors, and therapists as well as literature research in global databases and in Uruguay, Chile and Ecuador are the basis for this research work. Current prevailing medicine and the health care system has historically been marked by a violent path of exclusion of divergent forms of knowledge. The history of the cannabis plant, which has accompanied humanity for thousands of years with its medical properties, is just one example of how strongly economic and political power relations determine health issues. This epistemic violence in hegemonic medicine, which is based on the obsolete vision of humans as a machine, implies a variety of forms of violence caused by this monocultural and mechanical view of health, illness, healing and dying. People involved as well as contributors of the researched organisations are suffering these kinds of violence. One of the consequences is a conflictual doctor-patient relationship, which can be improved in trainings with new approaches to medical humanism. The human right to health and other human rights demand transformation of actual medicine towards an Integrative Medicine in which the current conventional medicine, as well as alternative, complementary, and traditional medicine, are equally available to those seeking help and which perceives people in their entirety. A Care-Revolution based on the values of solidarity and compassion, in which decision-making always involves those who are affected, is also inevitable for the health system if we take human rights seriously as the basis for acting and living together. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Masterarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022
Die globalisierte Welt dreht sich täglich schneller. Was heute eine Chance ist, ist morgen bereits ein Risiko. Ist sich der öffentliche Dienst diesen komplexen Herausforderungen bewusst und hat sich mit der Tragweite des Managens oder Nichtmanagens von Chancen auseinandergesetzt? Dieser Frage wird im Fokus der über Äonen gewachsenen und gefestigten Unternehmenskultur und der Traditionen im öffentlichen Sektor nachgegangen. Der öffentliche Sektor oder die "Verwaltung" ist mehr als nur der Bundesdienst mit seinen Ministerien und den nachgelagerten Dienststellen. Den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern steht ein großer Apparat für Bildung, Gesundheit, Infrastruktur und das Gemeinwohl aller zur Verfügung. Der Kultur traditionell geprägter Organisationen wird häufig ein veraltetes und verstaubtes Denken und Handeln attestiert. Unternehmenskultur durchdringt alles und ist der zentrale, bestimmende Faktor für das Handeln von Organisationen. Über lange Zeiträume wurde in den Organisationen der Verwaltung der Fokus auf die Verhinderung von Risiken gelegt, damit Steuergelder zielgerichtet und sparsam eingesetzt und den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern der größtmögliche Nutzen erbracht werden konnte. Eine erfolgreiche Unternehmensfortführung ist ohne die Ergreifung von Chancen nicht gewährleistet. Diese These macht auch vor der öffentlichen Verwaltung nicht Halt und muss in die Strategien der Zentralstellen ihren Widerhall finden. Dabei steht die Verwaltung vor der Herausforderung einerseits die Kultur von Politik, zentralen Führungspositionen, Beschäftigten und Bürgerinnen und Bürgern in eine von Offenheit, Transparenz, Innovationswillen und Mut geprägten Denkweise zu wandeln, um proaktiv nach Chancen zu suchen und diese zu ergreifen. Andererseits ist es unumgänglich strategische, systemische und prozessuale Anpassungen in den Organisationen durchzuführen, um ein Chancenmanagement bzw. ein Chancenmanagementsystem erfolgreich zu implementieren. Der erhobene Wissensstand aus der einschlägigen Fachliteratur und die Erkenntnisse der empirischen Untersuchung, innerhalb der geführten Expertinnen- und Experteninterviews werden verknüpft und in der Diskussion dargestellt. Förderliche Aspekte der Unternehmenskultur, die zur erfolgreichen Wahrnehmung und Nutzung von Chancen im Public Sector beitragen sind, die adäquate Einbeziehung von politischem Willen in wegweisende Entscheidungen der Organisationen, die Bestellung innovativer, offener und mutiger Entscheidungsträger, die richtige Wahl und die fortwährende Weiterbildung von Führungskräften in den Organisationseinheiten und eine angepasste Organisationsstruktur mit adaptierter Hierarchiestruktur. ; The globalized world is turning faster every day. An opportunity today is already a risk tomorrow. Is the public government aware of these complex challenges and has it considered the scope of managing or not managing opportunities? This question will be explored in the focus of the corporate culture and traditions that have grown and consolidated over eons in the public sector. The public sector or the "administration" is more than just the federal service with its ministries and downstream departments. Citizens have access to a large body for education, health, infrastructure and the common good of all. The culture of traditional organizations is often attested to an anachronistic and dusty way of thinking and acting. Corporate culture permeates everything and is the central, determining factor for what organizations do. For long periods of time, the focus in administrative organizations was on preventing risks so that tax money could be used in a targeted