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Many studies investigated cultural differences in values, most notably by Hofstede and Schwarz. Relatively few have focused on virtues, a related and important concept in contemporary social science. The present paper examines the similarities and differences between nations, or blocks of - culturally related - nations on the perceived importance of virtues. Adults (N = 2.809 students) from 14 countries were asked to freely mention which virtues they found important to practice in daily life, and next to rate a list of 15 virtues, which reflect the most frequently mentioned categories in The Netherlands, as found in a previous study. The 14 nations included the United States, Mexico, nine European and three Asian nations. For the free-listed virtues, we compared the top-ten lists of most frequently mentioned virtues across the nations. We used a correspondence analysis on the frequency table to assess the relationships between the virtues and nations. For the 15 virtues ratings, a MANOVA, and follow-up ANOVA's were used to examine effects of nation, age, gender and religion. We found strong evidence for relationships between nations and blocks of culturally related nations and the importance attached to various virtues. There appear to be some country specific virtues, such as generosity in France, but also some relatively universal virtues, most notably honesty, respect, and kindness. ; publishedVersion

Este artículo pretende arrojar nueva luz sobre la influencia que tuvieron las obras del historiador francés Philippe de Commynes en la literatura española de principios del siglo xvii. Para ello se van a rastrear los catálogos de las principales librerías españolas del Siglo de Oro y se va a analizar la utilización del historiador por parte de los escritores políticos de la primera mitad de siglo. En un contexto en el que se intensificó el debate sobre la Razón de Estado, la influencia de Justo Lipsio fue decisiva para revitalizar la figura de Commynes en España, encumbrándolo como escritor prudente, político y ortodoxo. Books and libraries: the reception of Commynes in SpainAbstract: This article aims to analyse the influence of the works of the French historian Philippe de Commynes in Spanish literature of the early seventeenth century. For this purpose, we will locate his works in the catalogues of the main libraries of Spanish Golden Age and we will analyse the using of the historian by the political writers of the first half of the century. In a context where the discussion on the Reason of State was intensified, the influence of Justus Lipsius was crucial to revitalize the figure of Commynes in Spain, exalting him as a prudent, political and orthodox writer.Keywords: Philippe de Commynes, Spain, libraries, education of princes, Lipsius.

Malta, the smallest country in the European Union, is experiencing a demographic transition where the share of individuals aged 65-plus currently makes up 16.3% of the total population. This figure is projected to reach 31.2% by 2060. While the opportunity to grow older indicates social success, it creates important challenges at both the personal and political economy levels. As a result of this increase in the number of older persons, age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including the most common forms of dementia, are expected to rise proportionately. This will pose significant societal demands as most dementia care is provided informally by family members living in the community. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that there is considerable lack of awareness and professional training that is seriously undermining timely diagnosis and management. As a result, Malta opted to take a holistic approach towards dementia care by recently launching a long-term strategy focusing on increasing awareness, providing the best services leading to high quality dementia care, and fostering dementia training to healthcare professionals in order to be better equipped to support individuals with dementia. It is a vision that promotes excellence, and effectively reflects the current and future needs of these individuals, their relatives and caregivers. ; peer-reviewed

En el presente trabajo presentamos la puesta en marcha del Programa Forma Joven de la Junta de Andalucía. Está dirigido a alumnado de Secundaria y dinamizado por el Departamento de Orientación. Se pretende con dicho Programa contribuir al desarrollo integral del alumnado y específicamente en esta Etapa Educativa al desarrollo sexual, desarrollo de hábitos de vida saludable, salud mental, relaciones afectivas y convivencia. El alumnado puede ser muy vulnerable a mostrar dificultades en estas áreas en su desarrollo evolutivo y por ello tanto la Educación, como la Orientación y la Psicología deben contribuir a prevenir o resolver posibles dificultades en estas áreas en la etapa de la adolescencia. ; This project deals with the Forma Joven Programme of 'La Junta de Andalucía' (Andalusian Government). This programme is targeted at secondary school students and is lead by the Guidance Department. We expect to contribute to students comprehensive development as a result of the programme, especially in terms of to sexual development and healthy lifestyle habits, mental health, emotional relationships and daily coexistence. Students may demonstrate difficulties at this age in these areas of their evolutionary development and therefore education, guidance and psychology must contribute to prevent and solve such difficulties at this stage of adolescence. ; peerReviewed

