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Background Involuntary medication in psychiatric treatment of inpatients is highly controversial. While laws regulating involuntary medication have been changed in Germany, no data have been available to date on how often involuntary medication is actually applied. Recently, our hospital group introduced specific routine documentation of legal status and application of involuntary medication in the patients' electronic records, which allows the assessment of the frequency of involuntary medication. Method For the year 2014, we extracted aggregated data from the electronic database on age, sex, psychiatric diagnosis, legal status during admission, kind of coercive measure (mechanical restraint, seclusion, and involuntary medication) applied, and the number and duration of seclusion and restraint episodes for seven study sites. Results A total of 1,514 (9.6%) of 15,832 admissions were involuntary. At least one coercive measure was applied in 976 (6.2%) admissions. Seclusion was applied in 579 (3.7%) admissions, mechanical restraint was applied in 529 (3.3%) admissions, and involuntary medication was applied in 78 (0.5%) admissions. Two-thirds of involuntary medications were applied in cases of emergency; the remainder was applied after a formal decision by a judge. In 55 (70.5%) of the admissions with involuntary medication, at least one other coercive measure (seclusion, restraint, or both) was applied as well. Conclusion Involuntary medication is rarely applied and less frequent than seclusion or mechanical restraint, possibly as a consequence of recent legal restrictions.

Indigenous Australians experience profound levels of disadvantage in health, living standards, life expectancy, education and employment, particularly in comparison with non-Indigenous Australians. Very little information is available about the healthy development of Australian Indigenous children; the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC) is designed to fill this knowledge gap.This dataset provides an opportunity to follow the development of up to 1759 Indigenous children. LSIC conducts annual face-to-face interviews with children (aged 0.5-2 and 3.5-5 years at baseline in 2008) and their caregivers. This represents between 5% and 10% of the total population of Indigenous children in these age groups, including families of varied socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Study topics include: the physical, social and emotional well-being of children and their caregivers; language; culture; parenting; and early childhood education.LSIC is a shared resource, formed in partnership with communities; its data are readily accessible through the Australian Government Department of Social Services (see http://dss.gov.au/lsic for data and access arrangements). As one of very few longitudinal studies of Indigenous children, and the only national one, LSIC will enable an understanding of Indigenous children from a wide range of environments and cultures. Findings from LSIC form part of a growing infrastructure from which to understand Indigenous child health.

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is in the process of being transformed to enable it to gain information superiority in future contingencies. It is aiming to obtain common battlefield awareness and superior command decision-making, using a comprehensive 'information network' linking sensors (for detection), command and control ( for flexible, optimised decision-making), and engagement systems (for precision application of force). This book is intended to inform discussion about the key issues involved in the development of a force posture and associated command and control systems, information support systems, operational concepts and doctrine for the achievement of information superiority. It discusses Australia's approach to Network-Centric Warfare (NCW); examines the command aspects of dispersed military operations utilising networked systems; outlines some of the principal strategic, organisational, operational, doctrinal and human resource challenges; and discusses the information architecture requirements for achieving information superiority. The book is also intended to contribute to the promotion of a vision that might excite and shape this transformation. ; Chapter 1. Introduction: Operating in the Information Age 1 -- Chapter 2. Australia's Approach to Network Centric Warfare 7 -- Chapter 3. Command of Network-Enabled Operations 29 -- Chapter 4. Information Operations and Information 51 -- Superiority -- Chapter 5. Information Superiority and Support Options 74 -- Conclusion 94.

The nurse is a medical practitioner, who performs not only the practical skills of her/his chosen profession. She/he is also an important member of the chain, responsible for the community education work. The education process occurs during the daily planned or unplanned communication with patients of different age or with family members and visitors. The nurse is often asked for an advice, not rarely she is the trustee of the patient because her actual role is well understandable to the patients, she/he is relatively closer. Nevertheless, not always the expectations of visitors of health care establishments, patients or members of their families to get valuable information from the nurse in the context of a specific situation have been satisfied. Considering health strategy of EU and Latvia the nurses have to be aware of the ongoing and prospective importance of educational work. Besides to knowledge of the professional spectrum the scope of educational methods applicable in the education of patients is of great importance: appropriate usage of these methods may encourage the patient's comprehension of the current situation or of the total educational process. Correctly chosen educational methods and communication approach may have a positive influence on patients' life quality and, secondarily, encourage the implementation of community health politics.