and economical manner and the greatest possible benefit could be provided to citizens. A successfully continuing business cannot be guaranteed without seizing opportunities. This thesis also does not stop at public administration and must be reflected in the strategies of the central offices. On one hand, the administration faces the challenge of transforming the culture of politics, central management positions, employees and citizens into a way of openness, transparency, the will to innovate and courage, in order to proactively seek and seize opportunities. On the other hand, it is indispensable to make strategic, systemic and process-related adjustments in organizations in order to successfully implement an opportunity management or an opportunity management system. The state of knowledge from the relevant literature and the findings of the empirical investigation within the expert interviews are linked and presented in the discussion. Promoting aspects of corporate culture that contribute to the successful perception and exploitation of opportunities in the public sector, the adequate inclusion of political will in groundbreaking decisions of organizations, the appointment of innovative, open and courageous decision-makers, the right choice and ongoing training of managers in the organizational units and an adapted organizational structure with an adapted hierarchical structure. ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Wien, FH Campus Wien, Masterarb., 2020
Introduction. The paper reveals the reasons for violations of the servicemen's state of stable working capacity in professional activity. The author reached to conclusion that a capacity for work is violated as a result of fatigue process development which is characterized by the increase in tension of activity of the functional systems of organism. Implementation of the strained muscular work is related to the expense of potential of functions and the fatigue developed and his renewal to the working level, on occasion with superrenewal and further stabilizing on pre-work or near to its level. The presence of these stages determines the oscillation of serviceman's capacity.Purpose. Ground for methodical recommendations concerning the modern pedagogical approaches applications and technologies in forming the readiness of future military seaman for protective equipment use in professional activity.Methods. To achieve the purpose set, the system of research methods was used: study, analysis of scientifically-pedagogical and methodical literature, study and the generalization of domestic and foreign experience, method of expert estimations, stated experiment.Results. The results of scientific researches and experience of activity of servicemen in previous years show convincingly that work which is being performed in the conditions of fatigue which is compensated, and directed at the balanced perfection of components of technical-tactical, functional and psychological order, is the effective method to provide high level of work capacity in the conditions of fatigue which is being developed, and progressive sense of fatigue.The important thing for planning of rational work mode and rest hours in the future military seaman's training system is knowledge of conformities to law of restoring reactions after the trainings and practical loading. In this connection first of all it should be emphasized specifics of restoring reactions, close intercommunication of character and duration of both early and set aside period of renewal with an orientation and size of the trainings and practical loading, in depth, which developed localization and mechanisms of fatigue.Conclusion. Understanding the basic mechanisms of providing work capacity while performing the duties of different character and duration, features of development of fatigue allow to design all spectrum of the functional states and compensatory reactions, characteristic for professional activity of the future military seaman during the planning of separate series of exercises and programs of training employment. ; В статье раскрываются причины нарушений состояния устойчивой работоспособности военнослужащих в профессиональной деятельности. Автор пришел к выводу, что работоспособность нарушается вследствие развития процесса утомления, которое характеризуется повышением напряжения деятельности функциональных систем организма. Выполнение напряженной мышечной работы связано с расходованием потенциала функций и утомлением, которое развивается, его восстановлением до рабочего уровня, в отдельных случаях с надвостановлением и последующей стабилизацией на рабочем или близком к нему уровне. Наличие этих этапов определяет колебания работоспособности военнослужащего. ; В статті розкриваються причини порушень стану стійкої працездатності військовослужбовців в професійній діяльності. Автор дійшов до висновку, що працездатність порушується внаслідок розвитку процесу стомлення, яке характеризується підвищенням напруги діяльності функціональних систем організму. Виконання напруженої м'язової роботи пов'язане з витрачанням потенціалу функцій і стомленням, що розвивається, його відновленням до робочого рівня, в окремих випадках з надвідновленням і подальшою стабілізацією на доробочому або близькому до нього рівні. Наявність цих етапів визначає коливання працездатності військовослужбовця.