Современное общественное развитие России остро поставило задачу духовного возрождения нации. Особую актуальность этот вопрос приобрел в сфере патриотического воспитания молодежи. Программа патриотического и гражданского воспитания молодежи определена как одна из приоритетных в современной политике. Гражданственность, патриотизм фундаментальные качества личности, которые формируются с ранних лет. На протяжении тысячелетий исторического развития России большинство людей, проживающих в стране, и в смутные, и в спокойные времена гордились своей принадлежностью к ней. Российский человек мог обладать самыми скромными способностями и дарованиями, но в определенных обстоятельствах проявлялись его особые свойства, которые свидетельствовали, что он Гражданин. ; The paper considered contemporary social developments in Russia that have brought to light a challenge of a spiritual renaissance of the nation. This issue assumed special relevance in the domain of upbringing young people in the patriotic spirit. The program of patriot upbringing in youngsters and raising their civic literacy being determined one of the priorities in politics today. Raising civicism and the patriotic spirit make basic personality traits shaped from an early age. Over the millennia of advancement that Russia overcame in the past, the majority of people inhabiting the country were proud of their belonging to the nation in both troublous times and quiet ones. A Russian national may be rather modest in capacities and endowments, but under certain circumstances (s)he exhibited specific traits that have evidenced his having the public spirit.

Статья посвящена исследованию подходов проведения модернизации экономики. Сопоставляются различные концепции проведения модернизации относительно трактовки понятия «модернизация». Многозначность понятия «модернизация» обусловливает наличие различных подходов ее проведения. Анализируется возраст машин и оборудования, используемых российскими предприятиями в своей хозяйственной деятельности, и формулируется вывод о том, что предприятия применяют физически и морально устаревшее оборудование. Рассматриваются прямые и косвенные меры государственного стимулирования модернизации экономики. Автор приходит к выводу о неэффективности проведения модернизации в одностороннем порядке и о целесообразности использования двустороннего подхода, при котором правительство будет задавать вектор развития государства и одновременно предприятия будут стремиться к саморазвитию. ; The article is devoted to the approaches of economic modernization. The different concepts of modernization are compared referring to the interpretation of the concept «modernization» itself. The ambiguity of the concept «modernization» determines the different approaches to its conducting. We analyze the age of machines and equipment used by the Russian companies in their business activities and draw a conclusion that companies use the physically and morally outdated equipment. The direct and indirect measures of the state promotion of economy modernization are considered. The author draws a conclusion that the unilateral modernization is ineffective, and it is appropriate to use the bilateral approach, when the government sets the state's development trend, and at the same time the companies will strive for self-development.

Рассматривается опыт изучения феноменов миграции и образовательной миграции в работах зарубежных авторов. Перечислены основные теории в изучении миграции, приведена и объяснена основная западная терминология феномена. Приведены основные аспекты в изучении образовательной миграции, а также направления для исследований. ; The paper is deal with the study of the educational experience of educational migration in the scientific researches of foreign authors. Due to the close relationship between the object of study with the general research field some main ways of studying the phenomenon of migration lists: economic theories, positivist, systems and transnational approaches. Using the experience of translating foreign sources concluded that the terminology and lexical combinations of "educational migration" in the English language are identical. Then the main aspects of the study of educational migration of western scientists are following: the problem of social inequality of migrants in the recipient country (social, political and national aspects), the degree of successful migration, depending on the age and sex of the migrant, the effect of stigma, the impact of the characteristics of the formation of the recipient country for migrants, various levels and adaptation strategies. Also takes into account the socio-cultural barriers between the local population and educational migrants (language, religion) and social networks formed by migrants.