From healthcare to marijuana to climate change, negotiations among federal and state executive branch actors increasingly set national policy in the United States. This executive federalism fits uneasily into existing understandings: it departs from expectations that Congress formulates national policy and mediates state-federal relationships; it poses a challenge to popular suggestions that the president is engaged in unilateral action; and it comes as a surprise to those who have studied executive federalism but insist it is the peculiar province of parliamentary federations. In an age of partisan polarization, congressional gridlock, and state initiative, executive federalism has come to America. After describing the emerging practice of American executive federalism and the collaboration and contestation it entails, this article offers a qualified defense. It suggests that executive federalism facilitates a form of governance suited to polarization: state-differentiated national policy. It argues that executive federalism offers a promising forum for bipartisan compromise because it involves iterative, relatively nontransparent interactions among disaggregated government actors. And it makes a case for executive federalism in terms of democratic representation notwithstanding obvious shortcomings. The article also questions some widespread doctrinal assumptions. In particular, it proposes that federalism might enhance, rather than diminish, federal agencies' claims to Chevron deference, and it advocates judicial receptivity to federal executive involvement in interstate agreements.

Following the historical 2008 presidential election, academics and pundits alikemarveled over the high voter turnout among youth. In 2008, 51 percent of those under the ageof 30 turned out to vote. This compares with a mere 40 percent youth turnout rate in 2000. Inthe 2008 presidential election, 66 percent of youth votes were cast for Barack Obama. Whileit is clear from these figures that young people are becoming a more powerful political force,why they are becoming more engaged remains unclear. This study seeks to address why youthturned out in greater numbers in 2008 by examining three important variables: the impact ofthe 9/11 attacks, intensity of candidate preference, and voter contact. I track these variablesusing the American National Election Studies (ANES) times series data, drawing comparisonswith 2000, when youth turnout was historically low. An analysis of these variables amongdifferent age groups in 2000 and 2008 reveals that the Millennial generation displayed anoverwhelming candidate preference for Barack Obama and was directly targeted by theDemocratic Party during the campaign, although the impact of the 9/11 attacks appears to bemarginal at best. However, given that the Millennials are still in their youth, it is unclearwhether their voting trends will be sustained, or whether the high turnout in 2008 was simplya phenomenon unique to Barack Obama's candidacy.

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. We present a multi-proxy approach to reconstructing Holocene climate conditions in northeastern Spain based on an excellent correlation among the lamina thickness, colour parameters and isotope (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) variations recorded in a speleothem. An age model constructed from five U/Th dates and annual lamina counting suggests that the uppermost 14.7 cm of the MO-7 stalagmite grew between 7.2 and 2.5 ka before present but experienced a growth hiatus from 4.9 to 4.3 ka. Three spectral analysis methods were applied to 11 time series. The results reveal common solar periodicities on decennial (Gleissberg cycle) and centennial (De Vries-Suess cycle) scales. The onset of Holocene carbonate precipitation in the MO-7 stalagmite appears to be associated with a cold, wet period, whereas the hiatus and the end of growth are related to warm, dry periods. This environmental trend fits well within the regional Holocene climate. ; This study is a contribution to the CTM2013-48639-C2-1-R (OPERA), CGL2009–10455 and HIDROPAST (CGL2010-16376) projects (Spanish Government-European Regional Development Fund), the UZ2014-CIE-04 project (University of Zaragoza), the GA-LC-030/2011 project (Aragón Government-La Caixa) and the E–28 and S-97 research groups (Aragón Government). ; Peer Reviewed