Incubator models have evolved since the first known US incubator in 1959. From the first generation of a facilities-focused incubator model in the 1960s to the fourth generation of emerging models, commonly referred to as, the "Accelerator" model and the "Venture Builder" model. Since 2006, there has been a significant increase in the number of venture builders and accelerators. Yet very little is known about a) their performance and the antecedents; b) the key differences between venture builders and accelerators; c) the factors and practices that characterise highly successful venture builders and d) their (venture builders)comparative advantages or disadvantages compared to the large number of accelerators. This study examined and analysed the venture building phenomenon where there has been a paucity of rigorous published scientific research. Meanwhile, practice-oriented publications have proliferated. The empirical research adopted both face-to-face interviews and online semi-structured surveys that comprised three separate studies. Study 1 saw the participation of eight overseas and local incubation practitioners in separate face to face hour-long interviews (four accelerators and four venture builders). The literature review and the findings in Study 1, which detailed the actual practices of these two incubation models, yielded ten key important practices that these incubators represented as their modus operandi. These ten practices became the independent predictors which were used in Study 1a and Study 2. Study1a was an extension of Study 1 in that twenty-nine highly experienced incubation practitioners (from diverse location such as Hungary, US, Canada, Portugal, France, Mexico and Turkey) participated in answering an online semi-structured survey to ascertain their agreement or disagreement about these ten practices as characteristics of venture building practices. Finally, Study 2, an online semi-structured survey, was launched. Study 2 yielded responses from forty-four start-ups from wide-ranging diverse countries including Singapore, Canada, US, Thailand, Turkey, India and Japan. This was the focal study that provided the data for testing eleven pairs of hypotheses. Success, being the predicted outcome of the start-ups was assessed from two angles - financial success and psychological satisfaction. The study identified the key incubation practices that were associated with successful start-ups and produced a binomial logistic regression generated prediction model for each of the two success outcomes. Together the findings of the three studies were triangulated and yielded eight key insights on the predictors that contributed to successful start-ups. To develop financially successful start-ups, incubators should focus on the five key practices of marketing performance, demand orientation, market scope, internationalisation and long-term engagement; whereas in developing psychologically satisfied start-ups, the four key focal practices are marketing performance, demand orientation, market scope and internationalisation (high commonality with practices identified for financially successful start-ups). This exploratory research contributed to our innovation knowledge by exploring the known gaps and provided key insights that are useful for start-up investors, government innovation policy-makers and entrepreneurs of start-ups looking to maximise success. The study concluded by suggesting some areas for future research. The key takeaway of this research is this: "Given the often-confusing labelling of incubators as accelerators or venture builders, it is not what they call themselves that is critical to the success of start-ups - but what they actually practice that matters !".
This report aims to promote public awareness of after school programs (ASPs) as a potential solution for the current issues surrounding women's access to paid work and for improving the education of children. In addition, this report focuses on after school programs for older children aged 9 to 14 years old, as this is a neglected sector in child care services. More support is needed for working parents who have children of that age as these children are too young to be left at home alone and students could also receive additional educational support from ASPs. As this report has been written for the benefit of the general public, and people who are in need of solutions for improving and developing ASPs, it states the supporting reasons for improving ASPs, the problems that should be solved and suggests solutions about how to improve the current situation. The findings are based upon a review of the literature on ASPs in the United States and Australia concerning child care policies and ASP curriculum. Chapter I explains the importance of developing ASPs for working mothers with a focus on 9 to 14 year old children who need quality care. Chapter 2 describes the problems that the ASP system in Australia is facing. These include unbalanced attention towards certain age groups, a lack of united organisation and regulation, a scarcity of cooperation between schools and ASP coordinators, an absence of proper evaluation processes, and difficulties reflecting children's needs and interests. Based upon these problems, this chapter suggests considerations and solutions relevant to the remainder of the report. Chapter 3 will introduce organising processes divided into two levels. Firstly, school-level ASP is presented as an ideal solution, and outlines steps that school-based ASPs can take to improve their care. Secondly, city-wide ASPs are discussed, as this is the minimum scale that is able to construct a comprehensive curriculum and arrange an ASP organisation that can solve fundamental systemic problems. Chapter 4 introduces considerations necessary for organising quality ASPs. This includes developmental characteristics of youth adolescents aged 9 to 14 years, who form the target group for this report. It also discusses strategies that can be taken when setting goals for designing the curriculum of ASPs, such as using evidence-based approaches and focusing on relevant skills that can lead to outcomes. In addition, the chapter finds that personal and social skills are the basic foundation for learning, and introduces three types of programs to guide curriculum design which are academic, peer bonding, and enrichment programs. Chapter 5 discusses possible solutions. As the most efficient way to develop ASP quality is to improve the standard of instruction, instructor training through university partnerships and a website to support instructors in preparing materials are suggested. To adopt the proposed suggestions, it is necessary to tailor the circumstances to target students, goals, and affordability of the programs. One of the most important premises supporting the development of quality ASPs is the governmental support that can coordinate the system. Moreover, further research is needed, especially in Australia, to accumulate empirical data and raise public awareness.