Показано значение военной революции XVI-XVII вв., коренным образом изменившей характер межгосударственных отношений и ход политической истории Европы в последующие столетия. На этом фоне освещается начало деятельности выдающегося австрийского полководца Евгения Савойского. Прослеживается его военная и политическая карьера в важнейший период европейской истории, ознаменовавшийся формированием австрийской государственности, отражением турецкой опасности и войн Австрии против гегемонии Людовика XIV. Показано формирование аристократа и дворянина нового типа, политика и военачальника эпохи абсолютных монархий. Герцог Савойский, преданно защищавший интересы Дома австрийских Габсбургов, снискав славу одного из победителей турок, проявив свой талант в ходе войны за испанское наследство, в то же время стремился обеспечить независимость своей родной Савойи. ; The article deals with the beginning of the activities of prominent Austrian military leader prince Eugene of Savoy against the background of the military Revolution in XVI-XVII centuries, which radically transformed the international relations and political history of Europe in the following epochs, the forming of the Austrian statehood, repulse of Turkish danger and Austria's wars against the hegemony of French king Lewis XIV. Eugene of Savoy presents a new type of noble, politician and military leader at the age of absolute monarchies, which devotedly defended the interests of Habsburg dynasty and at the same time fought for the independence of his native Savoy.

In 2012, 'Gangnam Style' occasioned large flash mobs, three of the early ones taking place in Pasadena, Times Square in New York, and Sydney, Australia. Today, Psy, the singer of 'Gangnam Style', is regularly talked about as having brought K-pop to the world beyond East and Southeast Asia, and Korean tourism chiefs are actively planning a Korean Wave street in Gangnam, the district of Seoul lampooned by the song. But, 'Gangnam Style' has proved challenging to K-pop fans, who have resisted its gender stereotyping, its comic framing, and its simple dance moves that subsume the aesthetics of movement under a sequence of locations and action vignettes. At the same time, foreign success has given the song, and its singer, legitimacy in Korea — so much so that, despite lyrics and video images that critique modern urban life and caricature the misogynistic failures of its protagonist, Psy headlined the inauguration celebrations of Korea's incoming president, Park Geun-hye, in February 2013. This paper explores the song, its reception and critique by fans and others, and notes how, in an ultimate paradox that reflects the age of social media and the individualization of consumerism, the parodies the song spawned across the globe enabled Koreans to celebrate its success while ignoring its message.

This article considers the importance of Al-Qaeda and Pakistan in driving British Islamic extremist terrorism during the past decade. Between 2003 and 2013, almost 50 British-born Muslims engaged in multiple high-profile terrorism conspiracies. All were designed to kill or seriously injure British citizens. Drawing on recently obtained court transcripts which offer remarkable detail, these plots are analysed from the point of view of radicalization, finance, training and operational direction. The emergence of extremist terrorism in the UK has its genesis within the Islamic fundamentalist movement, a socio-political ideology that arrived in London in the early 1990s. Contrary to the prevailing discourse, members of the movement constitute a far from homogenous set of individuals. Based on age, overseas connections, experience of conflict and religiosity, they each fulfill diverse tasks that range from preaching and fundraising to facilitating combative jihad. A minority adopted an extremist position that led them to carry out acts of terrorism. Since 2006, the role of Al-Qaeda and Pakistan in relation to this process has steadily declined. For the past seven years British Islamic extremists have pursued terrorism in whatever way they can on their own, with little or any direct support or influence from overseas. The security agencies are now asking how far current events in Syria will overturn this state of affairs. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

This paper sheds light on previous inconsistencies identified in the literature regarding the relationship between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and recreational marijuana use by closely examining the importance of policy dimensions (registration requirements, home cultivation, dispensaries) and the timing of when particular policy dimensions are enacted. Using data from our own legal analysis of state MMLs, we evaluate which features are associated with adult and youth recreational and heavy use by linking these policy variables to data from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). We employ differences-in-differences techniques, controlling for state and year fixed effects, allowing us to exploit within-state policy changes. We find that while simple dichotomous indicators of MML laws are not positively associated with marijuana use or abuse, such measures hide the positive influence legal dispensaries have on adult and youth use, particularly heavy use. Sensitivity analyses that help address issues of policy endogeneity and actual implementation of dispensaries support our main conclusion that not all MML laws are the same. Dimensions of these policies, in particular legal protection of dispensaries, can lead to greater recreational marijuana use and abuse among adults and those under the legal age of 21 relative to MMLs without this supply source. [Copyright John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.]