Rhythmic and expressive movement is one physical education curriculum area where preservice teachers may experience lower levels of confidence and motivation. This study explored the influence of a standard dance curriculum and pre-packed rhythmic and expressive movement program on confidence and motivation to teach rhythmic and expressive movement. Undergraduate physical education students (n=101, male n=35, female n=66) with a mean age of 20.65 years (SD=2.76) completed a pre- and post-test measure of confidence and motivation to teach physical education (Confidence and Motivation to Teach Physical Education Questionnaire [CMTPE]) before and after completing 2 one-hour sessions of a standard dance curriculum condition (n=49) or prepackaged rhythmic and expressive movement program condition (n=52). Confidence and motivation scores appeared moderate to high but were lower for confidence in rhythmic and expressive movement as well as for the motivation subscales of guilt, professional expectations, and motivation. All confidence and motivation subscales as well as confidence in rhythmic and expressive movement and perceptions of pre-packaged program showed significant increases in scores from pre-test to post-test (p.05), indicating that the pattern of change across time was not different for condition. There was a significant time x condition interaction for motivation (p

Education is the right of every citizen of Indonesia, so that the government must provide greater opportunities for people to be able to obtain quality education. 1945 opening paragraph 4 states that the State is aimed intellectual life of the nation. The effectiveness of a learning process in general determined by the curriculum and education system applied to the educational environment, with regard to education that is applied to the orphans it is necessary to be able to answer specific curriculum and accommodate the needs of an orphan, both physically and spiritually. This research was conducted in Pesantren Orphans Ibn Taymiyyah Bogor with audience santri orphan from the level of Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah (MI), MTs (MTs) and Madrasah Aliyah (MA). The psychology of orphans feel lost with his death one of their parents is a father. Results from this study showed that the loss of a father figure in their lives lead them to feel less protected so that their personalities tend to be more free. There needs to be a model of education that direct and guide them to become self-sufficient human well during the learning process or the results of the study. Islamic character education that provide learning patterns that are tailored to the age and maturity level of the spiritual into something that should be there for their education.

Background- Indonesia is now the world leading seaweed producer. In year 2008, Indonesia was producing 214,505.9 metric tons of dried seaweed but by 2012 it is tripled to 651,485.4 metric tons. There is an abundance of literature explaining the correlation (and causality) between exponential growths of seaweed industry in south Sulawesi and the government protection policies or the heavy subsidizations. Relationship between the availability of abundance cheap laborers consist of women, child labor (mobilization of factors endowment) and the impressive growth in seaweed farming is largely unexplored? The Objective of this paper is to identify the determinants of women's participation in seaweed farming in south Sulawesi. Data and Methodology-We spent seven days in Makassar city and travelled daily to five Kecamatan located at the coastal areas in the Regency of Jeneponto- where seaweed cultivation success were primarily driven by participation of women (by OXFAM, 2013). Various explanatory variables (introduced simultaneously) in a multivariate framework estimated their independent effect on women participation in seaweed farming. Results- the Logistic Regression Model shows that variables significance in explaining women participation in both paid (when she worked at her relative farms) and unpaid (working at her husband or brother's farm) at 10% significance level are AGE, WRKPER (number of family members in labor market) and HSYINC (Monthly Household Income including remittance). DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s5p43

The digital age has seen the rise of service systems involving highly distributed, heterogeneous, and resource-integrating actors whose relationships are governed by shared institutional logics, standards, and digital technology. The cocreation of service within these service systems takes place in the context of a paradoxical tension between the logic of generative and democratic innovations and the logic of infrastructural control. Boundary resources play a critical role in managing the tension as a firm that owns the infrastructure can secure its control over the service system while independent firms can participate in the service system. In this study, we explore the evolution of boundary resources. Drawing on Pickering's (1993) and Barrett et al.'s (2012) conceptualizations of tuning, the paper seeks to forward our understanding of how heterogeneous actors engage in the tuning of boundary resources within Apple's iOS service system. We conduct an embedded case study of Apple's iOS service system with an in-depth analysis of 4,664 blog articles concerned with 30 boundary resources covering 6 distinct themes. Our analysis reveals that boundary resources of service systems enabled by digital technology are shaped and reshaped through distributed tuning, which involves cascading actions of accommodations and rejections of a network of heterogeneous actors and artifacts. Our study also shows the dualistic role of power in the distributed tuning process.