Anthropogenic climate change is a formidable global challenge. Yet countries' contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions and the climate change impacts they face are poles apart. These differences, as well as countries' different capacities and development levels, have been internationally acknowledged by including the notion of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) and Respective Capabilities under the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The logic of CBDR was paramount in enabling negotiators to agree on an international legal framework for climate policy in the 1990s. Quite paradoxically, however, it has since proved to be a major obstacle in negotiating a universal new climate agreement, now envisioned for 2015 under the UNFCCC's "Durban Platform". The UNFCCC's original dichotomous differentiation between "Annex I" parties (basically comprising "industrialised countries") and "Non-Annex I" parties (i.e. developing countries) reflects neither scientific knowledge nor current political realities. The system of international climate policy has thus become dysfunctional. In fact, mitigation efforts by industrialised countries alone would be insufficient to avoid dangerous climate change, even if they were far more ambitious than they currently are. The diversification of state groups and country coalitions among developing countries, and the rise of emerging economies such as China and India – now among the world's major greenhouse gas emitters – warrant a critical reconsideration of the conceptualisation and implementation of CBDR. Yet, no progress has been made so far to adequately adjust for the UNFCCC's principled anachronism. It is against this background that this DIE Discussion Paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the notion of CBDR in international negotiations. It thus aims to identify mechanisms that could contribute to reinvigorating CBDR as a meaningful guiding principle for a 2015 climate agreement under the UNFCCC. To this end, it first considers the normative framing of CBDR and reviews the way CBDR has been conceptualised and interpreted in the academic literature. Second, it scrutinises the way CBDR manifests itself under the UNFCCC and how it explains the Annex I / Non-Annex I dichotomy before it summarises the respective political standpoints of some of the UNFCCC's most important and influential parties (or groups of states). Third, it provides an analysis of the way CBDR or CBDR-like approaches have been put into practice in a variety of international regimes and policy arenas, including the World Trade Organization, the Montreal Protocol and the burgeoning debate on universal Sustainable Development Goals. The discussion paper thus brings forward different approaches for the attribution of emissions, criteria and means that allow for a differentiation of responsibilities for the reduction and limitation of emissions, as well as for mechanisms that facilitate broad participation in the conceptualisation and implementation of CBDR. It concludes that a flexible implementation of CBDR is needed to take into account the multiplication of country coalitions among developing countries and the rise of emerging economies. Finally, we argue for a flexible regime that would include differentiation of state groups beyond the Annex I / Non-Annex I dichotomy, with graduation and exclusion mechanisms that are based on a set of transparent, measurable and verifiable indicators of development, emissions and capacities.