Is there a relationship between party leader gender and voters' assessments? The answer is 'yes' according to theses on gender identity and stereotyping. A voter survey during the 2011 Danish general election allows for a comprehensive analysis of a less likely case with four male and four female party leaders. Female party leaders are assessed more positively by female voters than male voters both in regard to general party leader sympathy and assessment of specific characteristics, whereas it is not the case that male party leaders are assessed more positively by male voters than female voters. The impact of gender does not increase with age; in fact, the opposite is the case among men since younger male voters have less sympathy for female party leaders. Furthermore, there is no support for the expectation that voters with more education or with higher levels of political interest and knowledge are more positive towards party leaders of their own gender than voters with less education. Also, the relationship between gender and voter assessment is not stronger prior to an election campaign than immediately after an election. Hence, in sum, gender identity does not seem to require a higher level of political sophistication, nor does it decrease with higher levels of information. Adapted from the source document.

South Korea and Taiwan are often cited as successful cases of third-wave democracies where democracy has taken roots. However, electoral volatility is high and disenchantment among citizens is rising, especially regarding the performance of politicians and political parties. Since political parties play a vital role in the democratic process their institutionalization is seen as an indicator of democratic consolidation. An analysis of Taiwanese and South Korean parties in terms of age, organization and structure, as well as programs and leadership style of parties indicates that parties are weakly institutionalized. The Korean party system is a weak point in democratic deepening, as it is reminiscent of a carousel of party creations, mergers and dissolutions. Parties lack distinguishing ideological or programmatic markers and remain cadre parties, focusing on their charismatic leader and their home regions. In Taiwan, in contrast, aclear cleavage in the form of Taiwanese identity led to the appearance of two distinct political camps, each consisting of several parties. Taiwanese parties have progressed in their institutionalization in terms of longevity, organization and programmatic differences. However, membership numbers and party identification remain low and regular corruption scandals show the slow attitudinal change among Taiwanese politicians. In the light of politicians' behavior, citizens in both countries thus are feeling increasingly disenchanted with the ruling elite as well as the democratic system.

This methodology paper sets out a mathematical description of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 2.0, a model to evaluate public health strategies for alcohol harm reduction in the UK. Policies that can be appraised include a minimum price per unit of alcohol, restrictions on price discounting, and broader public health measures. The model estimates the impact on consumers, health services, crime, employers, retailers and government tax revenues. The synthesis of public and commercial data sources to inform the model structure is described. A detailed algebraic description of the model is provided. This involves quantifying baseline levels of alcohol purchasing and consumption by age and gender subgroups, estimating the impact of policies on consumption, for example, using evidence on price elasticities of demand for alcohol, quantification of risk functions relating alcohol consumption to harms including 47 health conditions, crimes, absenteeism and unemployment, and finally monetary valuation of the consequences. The results framework, shown for a minimum price per unit of alcohol, has been used to provide policy appraisals for the UK government policy‐makers. In discussion and online appendix, we explore issues around valuation and scope, limitations of evidence/data, how the framework can be adapted to other countries and decisions, and ongoing plans for further development.

In 1990, during reunification, West German democratic institutions and the existing political party system were expanded to the East German states. Even after 25 years, the people of eastern and western Germany still differ in their political engagement and attitudes. However, these differences do not apply across the board by any means. A detailed analysis of survey data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study shows that differences both in terms of general interest and active participation in politics cannot be identified statistically in many years. By contrast, there are considerable differences between eastern and western Germany in terms of party attachments and actual turnout in national and state elections. The gap in turnout at national elections is not only evident over the years but is also clearly recognizable across all age groups. There are also still distinct differences in the political party systems of eastern and western Germany. In particular, the Left (Die Linke) plays a major role in eastern Germany but despite some electoral successes in some state parliaments, this party has not been able to establish itself to the same extent in the former West German states. What is more, according to our data, individuals' attitudes to the welfare state in the two parts of the country, which differed significantly at the beginning of the 1990s, have converged since.