В статті розглянуто процес державного регулювання екологічних норм, визначено та проаналізовано роль держави, обгрунтовано основні напрями державного регулювання стосовно розробки засад сучасного механізму екологізації виробництва, екологічного захисту навколишнього середовища та пошук сучасного прогресивного механізму. Ключові слова: державне регулювання, екологічні норми, еологічні права, Організація Об'єднаних Націй (ООН), Порядок денний на XXI століттяМикитюк М. В. Современные тенденции государственной регуляции соблюдения экологических норм экономического развития / Черновицкий торгово-економический институт КНТЕУ, Украина, г. ЧерновцыВ статье рассмотрен процесс государственной регуляции экологических норм, определенно и проанализирована роль государства, обоснованно основные направления государственной регуляции относительно разработки принципов современного механизма экологизации производства, экологической защиты окружающей среды, и поиск современного прогрессивного механизма. Ключевые слова: государственная регуляция, экологические нормы, экологические права, Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН), Повестка дня на XXI век Mykytiuk M. Modern tendencies of government control of observance of ecological norms of economic development / Chernivtsi Institute of Trade and Economics of KNTEU, Ukraine, Chernivtsi The article says about the issues of the process of government control of ecological norms, Given the analysis of the the role of the state, grounded basic directions of government control in relation to development of principles of modern mechanism of ecologization of production, ecological defence of environment, and the search of modern progressive mechanism. Keywords: government control, ecological norms, ecolaws, United Nations (UNO), Order-paper on XXI age.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased significantly in the developed countries during the past two decades and similar trends are being observed even in the developing world. Methods: Mid adolescent boys and girls (14-16years) of three government and four private schools of Ujjain city were included with sample size of 1000. A pre designed questionnaire regarding nutritional and dietary history was prepared with measurement of anthropometry. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obese children in the present study was 6.8% and 3.7% respectively. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in the private and government schools was 12.2% and 8.4% respectively (p<0.05). Excess calorie intake was seen with 92.3 % of obese children in government compared to 50.8% in private school (p=0.00). It was also found in our study that less outdoor activity, and spending more time with computer and TV was more common in overweight and obese children. Conclusion The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was much higher in private schools than government school. BMI underestimates the obesity while WHR is the better indicator for early detection of central obesity in the adolescent age group. Various factors which were found to have correlation with overweight and obesity included calorie intake, number of meals per day, lack of physical activity and overindulgence in indoor activity in the present study.

In March 1968, Portuguese censors stopped the broadcast on public television —which was the only television network at the time— of Tirso de Molina's comedy Las quinas de Portugal. This play stages the most important creation myth for the Portuguese nation: on the eve of the battle of Ourique, a crucified Christ appeared and offered Count Afonso Henriques his five holy wounds as a symbol for the Portuguese coat of arms. In this article, I intend to understand the ethical and political reasoning of the censors who read this play, written by one of the most important playwrights of the Spanish Golden Age ; En marzo de 1968 la censura portuguesa impidió la presentación en la televisión pública del país, la única existente en ese entonces, de la comedia de Tirso Las quinas de Portugal, que representaba el más importante mito fundador de la nación portuguesa: en vísperas de la batalla de Ourique (1139), Cristo crucificado se le apareció al conde Alfonso Henríquez ofreciéndole las llagas de sus manos para que figurasen como un símbolo en el blasón portugués. En este artículo, se pretende comprender el razonamiento ético y político de los censores que evaluaron la obra, compuesta por uno de los más importantes dramaturgos del Siglo de Oro español.

This research entitled Politic Advertisement and Vote Interest (correlation study about the influence of politic advertisement on TV toward the vote interest of Communication and Media Science student of FISIPOL UGM). The objective of this research is aims to knowing the relationship of presentation the politic advertisement on TV toward the vote interest. To describe this research, the theories used which is reputed relevant into this research are communication and mass communication, SOR theory, politic advertisement, and vote interest. Correlation method is used in this research which the method is used to examine how far the correlation of a variable with the others. The population in this research are the post graduate students of communication science and media FISIPOL UGM which the age minimum 20 years at the beginning semester consists of 16 students. By using Taroyamane formulas, obtained 14 samples of respondent. Data accumulation technique consists of two ways, by using primer data through the research questioner and directly observation during the research as the field data. And also by using secondary data with literature review and the relevant document to the problem of this research. Data analysis technique by using single table and hypotheses test by rank Spearman correlation formulas. The result shows that founded the correlation between politic advertisement and vote interest.