The lively and enjoyable public spaces are of critical position to planning a great city (Burden, 2014). Public space is widely believed valuable for sustainable urban life due to its provision of physical environment for social interaction and possibly natural diversity. Throughout history, cities as production of human activities provide provision of spaces for public life, such as social communication and commercial activities (Unwin, 2000). Public space is also an important part of what defines the city. At early 1960s, academics in the West criticized that urban planning was abstract and humanly distant (Gehl & Svarre, 2013). Citizen groups fought for urban redevelopment plans in connection with the historical background such as the youth revolution, protests against nuclear power plants or anti-war protests. The activities all took place in public spaces and as now at political dimension public space have it very important position (Gehl & Svarre, 2013). Within the context of global competition, nowadays the provision of public spaces is believed as the enhancement of infrastructure asset for city marketing and promoting the population influx which keep the livability of the city (Gehl & Gemzoe, 2000). However, it's criticized by scholars that public space has been aided with too much commercial interests and thus public sphere would be impoverished (Degen, 2008). Sequently, it is always critical to keep the public life flourishing. In spite of the commodification of contemporary urban public space, its ever-presented nature of public decided it would be always "in the process of being shaped, unshaped and challenged by the spatial practices of various groups and individuals whose identities and actions undermine the homogeneity of contemporary cities" (MacLeod, 2012; McCann, 1999). At present, the public open space in Hong Kong cannot secure the interest of public and in that case it is not successful to cater public everyday life. The social interaction is significantly affected by the physical arrangement as well as the way such public spaces cater for the specific characteristic of public life in Hong Kong. In this dissertation study, the main focus would be how does the public space of consumption interact with public social life and how could the institutional framework influence the whole process by its power. In context of Hong Kong, consumer culture has strongly influenced urban form by multiple scales of commercial developments, and the public life style has also been shaped by the physical setting and shopping habits. The interaction between human and material can be negotiated and guided by institutional power. By considering power, urban planning practitioners have the responsibility to provide recommendations for public space developments. The dissertation study will develop the research scope to a more specific scope – public open space of consumption in private development, i.e. shopping centers in Hong Kong. In order to carry out the study of public life, key concepts and issues will be examined through literature review. Institutional background of public open space of consumption in Hong Kong will be reviewed for a better understanding of the research. Both Hong Kong and overseas best practices will be studied to find out problems and reference experience in design and managing public open space of consumption. In the end, possible recommendations for planning public open space will be proposed to achieve quality public life. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Master ; Master of Science in Urban Planning
The implementation of standards is a source of innovation opportunities for firms, giving incentives to produce innovation within a competitive environment and regulation changes. The first objective of the PhD is to know more about the link between the appearance of new R&D standards and the process of firm creation. It is detected that the new legislation in 2003, RD1432, focused on the implementation of binding reasoned reports to the Treasury -based on technical evaluations of entities that received credentials from ENAC- was a key driver to achieve a secure access to fiscal incentives and R&D subsidies for firms. This regulation also facilitated the access of SMEs to those R&D subsidies and generated inter firm activity with new consultancy services. We could therefore conclude that this new R&D legislation generated firm activity and subsequent firm profits. The access to university knowledge was an important factor for understanding the success of new R&D legislations. In this regard both, systems of innovation (Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993) and Triple Helix Model (Ezkowitz y Leydesdorff, 2000); propose the trilateral collaboration between government, university and industry. University researchers played an important role as external and independent evaluators of firms R&D activity. Also the university played an important role with the creation of the first company issuing certificates, AIDIT. It is considered a singular case with scientific interest given their nature of University Spin-off of UPC and UPM. AIDIT was conceived in 2001 as an entity which issued certificates for research and innovation projects, giving response to a growing demand before the regulation was effectively implemented. We follow the suggestion of Smith et al (2011), who encourage the use of case studies for understanding better the implementation of R&D regulations, technology transfer processes and triple helix models. Our qualitative approach is also consistent with Yin (1993), which stated that unique cases show evidence to the scientific community that could not have been known otherwise. The second objective of this PhD dissertation is to analyze whether AIDIT follows the usual patterns of new firm development. Using the work of Ortín and Vendrell (2010) as a reference, the annual growth rate of AIDIT doubled the one of an average Spanish university spin-off. In 2004 AIDIT reached the breakeven point and thereafter it showed positive profits consistently. This evolution is consistent with the one described by previous literature for general firms, and in particular the one described by Vohora et al. (2004) for university spin-offs. In addition, AIDIT has followed a process consistent with the different typologies of innovation cycle presented by Moore (2005). The analysis undertaken shows that the appearance of and entity as AIDIT, generates value as a support structure for innovation and a link between university and industry. AIDIT produced several indirect returns, for example giving access to salary complements for university researchers, and supporting firm access to R&D subsidies. AIDIT opened the door for other firms to enter to the sector of issuing R&D certificates and innovation consultancy services. Finally this PhD dissertation offers a wide range of recommendations for industrial and innovation policy. Some of them focused on enhancing the efficacy of R&D regulations and other are associated with the improvement of Triple Helix implementation. ; Postprint (published version)
Post-disaster reconstruction, critical in restoring the affected community, provides new opportunities to redevelop the disaster affected region for economic growth, future vulnerability reduction and sustainable development as well. However, previous studies reveal that these opportunities have not been fully exploited. Many reconstruction projects have performed poorly due to various political, administrational, social, and policy/regulation-related reasons. To address the spotlighted gaps in post-disaster reconstruction, Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) is proposed and developed to procure more sustainable public infrastructure and to improve the overall performance of disaster management (DM) through integrating preparedness and mitigation into reconstruction processes. Public- Private Partnerships (PPP), which have demonstrated superior performance compared to the traditional approach in many infrastructure projects, are the practical and theoretical foundation of the proposed 4P. The integrated 4th P-'people' refers to major stakeholders who play critical roles in reconstruction, namely Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), local communities, academia, professional groups and media. A 4P framework, comprising of a procurement framework and a partnership framework, was developed based on the consolidated findings from a literature review and empirical data. The procurement framework provides a three-stage procurement process to deliver a typical 4P project, including planning for post-disaster reconstruction procurement, establishing framework agreement and 4P delivery. Through pre-disaster arrangements formally linking potential participants in advance, it enables targeted 4Ps to mobilize faster, while being more efficient and sustainable. The partnership framework provides the corner-stone of establishing sustainable and successful relationships among multiple participants, to ensure smooth execution of 4P projects. Developed on significant findings from previous research on partnerships/relationship management in the construction industry, it describes the partnership structure, role of each major participant and institutional and relational strategies to improve the partnership/relationship. A comprehensive research design enabled collection of the data required to achieve each objective of this research project. The first-round semi-structured interviews were conducted to mainly investigate the feasibility of applying PPP in reconstruction and integrating 'people' into PPP, so as to narrow down the potential scope of the proposed 4P. Findings from the first-round interviews, current practice and pitfalls in the DM cycle especially in reconstruction were examined in the subsequent two parallel sets of questionnaire surveys targeting DM and PPP professionals. The results derived from 14 first-round interviews and 81 responses received in the questionnaires clearly suggest that 4P has great potential to deliver better performance in reconstruction projects of certain types. Nine second-round interviews helped to test and improve the established preliminary 4P framework. In addition, to further probe into the role of 'people', case studies of 'Project Mingde', which comprises of three construction projects including a Sichuan reconstruction project, were implemented. The proposed 4P framework, developed based on the above research, was validated through a focus group meeting. It is concluded that the 4P approach could help realize better performance and sustainable redevelopment in appropriate reconstruction scenarios, as well as contribute to improving the overall DM. The 4P framework also provides a basic methodology and conceptual foundation to procure 4P projects in industry with pointers for future development in academic research. ; published_or_final_version ; Civil Engineering ; Master ; Master of Philosophy
The concepts and definitions of housing affordability vary depending on the economic and social contexts of specific countries. However, irrespective of the context, housing affordability is not only influenced by the market conditions, but also by the prevailing policy environment, among other social and economic factors. The impact of the supply-side instruments of the policy environment, such as the regulatory regime, on the provision of affordable housing and housing affordability has been widely studied mainly in the context of developed or richer developing countries where strong regulatory and institutional frameworks exist. Little has been done in the context of developing countries with weak regulatory and institutional frameworks. This dissertation pioneers a study of this kind in the context of Bangladesh. It aims to investigate the housing affordability problems of the middle-income groups in Dhaka and to identify the underlying supply-side causes of the policy environment. A qualitative approach is adopted for this research. The social constructivist paradigm combined with the interpretive type of narration has been engaged as the research strategy. Both the ratio and residual-income based approaches of measuring housing affordability are used. Working definitions of housing affordability and income groups are also developed. Primary and secondary data were collected using various approaches such as document analysis, questionnaire survey and interviews. This study reveals that the formal housing market in Dhaka failed to provide affordable housing for the middle-income groups. The price-to-income ratio in Dhaka is one of the highest among the major South Asian cities. The middle-income groups struggle to maintain a minimum standard of living and largely rely on rental housing. However, rents are also unaffordable to them and Dhaka has the highest rent-to-income ratio in Asia. The housing units in the informal settlements could be affordable to them, but their social status inhibits them from living in these settlements. The regulatory and infrastructure development regimes are found to be non-enabling. Existing land-use regulations encourage land hoarding and land value speculation. Despite the weak urban growth control, the land price is very high and the land-supply fails to meet the demand. Further, the planning permission processes for residential development are significant time and cost inflators. Investment on infrastructure is not targeted to facilitate residential land supply. Serviced residential land is expensive due to the short supply of residential infrastructures. Institutionally, the non-participatory mode of governance, absence of a clear line of authority, and poor human resources capacities of the related government organizations are the main underlying causes of the non-enabling performance of supply-side regimes. This study recommends pro-active government initiatives to strengthen the enabling functions of the regulatory regimes. Utilization of planning tools such as planning incentives and mandatory contributions of affordable housing in private housing projects are recommended. Infrastructure investment targeting at facilitating residential land supply is suggested. Institutional restructuring and the establishment of a housing data bank are also recommended. This study enriches the literature related to the impact of the policy environment on housing by widening the debate to cover the developing countries. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy
The implementation of standards is a source of innovation opportunities for firms, giving incentives to produce innovation within a competitive environment and regulation changes. The first objective of the PhD is to know more about the link between the appearance of new R&D standards and the process of firm creation. It is detected that the new legislation in 2003, RD1432, focused on the implementation of binding reasoned reports to the Treasury -based on technical evaluations of entities that received credentials from ENAC- was a key driver to achieve a secure access to fiscal incentives and R&D subsidies for firms. This regulation also facilitated the access of SMEs to those R&D subsidies and generated inter firm activity with new consultancy services. We could therefore conclude that this new R&D legislation generated firm activity and subsequent firm profits. The access to university knowledge was an important factor for understanding the success of new R&D legislations. In this regard both, systems of innovation (Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993) and Triple Helix Model (Ezkowitz y Leydesdorff, 2000); propose the trilateral collaboration between government, university and industry. University researchers played an important role as external and independent evaluators of firms R&D activity. Also the university played an important role with the creation of the first company issuing certificates, AIDIT. It is considered a singular case with scientific interest given their nature of University Spin-off of UPC and UPM. AIDIT was conceived in 2001 as an entity which issued certificates for research and innovation projects, giving response to a growing demand before the regulation was effectively implemented. We follow the suggestion of Smith et al (2011), who encourage the use of case studies for understanding better the implementation of R&D regulations, technology transfer processes and triple helix models. Our qualitative approach is also consistent with Yin (1993), which stated that unique cases show evidence to the scientific community that could not have been known otherwise. The second objective of this PhD dissertation is to analyze whether AIDIT follows the usual patterns of new firm development. Using the work of Ortín and Vendrell (2010) as a reference, the annual growth rate of AIDIT doubled the one of an average Spanish university spin-off. In 2004 AIDIT reached the breakeven point and thereafter it showed positive profits consistently. This evolution is consistent with the one described by previous literature for general firms, and in particular the one described by Vohora et al. (2004) for university spin-offs. In addition, AIDIT has followed a process consistent with the different typologies of innovation cycle presented by Moore (2005). The analysis undertaken shows that the appearance of and entity as AIDIT, generates value as a support structure for innovation and a link between university and industry. AIDIT produced several indirect returns, for example giving access to salary complements for university researchers, and supporting firm access to R&D subsidies. AIDIT opened the door for other firms to enter to the sector of issuing R&D certificates and innovation consultancy services. Finally this PhD dissertation offers a wide range of recommendations for industrial and innovation policy. Some of them focused on enhancing the efficacy of R&D regulations and other are associated with the improvement of Triple Helix implementation. ; Postprint (published version)
